SpudNutimus
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Presidents and Congresses of the Confederate States of America
On February 8, 1861, the Confederate States of America was established via the Montgomery Convention between the slave states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina after they declared secession from the United States of America in protest of the election of anti-slavery President Abraham Lincoln the previous year. Over the following months the states of Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia also declared secession from the United States and joined the Confederacy. Most Native American tribes in the Indian Territory also signed treaties of friendship with the Confederacy during this period. The United States did not initially recognize the Confederacy and attempted to militarily recapture it during the 1861-1863 War of Secession but was ultimately forced to recognize its independence under foreign pressure following a series of military defeats. On February 9, 1863, the United States made formal peace with the Confederacy via the British-mediated Treaty of London. The states of Kentucky and Missouri were also claimed by the Confederacy and represented in its Congress during the War of Secession but were never de facto controlled by the Confederacy and were retroceded to the United States in the Treaty of London, alongside the western counties of Virginia as the new state of West Virginia. The Confederacy also claimed parts of the New Mexico Territory (later divided between the New Mexico Territory and the unrelated United States Arizona Territory) as the Confederate Arizona Territory during the War of Secession but retroceded it to the United States in the Treaty of London.
NOTE: Due to the de jure nonpartisan nature of the Confederacy its political officers did not carry official party affiliations. Despite this the Confederacy became de facto divided between two major political factions over time, eventually resulting in the Confederate Civil War. These factions are most often referred to as "Centralists" and "anti-Centralists" in retrospect but were known by a variety of names in their original time depending on context. For this list the names "pro-administration" and "anti-administration" are used for these factions during the War of Secession and Jefferson Davis administration then "Centralist" and "anti-Centralist" afterwards.
Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America (1861-1862)
1861-1862: Provisional President Jefferson Davis (pro-administration, Mississippi) / Acting Vice President Alexander H. Stephens (anti-administration, Georgia)
(1861 def. Senator Robert Toombs (anti-administration, Georgia) via convention)
- 1861-1862 Provisional Congress
- (Unicameral): pro-administration majority
Confederate States of America (1862-1881)
1862-1868: President Jefferson Davis (pro-administration, Mississippi) / Vice President Alexander H. Stephens (anti-administration, Georgia)
(1861 unopposed)
- 1862-1864 Congress
- Senate: pro-administration majority
- House: pro-administration majority
- 1864-1866 Congress
- Senate: pro-administration majority
- House: pro-administration majority
- 1866-1868 Congress
- Senate: anti-administration majority
- House: anti-administration majority
(1867 def. Speaker of the House Thomas S. Bocock (Centralist, Virginia) / Senator Clement C. Clay Jr. (Centralist, Alabama))
- 1868-1870 Congress
- Senate: anti-Centralist majority
- House: anti-Centralist majority
- 1870-1872 Congress
- Senate: anti-Centralist majority
- House: anti-Centralist majority
- 1872-1874 Congress
- Senate: anti-Centralist majority
- House: Centralist majority
(1873 def. Vice President Robert M. T. Hunter (anti-Centralist, Virginia) / Senator Robert W. Barnwell (anti-Centralist, South Carolina))
- 1874-1876 Congress
- Senate: Centralist majority
- House: Centralist majority
- 1876-1878 Congress
- Senate: anti-Centralist majority
- House: Centralist majority
- 1878-1880 Congress
- Senate: anti-Centralist majority
- House: anti-Centralist majority
(1879 def. Governor John McEnery (anti-Centralist, Louisiana) / Senator Isham G. Harris (anti-Centralist, Tennessee))
- 1880-1882 Congress
- Senate: anti-Centralist majority elected, Centralist majority following the 1881 resignation of most anti-Centralist senators in favor of the Atlanta Convention
- House: anti-Centralist majority elected, Centralist majority following the 1881 resignation of most anti-Centralist representatives in favor of the Atlanta Convention
Richmond Government of the Confederate States of America (1881-1884)
1880-1884: President Wade Hampton III (Centralist, South Carolina) / Vice President James L. Kemper (Centralist, Virginia)
(1879 def. Governor John McEnery (anti-Centralist, Louisiana) / Senator Isham G. Harris (anti-Centralist, Tennessee))
- 1880-1882 Congress
- Senate: anti-Centralist majority elected, Centralist majority following the 1881 resignation of most anti-Centralist senators in favor of the Atlanta Convention
- House: anti-Centralist majority elected, Centralist majority following the 1881 resignation of most anti-Centralist representatives in favor of the Atlanta Convention
- (Indefinitely recessed following the expiration of the 1880-1882 congressional term)
Atlanta Government of the Confederate States of America (1881-1885)
1881-1885: Provisional President John McEnery (anti-Centralist, Louisiana) / Acting Vice President Benjamin R. Tillman Jr. (anti-Centralist, South Carolina)
(1881 def. Senator Isham G. Harris (anti-Centralist, Tennessee) via convention)
- 1881-1885 Provisional Congress
- Senate: anti-Centralist majority
- House: anti-Centralist majority
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