They are they posted a post on the alternate Wikipedia thread here and on reddit of the same election of Beau Biden in 2016.
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Lists of Heads of Government and Heads of State
- Thread starter Mumby
- Start date
Sam's Town
2001-2009: Al Gore (Democratic)
2013-2017: Carolyn Goodman (Republican)
Although Edwards makes a good crack at it, the economy showing signs of souring is enough to make sure Goodman brings the greatest show to D.C. The financial crisis is less severe in a world without eight years of unfettered Bush economics and the War on Terror, but it still drives down the administration’s numbers, and whilst Goodman makes a populistic turn, he has a heck of job passing relief measures with Speaker Blunt and Majority Leader Nickles. The administration is rocked again by revelations of the vice president’s sexual indisgressions at the Naval Observatory - and the President privately promises the VP slot for the re-elect to Commerce Secretary Mike Huckabee. The outlook is rocky, but Goodman is relatively optimistic when he announces his re-election campaign in mid-2011. It all goes swimmingly until he drops dead of a heart attack a week before the Republican National Convention.
The humbled Sanford is the frontrunner going into the convention, but humiliates himself with a press conference admitting the extent of his infidelity. His attempt to regain control of the narrative and present a picture of honesty and trust backfires hugely, and after falling short on the first and second ballots he withdraws his name from contention. Delegates audition and briefly elevate other contenders - among them Utah Governor Jon Huntsman, Treasury Secretary Mitt Romney, and Texas senator George Bush - before attention turns to the popular First Lady, the incumbent Mayor of Las Vegas with a habit of breaking conventions. Believing defeat is on the agenda anyway, Carolyn Goodman is nominated on the Republican ticket for President of the United States.
Team Hillary is preparing for a sweep in 2012, but the progressive left gives her a run for her money in the form of Jerry Brown. He doesn’t win, but takes enough of the vote to drive Clinton to the left in her choice of running mate, which in turn spooks Governor Bloomberg into diving into the race. Clinton leads comfortably for most of the campaign, but election night is a shocker as Bloomberg splits the vote in key states and Goodman gets over the line with a narrow win in Virginia. The weight of Goodman’s inexperience and resultant scandals come home to roost, and the no-nonsense former governor of Illinois wins when Goodman retires. It would not be the end for the Goodman name, however - Vallas romps to re-election when the elderly former president takes up the anti-lockdown mantle in the 2020 race.
2001-2009: Al Gore (Democratic)
2000 (with John Edwards) def. George W. Bush / Dick Cheney (Republican)
2004 (with John Edwards) def. John McCain / John Engler (Republican)
2009-2012: Oscar Goodman (Republican) †2008 (with Mark Sanford) def. John Edwards / Antonio Villaraigosa (Democratic)
2012-2013: Mark Sanford (Republican)2013-2017: Carolyn Goodman (Republican)
2012 (with Don Nickles) def. Hillary Clinton / Russ Feingold (Democratic), Michael Bloomberg / Joe Lieberman (Independent)
2017-20__: Paul Vallas (Democratic)2016 (with Ron Kirk) def. Mike Huckabee / Kristi Noem (Republican)
2020 (with Ron Kirk) def. Van Hilleary / Michael McCaul (Republican), Carolyn Goodman / Mark Lamb (Libertarian)
Al Gore wins Florida and governs for eight solid, relatively boring years. There’s a bit of panic when the Americans launch a UN-backed stabilisation mission in Iraq following the assassination of Saddam Hussein in 2006, but they’re out by election season. Come 2008, everyone expects the Republicans to win after sixteen years of Clinton and Gore. Initial attention focuses on Jeb Bush and Mitt Romney, but they’re unexpectedly pipped to the post by the junior senator from Nevada, launching his grandiose campaign just months after his election. Although Edwards makes a good crack at it, the economy showing signs of souring is enough to make sure Goodman brings the greatest show to D.C. The financial crisis is less severe in a world without eight years of unfettered Bush economics and the War on Terror, but it still drives down the administration’s numbers, and whilst Goodman makes a populistic turn, he has a heck of job passing relief measures with Speaker Blunt and Majority Leader Nickles. The administration is rocked again by revelations of the vice president’s sexual indisgressions at the Naval Observatory - and the President privately promises the VP slot for the re-elect to Commerce Secretary Mike Huckabee. The outlook is rocky, but Goodman is relatively optimistic when he announces his re-election campaign in mid-2011. It all goes swimmingly until he drops dead of a heart attack a week before the Republican National Convention.
The humbled Sanford is the frontrunner going into the convention, but humiliates himself with a press conference admitting the extent of his infidelity. His attempt to regain control of the narrative and present a picture of honesty and trust backfires hugely, and after falling short on the first and second ballots he withdraws his name from contention. Delegates audition and briefly elevate other contenders - among them Utah Governor Jon Huntsman, Treasury Secretary Mitt Romney, and Texas senator George Bush - before attention turns to the popular First Lady, the incumbent Mayor of Las Vegas with a habit of breaking conventions. Believing defeat is on the agenda anyway, Carolyn Goodman is nominated on the Republican ticket for President of the United States.
Team Hillary is preparing for a sweep in 2012, but the progressive left gives her a run for her money in the form of Jerry Brown. He doesn’t win, but takes enough of the vote to drive Clinton to the left in her choice of running mate, which in turn spooks Governor Bloomberg into diving into the race. Clinton leads comfortably for most of the campaign, but election night is a shocker as Bloomberg splits the vote in key states and Goodman gets over the line with a narrow win in Virginia. The weight of Goodman’s inexperience and resultant scandals come home to roost, and the no-nonsense former governor of Illinois wins when Goodman retires. It would not be the end for the Goodman name, however - Vallas romps to re-election when the elderly former president takes up the anti-lockdown mantle in the 2020 race.
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- Pronouns
- He/Him
The Peace Offensive:
1945 - 1949: Henry A. Wallace (Democratic)
1949 - 1953: Robert A. Taft (Republican)
1948 (With Dwight H. Green) def. Henry A. Wallace (Democratic), Benjamin T. Laney (State’s Rights Democrat)
1953 - : Howard McGrath (Democratic)
1952 (With John Sparkman) def. Robert A. Taft (Republican)
1945 - 1953: Clement Attlee (Labour)
1945 (Majority) def. Winston Churchill (Conservative), Ernest Brown (Liberal National), Archibald Sinclair (Liberal)
1950 (Majority) def. Winston Churchill (Conservative), Clement Davies (Liberal)
1953 - : Aneurin Bevan (Labour Majority)
1953 - : Lavrentiy Beria / Gregory Malenkov / Vyacheslav Molotov (Communist)
1953 - : Gregory Malenkov
In his Dacha, Malenkov ruminates on his future and his legacy. All around him sharks swim and await the smallest drop of blood. On the raft that was the Troika of the Soviet Union, Beria was easily cast off to ensure the survival of Malenkov and Khrushchev would find himself adrift.
But Malenkov knows that even though he’s defeat his immediate enemies, many more linger. In time a purge would be needed but for now, calm remains.
He hopes that maybe his peace offensive will succeed, that reaching out to those in Japan, India and the West could possibly yield fruit. A restoration of the relations as they were under Wallace, whilst that reactionary fool that was Taft had been beneficial for the unification of Germany, he was still a tool of Capitalist hegemony.
Maybe nuclear disarmament, can be my legacy, Malenkov ponders as he wonders his future.
~~~
Howard McGarth hasn’t been President for long, but he feels like that time is running out. Taft’s recent demise was in many way a curse, that old isolationist dinosaur that had snuck into the White House off the back of turmoil amongst the Democrats would trouble politics no longer. Instead much more vigorous, more charismatic and more cunning Republicans sharpen their swords.
McGarth has managed to reestablish that New Deal agenda for a new decade, but he feels he must prove himself somehow. That he must throw off the shackles of American blundering on foreign affairs.
Wallace and Taft will be no more.
McGarth will not kowtow to the Soviets, if they were to meet him, they would have to meet at America’s level.
1945 - 1949: Henry A. Wallace (Democratic)
1949 - 1953: Robert A. Taft (Republican)
1948 (With Dwight H. Green) def. Henry A. Wallace (Democratic), Benjamin T. Laney (State’s Rights Democrat)
1953 - : Howard McGrath (Democratic)
1952 (With John Sparkman) def. Robert A. Taft (Republican)
1945 - 1953: Clement Attlee (Labour)
1945 (Majority) def. Winston Churchill (Conservative), Ernest Brown (Liberal National), Archibald Sinclair (Liberal)
1950 (Majority) def. Winston Churchill (Conservative), Clement Davies (Liberal)
1953 - : Aneurin Bevan (Labour Majority)
1953 - : Lavrentiy Beria / Gregory Malenkov / Vyacheslav Molotov (Communist)
1953 - : Gregory Malenkov
In his Dacha, Malenkov ruminates on his future and his legacy. All around him sharks swim and await the smallest drop of blood. On the raft that was the Troika of the Soviet Union, Beria was easily cast off to ensure the survival of Malenkov and Khrushchev would find himself adrift.
But Malenkov knows that even though he’s defeat his immediate enemies, many more linger. In time a purge would be needed but for now, calm remains.
He hopes that maybe his peace offensive will succeed, that reaching out to those in Japan, India and the West could possibly yield fruit. A restoration of the relations as they were under Wallace, whilst that reactionary fool that was Taft had been beneficial for the unification of Germany, he was still a tool of Capitalist hegemony.
Maybe nuclear disarmament, can be my legacy, Malenkov ponders as he wonders his future.
~~~
Howard McGarth hasn’t been President for long, but he feels like that time is running out. Taft’s recent demise was in many way a curse, that old isolationist dinosaur that had snuck into the White House off the back of turmoil amongst the Democrats would trouble politics no longer. Instead much more vigorous, more charismatic and more cunning Republicans sharpen their swords.
McGarth has managed to reestablish that New Deal agenda for a new decade, but he feels he must prove himself somehow. That he must throw off the shackles of American blundering on foreign affairs.
Wallace and Taft will be no more.
McGarth will not kowtow to the Soviets, if they were to meet him, they would have to meet at America’s level.
Originally posted this in the The Thirtieth HoS Challenge:
"You want a revolution I'll give you one."
My Shameless rip-off of "The People's Revolution, a Left-wing Qanon timeline" by @Hal Jordan (Jeff Newell) on the other place which is meant to be a reversal of "Face the Storm: QAnon and the Presidential Election of 2024". I kinda rushed this so it may not be that good and there be many typos but I put my effort into it.
"WHERE WE GO ONE WE GO ALL. WHERE WE GO ONE WE GO ALL."
-Q supporters at her victory speech in Washington, D.C, November 3rd 2020
2009-2017: Barack Obama / Joe Biden (Democratic)
2008 def. John McCain / Sarah Palin (Republican)
2012 def. Mitt Romney / Paul Ryan (Republican)
2014: House Minority leader Nancy Pelosi dies of a sudden heart attack following the 2014 midterm elections.
2014: Congressman Luis Gutierrez is chosen to replace Nancy Pelosi as leader of Democratic house caucus.
2015: Minority Leader Luis Gutierrez announces he running for President in 2016 shocking the Democratic party.
2016: Hillary Clinton clinches the 2016 democratic nomination in a three-way race between Luis Gutierrez and Bernie Sanders.
2016: Hillary Clinton picks HUD Secretary Julian Castro for Democratic Vice Presidential nomination to appeal to the Hispanic voters following a close 2016 primary with Luis Gutierrez.
2016: Qanon emerges following the 2016 election following a post by women of the name of Q were she accuses both the Republican party and Democratic establishment of running child sex rings alongside very rich elites. During the anti-Trump protests in fall 2016 many pro-Qanon chants were heard on the streets.
2017-2020: Donald Trump / Newt Gingrich (Republican)
2016 def. Hillary Clinton / Julian Castro (Democratic)
2017: Inauguration day riots killing at least 10 people as anti-Trump protesters clash police officers with some of them being Qheads. Additional violence was reported at 2017 women's march the day after.
2017: Unite the Right rally ends in tragedy as Qheads and White nationalist clash with each other on the streets of Charlottesville, Virginia resulting in the deaths of 500 people
2017-2018: Me-too gains traction in October 2017 following a post by actor Alyssa Milano on twitter. However Qanon infiltrates the movement which results in mass violence from October October 2017-November 2018 encourage by Q leading to the deaths of Bill Cosby, Larry Nassar, Jeffery Epstein, his associate Ghislaine Maxwell and many others. Qanon becomes the mainstream ideology of the Democratic party during this time and Democrats like Hillary Clinton or Bill Clinton are completely abandoned by the party.
2018: An FBI report shows that domestic terrorism has increase ten-fold due to Qanon. Qanon related terrorism has resulted in the deaths of hundreds so far.
2018: Pro-Qanon successfully primary almost all Anti-Qanon Governors/Congress members as Barack Obama, alongside his wife and many other prominent liberals endorse Qanon. A lot of celebrities also do the same by also endorsing Qanon.
2018: Donald Trump is accused by dozens of women in a New York times op-ed of sexual assault in from 1964 to present day. President Trump is nearly assassinated at a rally by Qhead while campaigning in California during 2018 midterms.
2018: The Democratic party backed by Qanon flip both chambers of Congress in landslides and flip dozens Governor Mansions across the nation.
2019: Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court Nomination is rejected by the newly sworn Democratic Congress after being dragged for months
2019: Q announces her candidacy for the 2020 election "Stating she is the only Democratic that can save America from the Christofasict Neo-Nazi rapist pedophile cabal"
2019: "A majority of Americans now support Qanon" a new Gallup poll finds.
2019: Q tells congressional democrats "Trump must not be impeached. The people should be the ones to remove him."
2019: Qanon backed violence happens all year especially with Christians now being the most prosecuted group in America now.
2019: Q destroyers all of her opponents during the democratic primary debate and increase lead in polls even more. A memo within the White House shows that Trump fears Q influence and that she will most likely in the 2020 election.
2019: Qanon goes international as it garners support from outside America.
2019: A Unknown pneumonia is reported in Wuhan, China which is secretly a ritual from Q as her supernatural powers haven't been revealed yet.
2019: Multiple mass shootings are reported in churches all across America on Christmas Eve/Day. Christians groups are starting getting ready to leave America.
2020: Q tells her supporters who are over 18 to get a triple Q tattoo to show they support her cause. These people would be known as Qheads and Christians/Muslims would claim it's the mark of the beast. What they don't know is the tattoo gives you superpowers and Q can telepathically speak to you.
2020: For the first time in history Speaker of the House Hakeem Jeffries refuse to invite President Trump for the State of the Union address.
2020: Qheads clash with Neo-Nazis in Richmond during a Pro-Gun rally resulting in 50 deaths.
2020: Q scores victories in the Iowa Caucus, New Hampshire primary, Nevada Caucus and South Carolina primary.
2020: CDC declarers Covid-19 a pandemic following the rise of cases all across the globe.
2020: In wake of the Covid-19 pandemic African-American is George Floyd shot by Minneapolis police office Derek Chauvin while racial slurs are yelled at him. This sparks the Summer of Rage.
Summer 2020: The Summer of Rage starts following the death of George Floyd both nationwide and international. Police, Neo Nazis and Qheads clash in the street's and President Trump declares marital law resulting in civil unrest all across America. The Battle of Washington D.C ensures after police officers fire on protesters Lafayette square. Qheads use supernatural powers on police officers resulting in Trump evacuating the White House to a secure location. Reports of supernatural powers being used on Law Enforcement happens all across the country during the Summer of Rage. The Summer of Rage ends after law enforcement lay down there arms being supernaturally brainwashed by Q. Nearly ten of thousands of people were killed during this period of civil unrest.
2020: Qheads attempt to storm the RNC and Trump is almost assassinated for the second time.
2020: Q clinches the Democratic nomination at the DNC winning all states in 2020 Democratic primary. Nominates Nina Turner as Vice Presidental candidate. Q gives fiery speech were she pledges to purge the Republican party and bring justice to those who faced sexual abuse from those in power.
October 2020: Unknown if forged or true Wikileaks releases documents proving Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton and many prominent people were on Epstein's island and doing very bad stuff on there. It also confirms the existed of elite ran pedophile sex rings. President and the Clinton's deny it to no avail. A MSNBC poll shows following this leak shows "Q: 93% Trump: 3%". Hillary Clinton and Bill Clinton are murdered by a Pro-Q mob in there Chappaqua home with some secret service members refusing to guard/letting them in the house or joining the Mobsters.
October 2020: Trump catches covid-19 alongside his most his family and cabient. Trump is put in coma for 10 days but the cabient rejects invoking the 25th amendment. Secetary of Treasury Herman Cain dies from covid-19 as another October surprise.
November 3rd 2020: Q wins the 2020 election largest margin since Obama in 2008. She would win all states except Wyoming and Idaho giving her a whopping 531 electoral votes due multiple attacks on/shutting downs of conservative areas with polling station's by sympathetic law enforcement. President Trump refuses to concede and cites fraud in the election.
2020: Fox News headquarters is razed to the ground by Qheads.
2020: Operation Babylon commences lead by JoAnne Bass in order to give Q complete power over America before Inauguration Day 2021 and Wipeout all her opposition. Various Republican state governments are overthrown and replaced by Pro-Q governments.
2020: Senate Minority leader Mitch McConnell is stabbed to death by a Qhead near the Capital Building.
Christmas Eve 2020: Q orders congressional Democrats to boycott Congress that day and Far-Left Militants are assembled that day in Washington D.C also on the order of Q. The Second American Revolution commences as Qheads, Far-Mititants storm the White House and Capital Building. President Trump, Vice President Gingrich, half of the Cabinet and nearly all Congressional Republicans are killed on this day. Secretary of State Pompeo flees Washington D.C and declares himself President in Boise, Idaho.
2020-2021: Hakeem Jeffries / Vacant
2020: President Jeffries orders a pardon of all those involved in the "Christmas Eve Coup" or known by revolutionaries/Qheads as "The Second American Revolution.
2020: President Jeffries orders the destruction of all Anti-Q works/books. Additional President Pompeo is assassinated on the orders of President Jeffries by a Pro-Q coup on the Idaho State Government. Secretary of Defense Micheal Flynn flees to Cheyenne, Wyoming as the last Anti-Q state in America and declares himself President.
2021: Congress rejects electoral both electoral votes from both Idaho and Wyoming giving jt to Q.
2021: Pro-Q and Anti-Q protesters clash in the street's and President Jeffries orders the military to use brute force on Anti-Q protesters.
January 13th, 2021: Incoming-Press Secretary of Q, Dolly Parton warns Qheads in Wyoming a week before Inauguration day to flee the State as far possibly and says the United States government will pay for all the transport.
2021-Present: Q / Nina Turner (Democratic)
2020 def. Donald Trump / Newt Gingrich (Republican)
January 20th 2021: An estimated 10 million Americans protest the Inauguration of Q as President , calling upon Q to step down and the Federal Government to recognize Secretary of Defense Micheal Flynn as President. Q, her cabient and congressional Democrats flee to camp David to inaugurate Q and confirm all her cabinet. Following inaugural address Q orders the nuking of Wyoming as it was hosting the President of the United Government in-exile Micheal Flynn resulting the deaths of Micheal Flynn, Governor Mark Gordon and hundreds of thousands of people. However this would be overshadowed when Q using an ancient device from a unknown place similar to the infinity stone would snap her fingers, officially wiping out all opposition of Her. Millions of people would disappear as the GOP, Christianity and Islam in America ceased to exist follwing this. Secretary of Education Besty DeVos would flee to Ottawa, Cananda and declare herself President.
2021: President in-exile DeVos is killed alongside Prime Justin Trudeau and most Canadian Government in a Pro-Q coup.
2021-2031: Second Great Depression ensures as the United States becomes a global pariah and a collapse Global supply chains. However using supernatural power Q is able to keep America afloat during this time. Multiple Governments across the World especially in the EU fall to fascim.
2041: Q has been President of the United States (well actually the Western Hemisphere) for 20 years and most governments In the Western Hemisphere have fallen to Qanon, including the Britsh Isles (which are divided in to airstrip one and two.) Most Non-Qanon across the world especially fascist ones have censored Pro-Q content. A clash of civilizations Between Pro-Q and Anti-Q is very likely. It's required to get the Mark of Beast Triple Q tattoo once you turn eighteen in Pro-Qanon countries and citizens are spied on 24-7 by cameras/thoughtpolice. However the quality of life is some of the best there due to Q using her supernatural power to make it a Qtopia. Though completely controlled by Q Instead of Departments the government is divided by four main ministries...
"You want a revolution I'll give you one."
My Shameless rip-off of "The People's Revolution, a Left-wing Qanon timeline" by @Hal Jordan (Jeff Newell) on the other place which is meant to be a reversal of "Face the Storm: QAnon and the Presidential Election of 2024". I kinda rushed this so it may not be that good and there be many typos but I put my effort into it.
"WHERE WE GO ONE WE GO ALL. WHERE WE GO ONE WE GO ALL."
-Q supporters at her victory speech in Washington, D.C, November 3rd 2020
2009-2017: Barack Obama / Joe Biden (Democratic)
2008 def. John McCain / Sarah Palin (Republican)
2012 def. Mitt Romney / Paul Ryan (Republican)
2014: House Minority leader Nancy Pelosi dies of a sudden heart attack following the 2014 midterm elections.
2014: Congressman Luis Gutierrez is chosen to replace Nancy Pelosi as leader of Democratic house caucus.
2015: Minority Leader Luis Gutierrez announces he running for President in 2016 shocking the Democratic party.
2016: Hillary Clinton clinches the 2016 democratic nomination in a three-way race between Luis Gutierrez and Bernie Sanders.
2016: Hillary Clinton picks HUD Secretary Julian Castro for Democratic Vice Presidential nomination to appeal to the Hispanic voters following a close 2016 primary with Luis Gutierrez.
2016: Qanon emerges following the 2016 election following a post by women of the name of Q were she accuses both the Republican party and Democratic establishment of running child sex rings alongside very rich elites. During the anti-Trump protests in fall 2016 many pro-Qanon chants were heard on the streets.
2017-2020: Donald Trump / Newt Gingrich (Republican)
2016 def. Hillary Clinton / Julian Castro (Democratic)
2017: Inauguration day riots killing at least 10 people as anti-Trump protesters clash police officers with some of them being Qheads. Additional violence was reported at 2017 women's march the day after.
2017: Unite the Right rally ends in tragedy as Qheads and White nationalist clash with each other on the streets of Charlottesville, Virginia resulting in the deaths of 500 people
2017-2018: Me-too gains traction in October 2017 following a post by actor Alyssa Milano on twitter. However Qanon infiltrates the movement which results in mass violence from October October 2017-November 2018 encourage by Q leading to the deaths of Bill Cosby, Larry Nassar, Jeffery Epstein, his associate Ghislaine Maxwell and many others. Qanon becomes the mainstream ideology of the Democratic party during this time and Democrats like Hillary Clinton or Bill Clinton are completely abandoned by the party.
2018: An FBI report shows that domestic terrorism has increase ten-fold due to Qanon. Qanon related terrorism has resulted in the deaths of hundreds so far.
2018: Pro-Qanon successfully primary almost all Anti-Qanon Governors/Congress members as Barack Obama, alongside his wife and many other prominent liberals endorse Qanon. A lot of celebrities also do the same by also endorsing Qanon.
2018: Donald Trump is accused by dozens of women in a New York times op-ed of sexual assault in from 1964 to present day. President Trump is nearly assassinated at a rally by Qhead while campaigning in California during 2018 midterms.
2018: The Democratic party backed by Qanon flip both chambers of Congress in landslides and flip dozens Governor Mansions across the nation.
2019: Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court Nomination is rejected by the newly sworn Democratic Congress after being dragged for months
2019: Q announces her candidacy for the 2020 election "Stating she is the only Democratic that can save America from the Christofasict Neo-Nazi rapist pedophile cabal"
2019: "A majority of Americans now support Qanon" a new Gallup poll finds.
2019: Q tells congressional democrats "Trump must not be impeached. The people should be the ones to remove him."
2019: Qanon backed violence happens all year especially with Christians now being the most prosecuted group in America now.
2019: Q destroyers all of her opponents during the democratic primary debate and increase lead in polls even more. A memo within the White House shows that Trump fears Q influence and that she will most likely in the 2020 election.
2019: Qanon goes international as it garners support from outside America.
2019: A Unknown pneumonia is reported in Wuhan, China which is secretly a ritual from Q as her supernatural powers haven't been revealed yet.
2019: Multiple mass shootings are reported in churches all across America on Christmas Eve/Day. Christians groups are starting getting ready to leave America.
2020: Q tells her supporters who are over 18 to get a triple Q tattoo to show they support her cause. These people would be known as Qheads and Christians/Muslims would claim it's the mark of the beast. What they don't know is the tattoo gives you superpowers and Q can telepathically speak to you.
2020: For the first time in history Speaker of the House Hakeem Jeffries refuse to invite President Trump for the State of the Union address.
2020: Qheads clash with Neo-Nazis in Richmond during a Pro-Gun rally resulting in 50 deaths.
2020: Q scores victories in the Iowa Caucus, New Hampshire primary, Nevada Caucus and South Carolina primary.
2020: CDC declarers Covid-19 a pandemic following the rise of cases all across the globe.
2020: In wake of the Covid-19 pandemic African-American is George Floyd shot by Minneapolis police office Derek Chauvin while racial slurs are yelled at him. This sparks the Summer of Rage.
Summer 2020: The Summer of Rage starts following the death of George Floyd both nationwide and international. Police, Neo Nazis and Qheads clash in the street's and President Trump declares marital law resulting in civil unrest all across America. The Battle of Washington D.C ensures after police officers fire on protesters Lafayette square. Qheads use supernatural powers on police officers resulting in Trump evacuating the White House to a secure location. Reports of supernatural powers being used on Law Enforcement happens all across the country during the Summer of Rage. The Summer of Rage ends after law enforcement lay down there arms being supernaturally brainwashed by Q. Nearly ten of thousands of people were killed during this period of civil unrest.
2020: Qheads attempt to storm the RNC and Trump is almost assassinated for the second time.
2020: Q clinches the Democratic nomination at the DNC winning all states in 2020 Democratic primary. Nominates Nina Turner as Vice Presidental candidate. Q gives fiery speech were she pledges to purge the Republican party and bring justice to those who faced sexual abuse from those in power.
October 2020: Unknown if forged or true Wikileaks releases documents proving Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton and many prominent people were on Epstein's island and doing very bad stuff on there. It also confirms the existed of elite ran pedophile sex rings. President and the Clinton's deny it to no avail. A MSNBC poll shows following this leak shows "Q: 93% Trump: 3%". Hillary Clinton and Bill Clinton are murdered by a Pro-Q mob in there Chappaqua home with some secret service members refusing to guard/letting them in the house or joining the Mobsters.
October 2020: Trump catches covid-19 alongside his most his family and cabient. Trump is put in coma for 10 days but the cabient rejects invoking the 25th amendment. Secetary of Treasury Herman Cain dies from covid-19 as another October surprise.
November 3rd 2020: Q wins the 2020 election largest margin since Obama in 2008. She would win all states except Wyoming and Idaho giving her a whopping 531 electoral votes due multiple attacks on/shutting downs of conservative areas with polling station's by sympathetic law enforcement. President Trump refuses to concede and cites fraud in the election.
2020: Fox News headquarters is razed to the ground by Qheads.
2020: Operation Babylon commences lead by JoAnne Bass in order to give Q complete power over America before Inauguration Day 2021 and Wipeout all her opposition. Various Republican state governments are overthrown and replaced by Pro-Q governments.
2020: Senate Minority leader Mitch McConnell is stabbed to death by a Qhead near the Capital Building.
Christmas Eve 2020: Q orders congressional Democrats to boycott Congress that day and Far-Left Militants are assembled that day in Washington D.C also on the order of Q. The Second American Revolution commences as Qheads, Far-Mititants storm the White House and Capital Building. President Trump, Vice President Gingrich, half of the Cabinet and nearly all Congressional Republicans are killed on this day. Secretary of State Pompeo flees Washington D.C and declares himself President in Boise, Idaho.
2020-2021: Hakeem Jeffries / Vacant
2020: President Jeffries orders a pardon of all those involved in the "Christmas Eve Coup" or known by revolutionaries/Qheads as "The Second American Revolution.
2020: President Jeffries orders the destruction of all Anti-Q works/books. Additional President Pompeo is assassinated on the orders of President Jeffries by a Pro-Q coup on the Idaho State Government. Secretary of Defense Micheal Flynn flees to Cheyenne, Wyoming as the last Anti-Q state in America and declares himself President.
2021: Congress rejects electoral both electoral votes from both Idaho and Wyoming giving jt to Q.
2021: Pro-Q and Anti-Q protesters clash in the street's and President Jeffries orders the military to use brute force on Anti-Q protesters.
January 13th, 2021: Incoming-Press Secretary of Q, Dolly Parton warns Qheads in Wyoming a week before Inauguration day to flee the State as far possibly and says the United States government will pay for all the transport.
2021-Present: Q / Nina Turner (Democratic)
2020 def. Donald Trump / Newt Gingrich (Republican)
January 20th 2021: An estimated 10 million Americans protest the Inauguration of Q as President , calling upon Q to step down and the Federal Government to recognize Secretary of Defense Micheal Flynn as President. Q, her cabient and congressional Democrats flee to camp David to inaugurate Q and confirm all her cabinet. Following inaugural address Q orders the nuking of Wyoming as it was hosting the President of the United Government in-exile Micheal Flynn resulting the deaths of Micheal Flynn, Governor Mark Gordon and hundreds of thousands of people. However this would be overshadowed when Q using an ancient device from a unknown place similar to the infinity stone would snap her fingers, officially wiping out all opposition of Her. Millions of people would disappear as the GOP, Christianity and Islam in America ceased to exist follwing this. Secretary of Education Besty DeVos would flee to Ottawa, Cananda and declare herself President.
2021: President in-exile DeVos is killed alongside Prime Justin Trudeau and most Canadian Government in a Pro-Q coup.
2021-2031: Second Great Depression ensures as the United States becomes a global pariah and a collapse Global supply chains. However using supernatural power Q is able to keep America afloat during this time. Multiple Governments across the World especially in the EU fall to fascim.
2041: Q has been President of the United States (well actually the Western Hemisphere) for 20 years and most governments In the Western Hemisphere have fallen to Qanon, including the Britsh Isles (which are divided in to airstrip one and two.) Most Non-Qanon across the world especially fascist ones have censored Pro-Q content. A clash of civilizations Between Pro-Q and Anti-Q is very likely. It's required to get the
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List of Presidents of the United States of America:
2001 - 2009: George W. Bush / Dick Cheney (Republican)
2004 def. Al Gore / Joe Lieberman (Democrat)
2008 def. John Kerry / John Edwards (Democrat)
2009 - 2010: John McCain / Mark Sanford (Republican)
2008 def. Hillary Clinton / Evan Bayh (Democrat)
2010 - 2011: John McCain / vacant (Republican)
2011 - 2011: John McCain / Charlie Crist (Republican)
2011 - 2011: Charlie Crist / vacant (Republican)
2011 - 2012: Charlie Crist / Colin Powell (Republican)
2012 - 2013: Charlie Crist / Colin Powell (Independent)
2013 - 2020: Barack Obama / Tim Kaine (Democrat)
2012 def. Jeb Bush / Mike Huckabee (Republican), Ron Paul / Andrew Napolitano (Libertarian)
2016 def. Donald Trump / Michael Flynn (Patriot), Jon Huntsman Jr. / Kay Bailey Hutchinson (Republican), Gary Johnson / Bill Weld (Libertarian)
2020 - 2021: Tim Kaine (Democrat) [Acting]
2021 - 2027: Anthony Fauci (Independent)
2021 def (first round). Donald Trump (Patriot)
2027 - 0000: Elizabeth Warren (Democrat)
2027 def (third round). Charlie Crist (Independent), Joe Rogan (Independent)
“When I wrote Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative in 2010, American politics were in a radically different place. Neoconservatism and neoliberalism had lost their public legitimacy, yet they continued to hold governmental policy in a stranglehold, as the McCain administration intervened in various Arab countries, in support of the anti-government protesters (often without a semblance of approval by the protesters themselves), and neoliberal economics were still the norm for the government, as the President and Secretary Romney had found a working coalition with Blue Dog Democrats. Even in the midst of an (economic) depression there seemed to be no alternative to capitalism. Further indication of this was the zeitgeist of online American politics, which were filled with memetic images of Illinois Senator Obama as the second coming of Franklin Roosevelt. In fact, it was still generally expected that the Democratic primaries would primarily be a contest between the more progressive Obama, who at this point had become a (converted) champion for a return to Keynesian economics and New York Senator Hillary Clinton, who was expected to run on a campaign based on the expression ‘I told you so’.
In hindsight, the political and societal earthquakes of the next 24 months were not too unexpected, but too many they were still the most exciting moments in politics in their lives. The resignation of Vice President Sanford due to a sex scandal, the landslide victories of the Democrats in the midterms, and the incapacitation of the President due to a heart attack happened in just a few months time, but it was the start of the American Spring that gave us the closest glimmers ever to alternative political and economic possibilities. For a few months it genuinely seemed like everything was possible.
There has been a literature on what transpired in those fable months, about its effects and its shortcomings, as well as what it could have achieved if it came just a little earlier or a little later. While you could still see posters and stickers of Karl Marx on every street corner in the American metropols, the movement seemed to had lost some of its momentum, as reactionaries had started to rally against it, or in the case of Ron Paul attempt to co-opt it through a mixture of bastardization and misrepresentation. Further more, a sense of pragmatism had returned to the American centre-left (or ‘new centre’ as they’re called today). While Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, candidate of the United June 14th Moment, gained a lot of positive attention both online and offline, they were often enough followed by memorized worries about his electability. These worries ultimately proved to be false, as various simulations have proven that even if Sanders booked a significantly worse result, he would still win handily against the divided Republicans. Nevertheless, it is only in allohistorical writings where we can experience a Sanders presidency, and his interactions with “history’s most progressive congresses” (113th - 115th).
In 2010 I argued that capitalism would adapt to becoming either social democratic or authoritarian in order to save itself. We can now see that my adoptive home the United States and native home the United Kingdom have adjusted to the former and latter respectively. I will not go into detail about why the American and British reaction to capitalism’s greatest challenge has been so different, it already dominates so much of contemporary discussions on politics in the Anglosphere, but it is nevertheless important to note that there are a plethora of similarities between the British and American experience in the post-neoliberal age. I’m not just talking about Obama’s alarming 16-year tenure as President and Prime Minister, an issue that many new centrists do not contemplate nearly enough, but also the way that the new epoch has been accepted by many self-proclaimed critical thinkers, without enough critical thinking. The introduction of the introduction of the comprehensive welfare state, end of the presidential system, and Russian intervention have way too quickly as always being inherently American, and by extension inherently capitalism.
……………
There is little disagreement to the consensus that art in the Western world has flourished over the past decade and a half. Even in the United Kingdom and France, American influence has proven strong enough that even despite government opposition, though so far no direct government action beyond excusing the act of individual fascists in the case of the French government, American media has penetrated, and in the case of the former even come to completely dominate, pop culture. Nevertheless, there seems to be a distinct lack of re-imagination in many of these works. The Golden Age of Television is near the end of its third decade, and has taken an increasingly Marxist tone, but it is still largely performative. It is merely performative anti-capitalism, and even lacks the show of teeth that defined much of pop culture during the Second Great Depression. Instead, mainstream Marxist art is largely ideologically in line with the Democratic Socialists, who as the heirs of Bernie Sanders do not go much further beyond calling for workplace democracy and a renegotiation of the state’s relation with progressive bourgeoisie, rather than the elimination of Capital. Even anti-capitalist pieces of art that are aware of this dichotomy, and do wish to act upon it like Dasha Nekrosava’s The Evolution of Truth [1], employ neo-Nativist plot devices, that both misinterpret the Marxist argument against mass migration, but also treat a migration cap against Europeans as some sort of Deus ex machina to achieve communism.
Furthermore, postmodern culture still reigns supreme in the art scene, as well as other spheres. Attempts to destroy it have proven futile, as what little became of New Sincerity is largely looked upon condescendingly and irony, with the same image of a than Senator Obama as Franklin Roosevelt has proven to be true in not just a positive sense. More American troops having died during the Obama years than the previous seven presidents combined tells us little as a singular statistic, but it does paint the way Obama will be remembered. A great emancipator, but also a leader during war time. The 21st century’s Abraham Lincoln, a ‘great’ President no doubt, but no Radical.
……………
Many amateur dialecticians (at times even willingly) misinterpret Marx, Hegel and Deleuze to argue that the role of anti-capitalists today is to strengthen the gains of the ‘Obama Revolution’. Even if Francis Fukuyama’s thesis on the end of history is widely derided today, it still lingers on unconsciously, as the imagined revolutionary bang of June 2011 has slowly transformed into a generations long historicist march against capitalism. In fact, the only group that seems to genuinely rally against capitalism, are the reactionary forces themselves, with the non-bourgeois lumpenproletariat and counter-revolutionary forces in particular having re-established itself with an argument for what has rather insincerely become known as right-Marxism.
A frame of mind that is increasingly common among a lot of self-proclaimed leftists is that what was necessary has already been achieved. One young women put it even more bluntly in an by the Cornel West Institute organized online debate as she asked: “Who cares about seizing the means of production? As long as the numbers keep going up, the wine keeps on pouring, and the music keeps on playing, we will all be fine!” While few have said it as bluntly as her, it is nevertheless a believe that is prevalent in the minds of many Americans and culturally Americans today; however, what very few people seem to realize is that even though the wine and music will continue to flow for decades, over time the wine will start to contain dangerous toxins, and we’ll all be dancing to hip-hop again”.
- Mark Fisher, The Reconceptualization Of Capitalist Realism In Obama’s America - 2028
[1]: With apologies to @Oppo
2001 - 2009: George W. Bush / Dick Cheney (Republican)
2004 def. Al Gore / Joe Lieberman (Democrat)
2008 def. John Kerry / John Edwards (Democrat)
2009 - 2010: John McCain / Mark Sanford (Republican)
2008 def. Hillary Clinton / Evan Bayh (Democrat)
2010 - 2011: John McCain / vacant (Republican)
2011 - 2011: John McCain / Charlie Crist (Republican)
2011 - 2011: Charlie Crist / vacant (Republican)
2011 - 2012: Charlie Crist / Colin Powell (Republican)
2012 - 2013: Charlie Crist / Colin Powell (Independent)
2013 - 2020: Barack Obama / Tim Kaine (Democrat)
2012 def. Jeb Bush / Mike Huckabee (Republican), Ron Paul / Andrew Napolitano (Libertarian)
2016 def. Donald Trump / Michael Flynn (Patriot), Jon Huntsman Jr. / Kay Bailey Hutchinson (Republican), Gary Johnson / Bill Weld (Libertarian)
2020 - 2021: Tim Kaine (Democrat) [Acting]
2021 - 2027: Anthony Fauci (Independent)
2021 def (first round). Donald Trump (Patriot)
2027 - 0000: Elizabeth Warren (Democrat)
2027 def (third round). Charlie Crist (Independent), Joe Rogan (Independent)
“When I wrote Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative in 2010, American politics were in a radically different place. Neoconservatism and neoliberalism had lost their public legitimacy, yet they continued to hold governmental policy in a stranglehold, as the McCain administration intervened in various Arab countries, in support of the anti-government protesters (often without a semblance of approval by the protesters themselves), and neoliberal economics were still the norm for the government, as the President and Secretary Romney had found a working coalition with Blue Dog Democrats. Even in the midst of an (economic) depression there seemed to be no alternative to capitalism. Further indication of this was the zeitgeist of online American politics, which were filled with memetic images of Illinois Senator Obama as the second coming of Franklin Roosevelt. In fact, it was still generally expected that the Democratic primaries would primarily be a contest between the more progressive Obama, who at this point had become a (converted) champion for a return to Keynesian economics and New York Senator Hillary Clinton, who was expected to run on a campaign based on the expression ‘I told you so’.
In hindsight, the political and societal earthquakes of the next 24 months were not too unexpected, but too many they were still the most exciting moments in politics in their lives. The resignation of Vice President Sanford due to a sex scandal, the landslide victories of the Democrats in the midterms, and the incapacitation of the President due to a heart attack happened in just a few months time, but it was the start of the American Spring that gave us the closest glimmers ever to alternative political and economic possibilities. For a few months it genuinely seemed like everything was possible.
There has been a literature on what transpired in those fable months, about its effects and its shortcomings, as well as what it could have achieved if it came just a little earlier or a little later. While you could still see posters and stickers of Karl Marx on every street corner in the American metropols, the movement seemed to had lost some of its momentum, as reactionaries had started to rally against it, or in the case of Ron Paul attempt to co-opt it through a mixture of bastardization and misrepresentation. Further more, a sense of pragmatism had returned to the American centre-left (or ‘new centre’ as they’re called today). While Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, candidate of the United June 14th Moment, gained a lot of positive attention both online and offline, they were often enough followed by memorized worries about his electability. These worries ultimately proved to be false, as various simulations have proven that even if Sanders booked a significantly worse result, he would still win handily against the divided Republicans. Nevertheless, it is only in allohistorical writings where we can experience a Sanders presidency, and his interactions with “history’s most progressive congresses” (113th - 115th).
In 2010 I argued that capitalism would adapt to becoming either social democratic or authoritarian in order to save itself. We can now see that my adoptive home the United States and native home the United Kingdom have adjusted to the former and latter respectively. I will not go into detail about why the American and British reaction to capitalism’s greatest challenge has been so different, it already dominates so much of contemporary discussions on politics in the Anglosphere, but it is nevertheless important to note that there are a plethora of similarities between the British and American experience in the post-neoliberal age. I’m not just talking about Obama’s alarming 16-year tenure as President and Prime Minister, an issue that many new centrists do not contemplate nearly enough, but also the way that the new epoch has been accepted by many self-proclaimed critical thinkers, without enough critical thinking. The introduction of the introduction of the comprehensive welfare state, end of the presidential system, and Russian intervention have way too quickly as always being inherently American, and by extension inherently capitalism.
……………
There is little disagreement to the consensus that art in the Western world has flourished over the past decade and a half. Even in the United Kingdom and France, American influence has proven strong enough that even despite government opposition, though so far no direct government action beyond excusing the act of individual fascists in the case of the French government, American media has penetrated, and in the case of the former even come to completely dominate, pop culture. Nevertheless, there seems to be a distinct lack of re-imagination in many of these works. The Golden Age of Television is near the end of its third decade, and has taken an increasingly Marxist tone, but it is still largely performative. It is merely performative anti-capitalism, and even lacks the show of teeth that defined much of pop culture during the Second Great Depression. Instead, mainstream Marxist art is largely ideologically in line with the Democratic Socialists, who as the heirs of Bernie Sanders do not go much further beyond calling for workplace democracy and a renegotiation of the state’s relation with progressive bourgeoisie, rather than the elimination of Capital. Even anti-capitalist pieces of art that are aware of this dichotomy, and do wish to act upon it like Dasha Nekrosava’s The Evolution of Truth [1], employ neo-Nativist plot devices, that both misinterpret the Marxist argument against mass migration, but also treat a migration cap against Europeans as some sort of Deus ex machina to achieve communism.
Furthermore, postmodern culture still reigns supreme in the art scene, as well as other spheres. Attempts to destroy it have proven futile, as what little became of New Sincerity is largely looked upon condescendingly and irony, with the same image of a than Senator Obama as Franklin Roosevelt has proven to be true in not just a positive sense. More American troops having died during the Obama years than the previous seven presidents combined tells us little as a singular statistic, but it does paint the way Obama will be remembered. A great emancipator, but also a leader during war time. The 21st century’s Abraham Lincoln, a ‘great’ President no doubt, but no Radical.
……………
Many amateur dialecticians (at times even willingly) misinterpret Marx, Hegel and Deleuze to argue that the role of anti-capitalists today is to strengthen the gains of the ‘Obama Revolution’. Even if Francis Fukuyama’s thesis on the end of history is widely derided today, it still lingers on unconsciously, as the imagined revolutionary bang of June 2011 has slowly transformed into a generations long historicist march against capitalism. In fact, the only group that seems to genuinely rally against capitalism, are the reactionary forces themselves, with the non-bourgeois lumpenproletariat and counter-revolutionary forces in particular having re-established itself with an argument for what has rather insincerely become known as right-Marxism.
A frame of mind that is increasingly common among a lot of self-proclaimed leftists is that what was necessary has already been achieved. One young women put it even more bluntly in an by the Cornel West Institute organized online debate as she asked: “Who cares about seizing the means of production? As long as the numbers keep going up, the wine keeps on pouring, and the music keeps on playing, we will all be fine!” While few have said it as bluntly as her, it is nevertheless a believe that is prevalent in the minds of many Americans and culturally Americans today; however, what very few people seem to realize is that even though the wine and music will continue to flow for decades, over time the wine will start to contain dangerous toxins, and we’ll all be dancing to hip-hop again”.
- Mark Fisher, The Reconceptualization Of Capitalist Realism In Obama’s America - 2028
[1]: With apologies to @Oppo
Blackentheborg
Dennis Skinner's molotov
- Location
- Grand Hotel Abyss
- Pronouns
- He/Him
For a thing I'm doing
Presidents of the Russian Federation
1991-2000: Boris Yeltsin (Independent/Demokraticheskaya)
'91: defeated Yevgeny Primakov (CPSU), Boris Berezovsky (Independent)
'96: defeated Gennady Zyuganov (CPSU), Boris Berezovsky (Perestroika)
2000-2008: Yevgeny Primakov Jr. (Respublika)
'00: defeated Alexei Kudrin (Demokraticheskaya), Grigory Yavlinsky (KEDR), Sergei Shoygu (Perestroika)
'04: defeated Mikhail Fradkov (Demokraticheskaya)
2008-2017: Jean Sagbo (Demokraticheskaya)
'08: defeated Anton Siluanov (Respublika)
'12: defeated Ilya Ponomarev (Respublika)
2017-2021: Konstantin Malofeev (Independent/Respublika)
defeated Naina Yeltsina (Demokraticheskaya), Sergei Kukharenko (Libertarianskoye Dvizhenie), Emilia Slabunova (KEDR)
2021-present: Sergey Mironov (Demokraticheskaya)
defeated Konstantin Malofeev (Independent), Yelena Afanasyeva (Libertarianskoye Dvizhenie), Nikolay Kharitonov (KEDR-CPCR)
Presidents of the Russian Federation
1991-2000: Boris Yeltsin (Independent/Demokraticheskaya)
'91: defeated Yevgeny Primakov (CPSU), Boris Berezovsky (Independent)
'96: defeated Gennady Zyuganov (CPSU), Boris Berezovsky (Perestroika)
2000-2008: Yevgeny Primakov Jr. (Respublika)
'00: defeated Alexei Kudrin (Demokraticheskaya), Grigory Yavlinsky (KEDR), Sergei Shoygu (Perestroika)
'04: defeated Mikhail Fradkov (Demokraticheskaya)
2008-2017: Jean Sagbo (Demokraticheskaya)
'08: defeated Anton Siluanov (Respublika)
'12: defeated Ilya Ponomarev (Respublika)
2017-2021: Konstantin Malofeev (Independent/Respublika)
defeated Naina Yeltsina (Demokraticheskaya), Sergei Kukharenko (Libertarianskoye Dvizhenie), Emilia Slabunova (KEDR)
2021-present: Sergey Mironov (Demokraticheskaya)
defeated Konstantin Malofeev (Independent), Yelena Afanasyeva (Libertarianskoye Dvizhenie), Nikolay Kharitonov (KEDR-CPCR)
Last edited:
- Location
- Coventry
Inspired by the Zoom chat with @Beata Beatrix and @Ciclavex.
Tripping Tricky Dick in '64
1964: (Incumbent) Lyndon B. Johnson & Hubert H. Humphrey (D) beat Richard M. Nixon & Nelson Rockefeller (R)
1968: Hubert H. Humphrey & Ed Muskie (D) beat Barry Goldwater & Ronald Reagen (R)
1972: (Incumbent) Hubert H. Humphrey & Ed Muskie (D) beat Ronald Reagen & Spiro Agnew (R)
1976: John B. Anderson & William W. Scranton (R) beat (Incumbent) Ed Muskie & Henry Jackson (D)
Tripping Tricky Dick in '64
1964: (Incumbent) Lyndon B. Johnson & Hubert H. Humphrey (D) beat Richard M. Nixon & Nelson Rockefeller (R)
1968: Hubert H. Humphrey & Ed Muskie (D) beat Barry Goldwater & Ronald Reagen (R)
1972: (Incumbent) Hubert H. Humphrey & Ed Muskie (D) beat Ronald Reagen & Spiro Agnew (R)
1976: John B. Anderson & William W. Scranton (R) beat (Incumbent) Ed Muskie & Henry Jackson (D)
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AnActualFam
Well-known member
- Location
- Somewhere at Sea
- Pronouns
- He/They
Yessssss.
I love the first ideas of this timeline with Turkey and the like; glad to see it back in full swing, love this so much.
Thank you so much. I had to alter a lot of it with Russia proving a lot weaker than we all expected, so I don’t think that Turkey part is cannon anymore, but I am considering making a new post about it.
AnActualFam
Well-known member
- Location
- Somewhere at Sea
- Pronouns
- He/They
It really is funny how much weaker Russia was actually compared to how we all thought.
Maharajas of Punjab
1801-1839: Ranjit Singh
At the age of 12, Ranjit Singh was crowned ruler of one of the twelve Sikh theocratic states; after fighting several wars with the Afghans and decisively taking control of Lahore, he got crowned Maharaja of Punjab at the mere age of 21. In this title, he successfully unified Punjab, crushing all the other Sikh states and reducing them to mere potentates. He led campaigns which took control of Peshawar from the Afghans, ensuring security for Punjab, and in alliance with Jammu Rajputs, he conquered Kashmir and Ladakh. He also took over Sindh, giving Punjab control of the mouth of the Indus and thus its all-important trade. To make sure he had a good defence against the British, he also ensured the formation of a modernized army trained by French officers, and he sent students to France to learn about modern artillery. And after the British Raj spluttered badly due to Britain proper seeing the Popular Revolution, he used the opportunity to take over Patiala and Cutch, bringing Punjab into spitting distance of India's capital of old, Delhi. In the end, Ranjit Singh left a unified Punjab, even if it it was still feudal and its administration rather decentralized, and he began its long process of modernization.
1839-1839: Kharak Singh
1839-1863: Nau Nihal Singh
Following the mysterious death of Maharaja Kharak Singh, his son Nau Nihal Singh came to power, and he successfully kept the loyalty of feudatories through a combination of negotiation and military force. He continued to send students to France to learn artillery and engineering - although he saw little that they came back not just with knowledge of modern science and technology, but also with certain liberal ideals that they spread to others in the army. But nevertheless, the army served well, deflecting an Afghan attack and protecting against the British Raj, and Nau Nihal Singh spent his administration continuing with modernization efforts, including the establishment of a polytechnic; furthermore, he set up an embassy in France which, he thought, would make the British reluctant to attack. By the time he died at a rather young age, he left his empire stable even if issues continued to grow
1863-1882: Jawahar Singh [overthrown]
Jawahar Singh was, at the outset, more suspicious of growing Enlightenment ideals, and he exiled his uncle Dalip Singh, who he regarded as sympathetic to them, to Jammu - but despite it, he continued modernization efforts, erecting a railroad from Lahore to Amritsar (back when they were still distinct cities), and he also set up a project for a railroad from Lahore to Multan which, though taking longer than expected due to widespread corruption, did achieve completion. But despite it all, the empire remained decentralized, and efforts at establishing centralized provinces largely failed - particularly in the vassal states of the Pahari area. And in the end, its failure was shown at large during the Great Indian Famine of 1876-8. Though Punjab did not see anything approaching the horrors of the Deccan, it did get badly affected, and starvation wrapped the nation. And though the state tried to do famine relief, its decentralization made it close to impossible and made it too easy for middlemen to take their own cut. And officers and intellectuals in coteries and Masonic lodges wondered if they could do better. The famine passed in the end, but its impact remained.
In 1879, Punjab repulsed a massive Afghan invasion at Peshawar after much bloodshed, and the man credited for this was not Maharaja Jawahar Singh, but an ambitious young general named Prem Nath Kaul. He was, though outwardly loyal, nursing illuminist ideals and his own ideas of administration in his bosom. It is said the Punjabi Revolution became inevitable when he returned to his home in Srinagar for Diwali, and found not the prosperous city he remembered, but an empty wreck filled with starving people ill with cholera. But he kept it to himself, and when he shared those feelings at all, it was in Masonic lodges where oaths of secrecy protected him. In 1881, he became the chief general of the Punjabi Army when he claimed his colleagues were plotting a coup, and with this newfound power he got to work, planning. In 1882, he ordered the army to take control of Lahore, and he then entered the royal palace. He dragged Jawahar Singh outside, ripped off his turban, and put him on a ship due to Anvers. His underlings did similar mini-coups against provincial governors. The Punjabi Revolution had begun.
1882-1883: Dalip Singh [overthrown]
As the youngest of Ranjit Singh's sons, Dalip Singh was not in the line of succession. But he was influential, and beginning in the 1850s, he was drawn to certain Enlightenment ideas. He saw Punjab's problems, and promoted certain panaceas, namely industrial development, free trade, and the creation of a parliament. Together, he thought, it would create a strong state and strengthen, not weaken, the position of the Maharaja. This meant he was exiled to Jammu, then as now a backwater, and there he lurked, gathering a coterie of reformers around him. When General Kaul overthrew Jawahar Singh, Dalip Singh was the best choice for a people's Maharaja, and so in 1882 he was inaugurated as such. Upon coming to power, he convened a Constituent Assembly to write a constitution. Many candidates were elected with the endorsement of variously fraternal orders, caste associations, and religious clerics, and they gathered. However, Dalip Singh all but dictated the new constitution to them, and it became increasingly clear that he was scheming against General Kaul for power, who despite everything was very powerful. This autocratic behavior, annoyed many, and in the end the Constituent Assembly denounced Dalip Singh. This was all Kaul needed to repeat the events of 1882. Storming the royal palace, he dragged Dalip Singh outside, ripped off his turban, and put him on a ship due to Anvers. And this time, he had no intention of establishing some sort of people's monarchy.
1883-pres: Constitution of Punjab
With the ever-watchful eye of Prem Nath Kaul, the Constituent Assembly wrote a new constitution declaring Punjab a republic, to the astonishment of many - particularly the British, who feared this would serve as an example to the subjects of the Raj, and had unsuccessfully tried to convince Kaul to declare himself Maharaja. Strangely, however, the new constitution was declared the Maharaja of Punjab, a move intended to evoke the Guru Granth Sahib's status as the guru of the Sikh religion, as well as establish a positive cult of republican legalism onto the nation. Crown jewels were auctioned off and the money so obtained was deposited into a fund for famine relief. Today, every Republic Day, the Constitution is 'coronated' Maharaja with full monarchical rites and a crown and all. This crown is then destroyed, and its bits are auctioned off. And despite all the changes in regime and society since 1883, this ritual is unlikely to ever end.
Heads of Government (Sadr-i-Hukumat; "Sardar") of the Punjabi Republic
1883-1883: Prem Nath Kaul [provisional]
General Kaul, the moving force of the Revolution was made provisional Sardar, until elections were held for the new Majlis. But almost immediately upon the declaration of the republic, crises developed. The Maharaja of Patiala refused to be transformed into a mere department prefect and instead declared himself Maharaja of Punjab with British support, the Nawab of Bahawalpur issued a request for British protection, the Pahari states continued to recognize Dalip Singh as the legitimate monarch, and Afghans across the border became restless. All of this threatened to encircle Lahore and partition Punjab to death. And Kaul knew only one man could save Punjab - himself. And so, he led his army into battle himself.
1883-1886: Upinder Singh Arora (French Rite Masonic)
1883 def. Abdulrashid Bajwa (Scottish Rite Masonic), Abhishek Agarwal (Marwari Sabha), Jagjit Singh (Rajshahi), Abdullah Md Khan (Majlis-i-Muslimeen), Aryan Singh (Hindu Rakshak Sabha), Tara Singh Pindi (Akali), Anand Mohan Bose (Hindustan Azad Samaj)
The 1883 election saw parties form around fraternal orders, caste associations and religious clerics, but in addition a royalist party loyal to variously Jawahar or Dalip Singh (much talk of controversy in its headquarters), and a party which sought the liberation of the British Raj, emerged. The French Rite Freemasons, who served as the moving force of the revolution and represented a sort of union of diplomats, officers, and the burgeoning middle class in a spirit of Francophile fraternity, quickly formed a government. In office, they made peace with the British, who following Kaul's crushing defeat of Patiala and Bahawalpur recognized Punjabi borders; they also saw rising religious tensions, as neo-Vedic, Vedanta Spinozist, and Islamic heterodox movements made as many fans as they made adherents, causing riots and massive religious tensions. Furthermore, Sikhs of the rural Jat caste, seeking to take control of their religion from urban Khatris, formed the Sarbat Khalsa, which claimed to be successor of the pre-imperial parliament of the Sikh religion, and met in the Golden Temple. An Afghan invasion in 1886 caused a rapid loss of confidence, and French Rite Freemasons lost power.
1886-1888: Abdulrashid Bajwa (Scottish Rite Masonic-Carbonari coalition)
1886 (min.) Upinder Singh Arora (French Rite Masonic), Abhishek Agarwal (Marwari Sabha), Anand Mohan Bose (Carbonari), Santeshwar Singh Ahluwalia (Sipahi), Tara Singh Pindi (Akali Singh Sabha), Abdullah Md Khan (Majlis-i-Muslimeen), Aryan Singh (Hindu Rakshak Sabha), Jagjit Singh (Rajshahi)
The Scottish Rite Freemasons, which was rooted in diplomats inducted into British Freemasonry, tended more towards moderatist attitudes towards the state and foreign relations, came to power in a strange coalition with the Carbonari, a fraternal order which nursed dreams of launching a war of liberation against the British Raj akin to that launched by Italy against the Neapolitan Bourbons and the Papacy. Furthermore, this election saw the rise of the Sipahi bloc, which consisted of candidates from army-occupied areas effectively nominated by officers, and returned as their representatives. The Afghan invasion was successfully thrown back in the massive, gigantic Battle of Rawalpindi, and in its wake, the Pahari region became the new focus of army activities. Kaul's army sought to break the rebellion by invading Jammu, and when it refused to surrender he destroyed it entirely in a battle with lots of street fighting. Modern Jammu, with its fin-de-siecle architecture, is effectively a brand-new city with nothing in common with the old except a few preserved temples and mosques. But this failed to break the rebellion, and instead Kaul had to storm each state bit by bit - famously, he peacefully obtained Kangra's surrender, and when it appeared it was on the verge of an anti-Muslim pogrom he launched an army intervention to stop it. This combination of war crimes and mercy was proving successful, nevertheless, and gave more honors to Kaul. But in the end, this unstable ministry collapsed, and Bajwa left office.
1888-1889: Abhishek Agarwal (Marwari Sabha)
In its wake, the Marwari Sabha, dominated by merchants led by those, as the name implied, whose ancestors came from Marwar, was not very popular: his opposition openly called for a coup d'etat. But new elections in 1889 forestalled such talk, and Agarwal swiftly left power to return to his business activities.
1889-1890: Abdulrashid Bajwa (Scottish Rite Masonic-Akali Singh Sabha coalition)
1889 (min.) Upinder Singh Arora (French Rite Masonic), Tara Singh Pindi (Akali Singh Sabha), Santeshwar Singh Ahluwalia (Sipahi), Abhishek Agarwal (Marwari Sabha), Anand Mohan Bose (Carbonari), Abdullah Md Khan (Majlis-i-Muslimeen), Aryan Singh (Hindu Rakshak Sabha)
Coming to power on the backs of the Akali Singh Sabha, which effectively served as the delegation of the Sarbat Khalsa, the new government was despite its Scottish Rite leadership seemingly in the pocket of people regarded as fundamentalist reactionary hicks. Many historians have since regarded this characterization as unfair, but that is how many viewed things at the time. But nonetheless, the Pahari rebellion was finally crushed in this period, and the military returned victorious. But as soldiers paraded in Lahore and received accolades for saving the nation, many watched the bickering in the Majlis - and sneered. In particular, Prem Nath Kaul watched the happenings in Parliament, and he wondered if civilians were even capable of self-government. He pondered if the military needed to save the nation from itself, just as it had previously saved it from external threats. In 1890, these ponderings became fact. He issued a decree declaring his intentions, and he sent troops into the streets, and into a session of the Majlis. They arrested opponents, and the much smaller session of the Majlis declared Kaul the new Sardar.
1890-1903: Prem Nath Kaul [renamed Prem Nath Hemendranathputtar by the Anti-Caste Law in 1894] (Jamhuriyat Sabha) †
1890: Acclaimed by the Majlis
1892: Virtually unopposed
1895: Virtually unopposed
1898: Virtually unopposed
1901: Virtually unopposed
As military dictator, Kaul got to work. He reorganized governance into a one-party system, arrested political opponents, and ensured control over the Majlis by controlling nominations. With this power, he could finally initiate a modernization program. He built ambitious railroads across the nation to unify it, with the finest French and American engineers brought in to do it. He initiated the creation of vast new irrigation networks, resulting in a new expansion of the economy - and he earmarked this land for low-caste people like the Mazhabi Sikhs, increasing their status dramatically. Estates came to an end, as land got broken up into smallholds, although to prevent landowners from rebelling he reluctantly conceded compensation, which landowners put into market investments. This also calmed tensions with the Jats, who benefited the most from such reforms, and the Jat Sikh-dominated Sarbat Khalsa cooled down in its wake, while Jat Muslims similarly stopped contributing to disloyal Muslim societies. With Punjab as ever allied to France, Kaul brought in the new French fashions and pushed them as the norm, a successful effort in the cities if not rural areas. Coffee became a staple, pushed both by overproduction in Ceylon and Meridia and Kaul's desire to promote it as a symbol of Punjabi ties to France (in contrast to tea, a symbol of its old ties to Persia). With Perso-Arabic script already the dominant script used for Punjabi, he implemented a variation with reforms to account for ease of printing and the representation of vowels and retroflex sounds. And he also ensured the Punjabi language would be dominant over most of the nation, save for certain departments where Sindhi, Persian, and Kashmiri were to be made co-official.
He developed a new school system, though it was as much about turning peasants, particularly those in Pahari areas, into Punjabis, as it was about making education universal. More controversially, he issued a new secular civil code based on the French model, and when this removal of religious and caste law from the books caused Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh rebellions, he promptly crushed them with the fist of the state and executed many of those rebels. In its wake, however, he sought to come to terms with religious leadership and make them subsidiary to the state. To this end, he established new religious bodies filled with appointees who would be given authority over temples, mosques, and gurdwaras respectively, with the many sects given even more precise sub-appointments. Those who refused to recognize them - well, he banned them. Other religious minorities - Armenian Christians from the overland trading diaspora; Baghdadi, Marathi, and Cochin Jews from the Indian Ocean trading diaspora;, Parsis who immigrated from Bombay and Gujarat; and the Tibetan Buddhists of Ladakh, were given recognition on a more ad-hoc basis in the various departments in which they lived. But in all of these cases, the state took ultimate control of places of worship, as well as their maintenance and renovation.
With that, in 1894, Kaul felt free to issue a more revolutionary measure - the Anti-Caste Law. This banned caste and a wide varieties of behaviors associated with its expression, and simplified turbans, which formerly expressed social status, to a simplified national model. Most decisively, last names, which typically expressed caste, were eliminated entirely in favor of patronymics. And in place of caste's social purposes, he promoted fraternal orders such as the French Rite Freemasonry that was already strongly associated with the state, which had the potential to bind people together across religious lines in ritualistic fraternity. The powerful Grand Occident of Punjab quickly developed a gigantic stature, and it became crucial to state patronage, tying the state to the powerful conglomerates set up to promote industry. Its rituals quickly developed a strange religious fusion of Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism, today simply known as Masonic Yoga. But the Anti-Caste Law was only partially successful, and though caste began to fray in the city, in rural areas its impact could barely be found. Most famously, though Prem Nath Kaul dropped his own last name, the masses still called (and call) him Kaul.
But in the end, Prem Nath Kaul died, absolutely revered as a hero by Punjabis. The streets were filled by crowds, with not one eye free of tears. His body would be burned in with traditional Hindu rites, but strangely a modern cremation chamber which turned his body into fine dust, placed in a samadhi constructed in his honor; it often is said today that, absent the traditional Kashmiri Hindu rite of cracking the skull to free the soul, his spirit lives on there. When the British finally conceded it in 1906 after a diplomatic crisis, his ashes were at last dropped in the Ganges, though to their horror a great crowd gathered and chanted "Prem Nath Kaul Zindabad". Today, Prem Nath Kaul is absolutely revered as a hero synonymous with the Punjabi nation, and his name has been used and abused by all of his successors. To be sure, a few intellectuals denounce him as an autocrat, a destroyer of democracy, and the harbinger of the military shadow state - but the average Punjabi reviles such statements. And thus it is, and it no doubt shall always be.
1903-1913: Azimullah Muhammadputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)
1904: Virtually unopposed
1907: Virtually unopposed
1910 def. Abdullah Ayubputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha)
Azimullah came to power not without controversy, but it was clear to all he was the great Kaul's handpicked successor. Nevertheless, his weakness vis a vis the miliary led him to adopt a program of civilianizing the administration - a policy he was largely successful in, even if a certain military aesthetic remained in the halls of government. Furthermore, the growth of railroads under Kaul finally reached its fruition under him, as they led to a massive movement to people. Karachi grew into a massive port with a large Punjabi-speaking minority with the growth of trade, and the Pashtun lands saw the rise of a large Punjabi minority - including many Hindus and Sikhs coming in. While in Kashmir, the growing Punjabi population resulted in a strong assertion of Kashmiri identity, and among Kashmiri and Punjabi Hindus this caused a growing dispute over shrine administration, as it became clear the latter was a larger minority than the former. All of this resulted in various questions over identity that inevitably got violence
Furthermore, Azimullah took a softer line towards dissent and loosened the restrictions on election registration by formally separating the election office from administration, which allowed for the growth of the opposition. This took the form of a free-market party which opposed the conglomerates' dominance of industry, and also endorsed autonomy against Azimullah's continued centralist instincts. However, increasingly the opposition built well-structured party machines, while the Jamhuriyatis ended up complacent. In 1913, Punjab saw its first change in party.
1913-1922: Abdullah Ayubputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha)
1913 def. Azimullah Muhammadputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)
1914: Coup attempt defeated
1916 def. Azimullah Muhammadputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha (Pro-Coup)), Priyadarshini Premnathdibibi (Jamhuriyat Sabha (Anti-Coup))
1919 def. Ram Singh Upinderputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)
Abdullah immediately got to work. He issued a new competition law to break up conglomerates, but they simply ended up skirting this regulation through loopholes, and smaller companies ended up having to band together to compete (with the assistance of money from the government). But this was enough for military elements to conclude opposition government a failure, and in 1914 the military declared its intentions to take over administration - just as it did under the great Kaul. Though the opposition sought to cheer this on, one person - Kaul's widow Priyadarshini - denounced this. She declared that, though she regarded the government as abominable and disgraceful, she believed it had a right to govern, and she gathered an anti-coup faction of Jamhuriyatis to join up with the government to denounce the coup. Gathering in Lahore's new public square, Fateh Maidan, together they had the two-thirds majority necessary to be a constitutional session of the Majlis, and as a session they denounced the coup as illegal. The army nonetheless tried to suppress them, and despite the Majlis and its supporters being gathered peacefully, soldiers fired into the crowd. The result was the death of one hundred and three people, and the injuries of many more - among them five Majlis delegates, including Priyadarshini herself, who would end up walking with a limp for the rest of her life due to a slug stuck in her leg. In the wake of this, the coup collapsed, and the Majlis successfully went into session a few days later more properly. And with that, the Fateh Maidan Revolution came to an end.
In its wake, Abdullah attempted to use the rally effect to implement his agenda. He successfully split conglomerates for a time, but to his frustration they reasserted themselves, though competitiveness did increase. While his administration did achieve successes in decentralization, and Karachi, and to a lesser extent Peshawar, Srinagar, Rawalpindi, Sialkot, and Multan benefited from less of a focus on Lahore. But in the end, he would be done in by factors not under his control. The overthrow of Russia's government by the Young Russian movement and the ensuing civil unrest resulted in the price of grain skyrocketing with its exports interrupted, and this greatly diminished food security. The opposition, unifying to condemn this, blamed this on the government's antitrust policies, which it claimed made it harder for companies to obtain grain from abroad. And though the government did purchase grain from abroad itself, it was too late. Combined with rising riots between Punjabis and non-Punjabis in urban areas due to migration, this weakened his government, and it resulted in open talk of a coup - this time, with the opposition much less likely to oppose it. But in the end, the 1922 elections saw the government defeated, and such talk climbed down.
1922-1931: Ram Singh Upinderputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)
1922 def. Abdullah Ayubputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha)
1925 def. Aryan Krishnaputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha)
1928 def. Aryan Krishnaputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha)
The return of the Jamhuriyatis under Ram Singh saw with it a strengthening of the power of the various conglomerates, and they got a deal for American grain, importing it in high numbers. The material prosperity this inaugurated gave the new administration great popularity. This, however, came to an end in 1926, when Afghanistan, under its modernizing monarch Amanullah Khan, fell into chaos which forced him into exile in Punjab. Ram Singh, concerned about the possibility of him leading the Pashtun areas out of the country to use as a base to take back his country, forbade him from entering border departments. Instead, he got to stay in Multan, where he recruited soldiers anyways. This turned into a crisis, and in 1930, Afghanistan, or rather the side ruling Kabul, launched a preemptive invasion of Punjab, which resulted in war. Ram Singh looked singularly inept at dealing with this, and in 1931 he ended up losing power as a result.
1931-1937: Aryan Krishnaputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha)
1931 def. Ram Singh Upinderputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)
1934 def. Ram Singh Upinderputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)
The new administration saw a refugee wave come in, from both Afghanistan and from Central Asia due to the Russian military junta's conquest of Central Asia. Disproportionately, they tended to be Jews, largely Bukharan with some Afghan and Iranian Jews as well. Krishnaputtar responded by quickly granting them citizenship, turning Jews from a small coastal minority to a sizeable inland minority, albeit still a drop in the bucket owing to the population densities involved. Furthermore, Judaism got recognition as the fourth major religion of Punjab along with Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism, and Jews quickly won acceptance, perceived as slightly weird Muslims for their Persianate culture, their dietary restrictions, and their strict monotheism. In future years, they would be celebrated as "good refugees" (in contrast to other "bad" ones), and today Spinoza Nagar in Lahore remains the centre of Punjabi Jewish life.
But on the other hand, the ongoing war with Afghanistan was one Krishnaputtar wished to deal with simply. Sending Amanullah Khan across the border with an army of Punjabi Pashtuns, the Afghans were forced into a retreat and the war with Afghanistan effectively turned into a Punjabi intervention in a civil war. Krishnaputtar rapidly pulled out troops, and by 1935 Afghanistan was rapidly under Amanullah Khan's rule, which allowed him to continue with modernization.
The administration, however, would have little time to enjoy this victory. In 1936, following the bombing of Patna, the Hindustani-speaking part of the British Raj broke into revolution. British attempts at suppressing it, enormously heavy-handed and brutal as they always were, resulted in a wave of refugees into Punjab, mostly of the agrarian poor. This in turn caused a backlash, and the government was deemed as weak for not protecting Punjab against the violence across the border. This, combined with panic at the Dust Bowl diminishing American grain exports, was enough for it to lose in 1937.
1937-1940: Ram Singh Upinderputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)
1937 def. Aryan Krishnaputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha), Muhammad Yusufputtar (Punjabiyan Rakshak Sabha)
The 1937 elections not only returned the Jamhuriyatis to power, but it saw the rise of a new anti-refugee party which opposed the Hindustani refugees, who they typically called "Bhaiyas" (meaning "elder brother" in Hindustani), for "taking jobs", depressing wages, and often just out of racism. But as for the government, it invaded the border strip to establish it as a buffer, and many peasants celebrated this as liberation as it was precisely those places near the border where the British were the strongest - the anti-refugee Punjabiyan Rakshak Sabha, however, simply regarded this as a way to grant citizenship to the "Bhaiyas" by the back door. Their popularity simply increased in its wake, and they won department after department. 1939 saw the end of the Hindustani War of Independence with the British departing, and the rest of the British Raj in a slow collapse; however, many refugees chose to stay as they had nothing to go back to. In the same year, the Punjabiyan Rakshak Sabha successfully expanded its support in a meeting in Rawalpindi with dissident Jamhuriyatis and Shasankramvadis cynical enough to endorse them. The result of this strategy was clear in 1940, when the new Rawalpindi Compact won a majority. In one last decision intended to keep the Rawalpindites from annexing the border strip, Ram Singh transferred it to Hindustan - no doubt, this decision saved its people.
1940-1946: Anand Aryaputtar ("Rawalpindi Compact" - Alliance of Punjabiyan Rakshak Sabha and nativist Jamuriyatis and Shasankramvadis)
1940 def. Aryan Krishnaputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha), Ram Singh Upinderputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)
1942: Coup attempt defeated
1943 def. Santeshwar Singh Manmohanputtar (Jamhuriyat-Sasankramvadi Mahasabha)
In power, the Rawalpindi Compact had one goal - to send Hindustani refugees back across the border. The riots they helped stir up, however, tended to target elite, educated Hindustanis in Punjab, and it was they who were sent back. Many of them would go on to play very important roles in post-war reconstruction and new institution-building - and Punjab lost their expertise forever. Furthermore, new citizenship laws divided Hindustani refugees into five classes, with class 5 refugees to be deported immediately, with newly set-up camps for this purpose getting established. Elements in the military, horrified by these new laws, attempted a coup; though successful in temporarily taking the halls of government, their coup collapsed after Anand went to the state news service and denounced the coup on a state microphone sending his message to photonics across the nation. Following army counter-mutinies, the coup collapsed, and in its wake Rawalpindites purged military elements and replaced them with their own. This gave them more military support for their policies, and also gave them enough support to narrowly win reelection against the consolidated opposition.
They quickly went further. The state apparatus was deployed against the opposition, with its leaders under constant state investigation finding some real, some fake misdeeds which were immediately leapt upon. It spread new racial theories to justify racism against people who looked almost the same, claiming Punjabis to be a "pure" race in contrast to the "mixed-race" Hindustanis. With state pressure, conglomerates were forced to fire all Hindustani employees and direct them to processing centres, which forcefully sent them across the border. This caused a labor shortage, and this forced conglomerates to recruit people from rural areas. This resulted in a chaotic process of urbanization - Lahore in particular grew so massive in this period it merged with Amritsar, creating one gigantic metropolis typically called "Lahore" by its inhabitants. But as most of those new urban dwellers were of the Jat caste and strongly held to that identity, it was a bad match for urban caste. With Jat caste associations forced underground by the Anti-Caste Law, they turned into criminal enterprises with large membership, causing a lot of urban chaos. Furthermore, despite all this there continued to be a labor shortage, causing less production of goods, and with Punjab's longstanding high tariff, this meant expensive goods. Combined, these factors led the Rawalpindi Compact to a defeat in 1946
1946-pres: Santeshwar Singh Manmohanputtar (Jamhuriyat-Sasankramvadi Mahasabha)
1946 def. Anand Aryaputtar (Rawalpindi Compact)
1947: Coup attempt defeated
1949 def. Anand Aryaputtar (Rawalpindi Compact), Karnail Mangalputtar (Nava Punjabiyan Rakshak Sabha), Hanuman Singh Upinderputtar (Association of Workers and Peasants), Jarnail Singh Santeshwarputtar (Asli Rawalpindi Compact)
1952 def. Anand Aryaputtar (Rawalpindi Compact), Hanuman Singh Upinderputtar (Association of Workers and Peasants), Karnail Mangalputtar (Nava Punjabiyan Rakshak Sabha)
In the end, the coalition of the "old parties" defeated Rawalpindism. They immediately got to work on permitting foreign workers to come to the country and relaxed naturalization laws. But the extremism of the Rawalpindi Compact years was enough to turn many against immigrating to Punjab. Nevertheless, this relaxation combined with continued urbanization to allow for an end to the labor shortage. Urbanization continued apace, and Jat alienation got dealt with by incorporating them into centres of urban life like the Masonic lodges. But in 1947, the military, dominated by Rawalpindites, attempted to overthrow the government. This, Santeshwar Singh dealt with not only by weaponizing the photonic, but also by calling for loyal elements in the military to stop the coup by any means necessary. This caused, effectively, a military civil war in the streets. But in the end, it was dealt with, and a massively weakened military declared its loyalty to the government. Thus, it both ensured the defeat of the coup, and the defeat of future coups. In later years, the administration would civilianize the Gendarmerie, and it conducted various other measures to make the military just powerful enough to defend against foreign threats, but not so strong it would become a threat in and of itself. And as for the Rawalpindi Compact, it ate itself in opposition, and the government used all the investigative powers of the state to help it destroy itself.
Following the Tibetan Revolution in 1948, the Dalai Lama fled to Ladakh to obtain mass support in an attempt to take back his kingdom. Recognizing this as Amanullah Khan all over again, Santeshwar Singh immediately forced him to go to Dharamsala, high enough he wouldn't find it too hot but not so near to populations he could raise an army with. And to make sure Punjabi Buddhists wouldn't regard him as their savior, the state also made sure to incorporate Buddhism as Punjab's fifth main religion and ensured through threats of exile that the Dalai Lama assented to it. In the end, in 1950, the Punjabi government successfully got the Dalai Lama to consent to a deal that gave him extraterritorial autonomy in Tibet and recognition as a state, and nothing more - he then returned to Tibet, accepting that it would be a republic.
But the Santeshwar Singh administration is best remembered for its agrarian achievements. Recognizing American scientists' work, Lahore University professors advised the government to bring them into Punjab to bring their techniques with them. Following this advice, it did, and scientists led by one Martin F. Johnson proposed new techniques on improving crop yields through new wheat varieties, mechanization, the introduction of fertilizer and pesticides, and modernized irrigation. With a test batch proving successful, this model was imported nationwide; the result was that the 1951 yield was gigantic, so gigantic the state had to appropriate schools and houses to store them. The new day for agriculture this inaugurated can only be called immense. In an instant, not food security was dispelled but Punjab had enough crop it could become a net exporter. Martin F. Johnson immediately became a national hero given virtually every honor Punjab could possibly give him, and this moment was celebrated as a "Second Punjabi Revolution". The only group who dissented from this mood of immense optimism was the labor movement, which inspired by the Andhrulu Revolution had become prominent, but turned to be on the receiving end of state suppression of their strikes. The associationist movement rose quickly in this era, receiving a lot of support among workers in cities only fated to grow larger. But this was but a blip for most Punjabis, who could do nothing but celebrate the crop yields. And so it is to posterity.
1801-1839: Ranjit Singh
At the age of 12, Ranjit Singh was crowned ruler of one of the twelve Sikh theocratic states; after fighting several wars with the Afghans and decisively taking control of Lahore, he got crowned Maharaja of Punjab at the mere age of 21. In this title, he successfully unified Punjab, crushing all the other Sikh states and reducing them to mere potentates. He led campaigns which took control of Peshawar from the Afghans, ensuring security for Punjab, and in alliance with Jammu Rajputs, he conquered Kashmir and Ladakh. He also took over Sindh, giving Punjab control of the mouth of the Indus and thus its all-important trade. To make sure he had a good defence against the British, he also ensured the formation of a modernized army trained by French officers, and he sent students to France to learn about modern artillery. And after the British Raj spluttered badly due to Britain proper seeing the Popular Revolution, he used the opportunity to take over Patiala and Cutch, bringing Punjab into spitting distance of India's capital of old, Delhi. In the end, Ranjit Singh left a unified Punjab, even if it it was still feudal and its administration rather decentralized, and he began its long process of modernization.
1839-1839: Kharak Singh
1839-1863: Nau Nihal Singh
Following the mysterious death of Maharaja Kharak Singh, his son Nau Nihal Singh came to power, and he successfully kept the loyalty of feudatories through a combination of negotiation and military force. He continued to send students to France to learn artillery and engineering - although he saw little that they came back not just with knowledge of modern science and technology, but also with certain liberal ideals that they spread to others in the army. But nevertheless, the army served well, deflecting an Afghan attack and protecting against the British Raj, and Nau Nihal Singh spent his administration continuing with modernization efforts, including the establishment of a polytechnic; furthermore, he set up an embassy in France which, he thought, would make the British reluctant to attack. By the time he died at a rather young age, he left his empire stable even if issues continued to grow
1863-1882: Jawahar Singh [overthrown]
Jawahar Singh was, at the outset, more suspicious of growing Enlightenment ideals, and he exiled his uncle Dalip Singh, who he regarded as sympathetic to them, to Jammu - but despite it, he continued modernization efforts, erecting a railroad from Lahore to Amritsar (back when they were still distinct cities), and he also set up a project for a railroad from Lahore to Multan which, though taking longer than expected due to widespread corruption, did achieve completion. But despite it all, the empire remained decentralized, and efforts at establishing centralized provinces largely failed - particularly in the vassal states of the Pahari area. And in the end, its failure was shown at large during the Great Indian Famine of 1876-8. Though Punjab did not see anything approaching the horrors of the Deccan, it did get badly affected, and starvation wrapped the nation. And though the state tried to do famine relief, its decentralization made it close to impossible and made it too easy for middlemen to take their own cut. And officers and intellectuals in coteries and Masonic lodges wondered if they could do better. The famine passed in the end, but its impact remained.
In 1879, Punjab repulsed a massive Afghan invasion at Peshawar after much bloodshed, and the man credited for this was not Maharaja Jawahar Singh, but an ambitious young general named Prem Nath Kaul. He was, though outwardly loyal, nursing illuminist ideals and his own ideas of administration in his bosom. It is said the Punjabi Revolution became inevitable when he returned to his home in Srinagar for Diwali, and found not the prosperous city he remembered, but an empty wreck filled with starving people ill with cholera. But he kept it to himself, and when he shared those feelings at all, it was in Masonic lodges where oaths of secrecy protected him. In 1881, he became the chief general of the Punjabi Army when he claimed his colleagues were plotting a coup, and with this newfound power he got to work, planning. In 1882, he ordered the army to take control of Lahore, and he then entered the royal palace. He dragged Jawahar Singh outside, ripped off his turban, and put him on a ship due to Anvers. His underlings did similar mini-coups against provincial governors. The Punjabi Revolution had begun.
1882-1883: Dalip Singh [overthrown]
As the youngest of Ranjit Singh's sons, Dalip Singh was not in the line of succession. But he was influential, and beginning in the 1850s, he was drawn to certain Enlightenment ideas. He saw Punjab's problems, and promoted certain panaceas, namely industrial development, free trade, and the creation of a parliament. Together, he thought, it would create a strong state and strengthen, not weaken, the position of the Maharaja. This meant he was exiled to Jammu, then as now a backwater, and there he lurked, gathering a coterie of reformers around him. When General Kaul overthrew Jawahar Singh, Dalip Singh was the best choice for a people's Maharaja, and so in 1882 he was inaugurated as such. Upon coming to power, he convened a Constituent Assembly to write a constitution. Many candidates were elected with the endorsement of variously fraternal orders, caste associations, and religious clerics, and they gathered. However, Dalip Singh all but dictated the new constitution to them, and it became increasingly clear that he was scheming against General Kaul for power, who despite everything was very powerful. This autocratic behavior, annoyed many, and in the end the Constituent Assembly denounced Dalip Singh. This was all Kaul needed to repeat the events of 1882. Storming the royal palace, he dragged Dalip Singh outside, ripped off his turban, and put him on a ship due to Anvers. And this time, he had no intention of establishing some sort of people's monarchy.
1883-pres: Constitution of Punjab
With the ever-watchful eye of Prem Nath Kaul, the Constituent Assembly wrote a new constitution declaring Punjab a republic, to the astonishment of many - particularly the British, who feared this would serve as an example to the subjects of the Raj, and had unsuccessfully tried to convince Kaul to declare himself Maharaja. Strangely, however, the new constitution was declared the Maharaja of Punjab, a move intended to evoke the Guru Granth Sahib's status as the guru of the Sikh religion, as well as establish a positive cult of republican legalism onto the nation. Crown jewels were auctioned off and the money so obtained was deposited into a fund for famine relief. Today, every Republic Day, the Constitution is 'coronated' Maharaja with full monarchical rites and a crown and all. This crown is then destroyed, and its bits are auctioned off. And despite all the changes in regime and society since 1883, this ritual is unlikely to ever end.
Heads of Government (Sadr-i-Hukumat; "Sardar") of the Punjabi Republic
1883-1883: Prem Nath Kaul [provisional]
General Kaul, the moving force of the Revolution was made provisional Sardar, until elections were held for the new Majlis. But almost immediately upon the declaration of the republic, crises developed. The Maharaja of Patiala refused to be transformed into a mere department prefect and instead declared himself Maharaja of Punjab with British support, the Nawab of Bahawalpur issued a request for British protection, the Pahari states continued to recognize Dalip Singh as the legitimate monarch, and Afghans across the border became restless. All of this threatened to encircle Lahore and partition Punjab to death. And Kaul knew only one man could save Punjab - himself. And so, he led his army into battle himself.
1883-1886: Upinder Singh Arora (French Rite Masonic)
1883 def. Abdulrashid Bajwa (Scottish Rite Masonic), Abhishek Agarwal (Marwari Sabha), Jagjit Singh (Rajshahi), Abdullah Md Khan (Majlis-i-Muslimeen), Aryan Singh (Hindu Rakshak Sabha), Tara Singh Pindi (Akali), Anand Mohan Bose (Hindustan Azad Samaj)
The 1883 election saw parties form around fraternal orders, caste associations and religious clerics, but in addition a royalist party loyal to variously Jawahar or Dalip Singh (much talk of controversy in its headquarters), and a party which sought the liberation of the British Raj, emerged. The French Rite Freemasons, who served as the moving force of the revolution and represented a sort of union of diplomats, officers, and the burgeoning middle class in a spirit of Francophile fraternity, quickly formed a government. In office, they made peace with the British, who following Kaul's crushing defeat of Patiala and Bahawalpur recognized Punjabi borders; they also saw rising religious tensions, as neo-Vedic, Vedanta Spinozist, and Islamic heterodox movements made as many fans as they made adherents, causing riots and massive religious tensions. Furthermore, Sikhs of the rural Jat caste, seeking to take control of their religion from urban Khatris, formed the Sarbat Khalsa, which claimed to be successor of the pre-imperial parliament of the Sikh religion, and met in the Golden Temple. An Afghan invasion in 1886 caused a rapid loss of confidence, and French Rite Freemasons lost power.
1886-1888: Abdulrashid Bajwa (Scottish Rite Masonic-Carbonari coalition)
1886 (min.) Upinder Singh Arora (French Rite Masonic), Abhishek Agarwal (Marwari Sabha), Anand Mohan Bose (Carbonari), Santeshwar Singh Ahluwalia (Sipahi), Tara Singh Pindi (Akali Singh Sabha), Abdullah Md Khan (Majlis-i-Muslimeen), Aryan Singh (Hindu Rakshak Sabha), Jagjit Singh (Rajshahi)
The Scottish Rite Freemasons, which was rooted in diplomats inducted into British Freemasonry, tended more towards moderatist attitudes towards the state and foreign relations, came to power in a strange coalition with the Carbonari, a fraternal order which nursed dreams of launching a war of liberation against the British Raj akin to that launched by Italy against the Neapolitan Bourbons and the Papacy. Furthermore, this election saw the rise of the Sipahi bloc, which consisted of candidates from army-occupied areas effectively nominated by officers, and returned as their representatives. The Afghan invasion was successfully thrown back in the massive, gigantic Battle of Rawalpindi, and in its wake, the Pahari region became the new focus of army activities. Kaul's army sought to break the rebellion by invading Jammu, and when it refused to surrender he destroyed it entirely in a battle with lots of street fighting. Modern Jammu, with its fin-de-siecle architecture, is effectively a brand-new city with nothing in common with the old except a few preserved temples and mosques. But this failed to break the rebellion, and instead Kaul had to storm each state bit by bit - famously, he peacefully obtained Kangra's surrender, and when it appeared it was on the verge of an anti-Muslim pogrom he launched an army intervention to stop it. This combination of war crimes and mercy was proving successful, nevertheless, and gave more honors to Kaul. But in the end, this unstable ministry collapsed, and Bajwa left office.
1888-1889: Abhishek Agarwal (Marwari Sabha)
In its wake, the Marwari Sabha, dominated by merchants led by those, as the name implied, whose ancestors came from Marwar, was not very popular: his opposition openly called for a coup d'etat. But new elections in 1889 forestalled such talk, and Agarwal swiftly left power to return to his business activities.
1889-1890: Abdulrashid Bajwa (Scottish Rite Masonic-Akali Singh Sabha coalition)
1889 (min.) Upinder Singh Arora (French Rite Masonic), Tara Singh Pindi (Akali Singh Sabha), Santeshwar Singh Ahluwalia (Sipahi), Abhishek Agarwal (Marwari Sabha), Anand Mohan Bose (Carbonari), Abdullah Md Khan (Majlis-i-Muslimeen), Aryan Singh (Hindu Rakshak Sabha)
Coming to power on the backs of the Akali Singh Sabha, which effectively served as the delegation of the Sarbat Khalsa, the new government was despite its Scottish Rite leadership seemingly in the pocket of people regarded as fundamentalist reactionary hicks. Many historians have since regarded this characterization as unfair, but that is how many viewed things at the time. But nonetheless, the Pahari rebellion was finally crushed in this period, and the military returned victorious. But as soldiers paraded in Lahore and received accolades for saving the nation, many watched the bickering in the Majlis - and sneered. In particular, Prem Nath Kaul watched the happenings in Parliament, and he wondered if civilians were even capable of self-government. He pondered if the military needed to save the nation from itself, just as it had previously saved it from external threats. In 1890, these ponderings became fact. He issued a decree declaring his intentions, and he sent troops into the streets, and into a session of the Majlis. They arrested opponents, and the much smaller session of the Majlis declared Kaul the new Sardar.
1890-1903: Prem Nath Kaul [renamed Prem Nath Hemendranathputtar by the Anti-Caste Law in 1894] (Jamhuriyat Sabha) †
1890: Acclaimed by the Majlis
1892: Virtually unopposed
1895: Virtually unopposed
1898: Virtually unopposed
1901: Virtually unopposed
As military dictator, Kaul got to work. He reorganized governance into a one-party system, arrested political opponents, and ensured control over the Majlis by controlling nominations. With this power, he could finally initiate a modernization program. He built ambitious railroads across the nation to unify it, with the finest French and American engineers brought in to do it. He initiated the creation of vast new irrigation networks, resulting in a new expansion of the economy - and he earmarked this land for low-caste people like the Mazhabi Sikhs, increasing their status dramatically. Estates came to an end, as land got broken up into smallholds, although to prevent landowners from rebelling he reluctantly conceded compensation, which landowners put into market investments. This also calmed tensions with the Jats, who benefited the most from such reforms, and the Jat Sikh-dominated Sarbat Khalsa cooled down in its wake, while Jat Muslims similarly stopped contributing to disloyal Muslim societies. With Punjab as ever allied to France, Kaul brought in the new French fashions and pushed them as the norm, a successful effort in the cities if not rural areas. Coffee became a staple, pushed both by overproduction in Ceylon and Meridia and Kaul's desire to promote it as a symbol of Punjabi ties to France (in contrast to tea, a symbol of its old ties to Persia). With Perso-Arabic script already the dominant script used for Punjabi, he implemented a variation with reforms to account for ease of printing and the representation of vowels and retroflex sounds. And he also ensured the Punjabi language would be dominant over most of the nation, save for certain departments where Sindhi, Persian, and Kashmiri were to be made co-official.
He developed a new school system, though it was as much about turning peasants, particularly those in Pahari areas, into Punjabis, as it was about making education universal. More controversially, he issued a new secular civil code based on the French model, and when this removal of religious and caste law from the books caused Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh rebellions, he promptly crushed them with the fist of the state and executed many of those rebels. In its wake, however, he sought to come to terms with religious leadership and make them subsidiary to the state. To this end, he established new religious bodies filled with appointees who would be given authority over temples, mosques, and gurdwaras respectively, with the many sects given even more precise sub-appointments. Those who refused to recognize them - well, he banned them. Other religious minorities - Armenian Christians from the overland trading diaspora; Baghdadi, Marathi, and Cochin Jews from the Indian Ocean trading diaspora;, Parsis who immigrated from Bombay and Gujarat; and the Tibetan Buddhists of Ladakh, were given recognition on a more ad-hoc basis in the various departments in which they lived. But in all of these cases, the state took ultimate control of places of worship, as well as their maintenance and renovation.
With that, in 1894, Kaul felt free to issue a more revolutionary measure - the Anti-Caste Law. This banned caste and a wide varieties of behaviors associated with its expression, and simplified turbans, which formerly expressed social status, to a simplified national model. Most decisively, last names, which typically expressed caste, were eliminated entirely in favor of patronymics. And in place of caste's social purposes, he promoted fraternal orders such as the French Rite Freemasonry that was already strongly associated with the state, which had the potential to bind people together across religious lines in ritualistic fraternity. The powerful Grand Occident of Punjab quickly developed a gigantic stature, and it became crucial to state patronage, tying the state to the powerful conglomerates set up to promote industry. Its rituals quickly developed a strange religious fusion of Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism, today simply known as Masonic Yoga. But the Anti-Caste Law was only partially successful, and though caste began to fray in the city, in rural areas its impact could barely be found. Most famously, though Prem Nath Kaul dropped his own last name, the masses still called (and call) him Kaul.
But in the end, Prem Nath Kaul died, absolutely revered as a hero by Punjabis. The streets were filled by crowds, with not one eye free of tears. His body would be burned in with traditional Hindu rites, but strangely a modern cremation chamber which turned his body into fine dust, placed in a samadhi constructed in his honor; it often is said today that, absent the traditional Kashmiri Hindu rite of cracking the skull to free the soul, his spirit lives on there. When the British finally conceded it in 1906 after a diplomatic crisis, his ashes were at last dropped in the Ganges, though to their horror a great crowd gathered and chanted "Prem Nath Kaul Zindabad". Today, Prem Nath Kaul is absolutely revered as a hero synonymous with the Punjabi nation, and his name has been used and abused by all of his successors. To be sure, a few intellectuals denounce him as an autocrat, a destroyer of democracy, and the harbinger of the military shadow state - but the average Punjabi reviles such statements. And thus it is, and it no doubt shall always be.
1903-1913: Azimullah Muhammadputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)
1904: Virtually unopposed
1907: Virtually unopposed
1910 def. Abdullah Ayubputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha)
Azimullah came to power not without controversy, but it was clear to all he was the great Kaul's handpicked successor. Nevertheless, his weakness vis a vis the miliary led him to adopt a program of civilianizing the administration - a policy he was largely successful in, even if a certain military aesthetic remained in the halls of government. Furthermore, the growth of railroads under Kaul finally reached its fruition under him, as they led to a massive movement to people. Karachi grew into a massive port with a large Punjabi-speaking minority with the growth of trade, and the Pashtun lands saw the rise of a large Punjabi minority - including many Hindus and Sikhs coming in. While in Kashmir, the growing Punjabi population resulted in a strong assertion of Kashmiri identity, and among Kashmiri and Punjabi Hindus this caused a growing dispute over shrine administration, as it became clear the latter was a larger minority than the former. All of this resulted in various questions over identity that inevitably got violence
Furthermore, Azimullah took a softer line towards dissent and loosened the restrictions on election registration by formally separating the election office from administration, which allowed for the growth of the opposition. This took the form of a free-market party which opposed the conglomerates' dominance of industry, and also endorsed autonomy against Azimullah's continued centralist instincts. However, increasingly the opposition built well-structured party machines, while the Jamhuriyatis ended up complacent. In 1913, Punjab saw its first change in party.
1913-1922: Abdullah Ayubputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha)
1913 def. Azimullah Muhammadputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)
1914: Coup attempt defeated
1916 def. Azimullah Muhammadputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha (Pro-Coup)), Priyadarshini Premnathdibibi (Jamhuriyat Sabha (Anti-Coup))
1919 def. Ram Singh Upinderputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)
Abdullah immediately got to work. He issued a new competition law to break up conglomerates, but they simply ended up skirting this regulation through loopholes, and smaller companies ended up having to band together to compete (with the assistance of money from the government). But this was enough for military elements to conclude opposition government a failure, and in 1914 the military declared its intentions to take over administration - just as it did under the great Kaul. Though the opposition sought to cheer this on, one person - Kaul's widow Priyadarshini - denounced this. She declared that, though she regarded the government as abominable and disgraceful, she believed it had a right to govern, and she gathered an anti-coup faction of Jamhuriyatis to join up with the government to denounce the coup. Gathering in Lahore's new public square, Fateh Maidan, together they had the two-thirds majority necessary to be a constitutional session of the Majlis, and as a session they denounced the coup as illegal. The army nonetheless tried to suppress them, and despite the Majlis and its supporters being gathered peacefully, soldiers fired into the crowd. The result was the death of one hundred and three people, and the injuries of many more - among them five Majlis delegates, including Priyadarshini herself, who would end up walking with a limp for the rest of her life due to a slug stuck in her leg. In the wake of this, the coup collapsed, and the Majlis successfully went into session a few days later more properly. And with that, the Fateh Maidan Revolution came to an end.
In its wake, Abdullah attempted to use the rally effect to implement his agenda. He successfully split conglomerates for a time, but to his frustration they reasserted themselves, though competitiveness did increase. While his administration did achieve successes in decentralization, and Karachi, and to a lesser extent Peshawar, Srinagar, Rawalpindi, Sialkot, and Multan benefited from less of a focus on Lahore. But in the end, he would be done in by factors not under his control. The overthrow of Russia's government by the Young Russian movement and the ensuing civil unrest resulted in the price of grain skyrocketing with its exports interrupted, and this greatly diminished food security. The opposition, unifying to condemn this, blamed this on the government's antitrust policies, which it claimed made it harder for companies to obtain grain from abroad. And though the government did purchase grain from abroad itself, it was too late. Combined with rising riots between Punjabis and non-Punjabis in urban areas due to migration, this weakened his government, and it resulted in open talk of a coup - this time, with the opposition much less likely to oppose it. But in the end, the 1922 elections saw the government defeated, and such talk climbed down.
1922-1931: Ram Singh Upinderputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)
1922 def. Abdullah Ayubputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha)
1925 def. Aryan Krishnaputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha)
1928 def. Aryan Krishnaputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha)
The return of the Jamhuriyatis under Ram Singh saw with it a strengthening of the power of the various conglomerates, and they got a deal for American grain, importing it in high numbers. The material prosperity this inaugurated gave the new administration great popularity. This, however, came to an end in 1926, when Afghanistan, under its modernizing monarch Amanullah Khan, fell into chaos which forced him into exile in Punjab. Ram Singh, concerned about the possibility of him leading the Pashtun areas out of the country to use as a base to take back his country, forbade him from entering border departments. Instead, he got to stay in Multan, where he recruited soldiers anyways. This turned into a crisis, and in 1930, Afghanistan, or rather the side ruling Kabul, launched a preemptive invasion of Punjab, which resulted in war. Ram Singh looked singularly inept at dealing with this, and in 1931 he ended up losing power as a result.
1931-1937: Aryan Krishnaputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha)
1931 def. Ram Singh Upinderputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)
1934 def. Ram Singh Upinderputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)
The new administration saw a refugee wave come in, from both Afghanistan and from Central Asia due to the Russian military junta's conquest of Central Asia. Disproportionately, they tended to be Jews, largely Bukharan with some Afghan and Iranian Jews as well. Krishnaputtar responded by quickly granting them citizenship, turning Jews from a small coastal minority to a sizeable inland minority, albeit still a drop in the bucket owing to the population densities involved. Furthermore, Judaism got recognition as the fourth major religion of Punjab along with Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism, and Jews quickly won acceptance, perceived as slightly weird Muslims for their Persianate culture, their dietary restrictions, and their strict monotheism. In future years, they would be celebrated as "good refugees" (in contrast to other "bad" ones), and today Spinoza Nagar in Lahore remains the centre of Punjabi Jewish life.
But on the other hand, the ongoing war with Afghanistan was one Krishnaputtar wished to deal with simply. Sending Amanullah Khan across the border with an army of Punjabi Pashtuns, the Afghans were forced into a retreat and the war with Afghanistan effectively turned into a Punjabi intervention in a civil war. Krishnaputtar rapidly pulled out troops, and by 1935 Afghanistan was rapidly under Amanullah Khan's rule, which allowed him to continue with modernization.
The administration, however, would have little time to enjoy this victory. In 1936, following the bombing of Patna, the Hindustani-speaking part of the British Raj broke into revolution. British attempts at suppressing it, enormously heavy-handed and brutal as they always were, resulted in a wave of refugees into Punjab, mostly of the agrarian poor. This in turn caused a backlash, and the government was deemed as weak for not protecting Punjab against the violence across the border. This, combined with panic at the Dust Bowl diminishing American grain exports, was enough for it to lose in 1937.
1937-1940: Ram Singh Upinderputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)
1937 def. Aryan Krishnaputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha), Muhammad Yusufputtar (Punjabiyan Rakshak Sabha)
The 1937 elections not only returned the Jamhuriyatis to power, but it saw the rise of a new anti-refugee party which opposed the Hindustani refugees, who they typically called "Bhaiyas" (meaning "elder brother" in Hindustani), for "taking jobs", depressing wages, and often just out of racism. But as for the government, it invaded the border strip to establish it as a buffer, and many peasants celebrated this as liberation as it was precisely those places near the border where the British were the strongest - the anti-refugee Punjabiyan Rakshak Sabha, however, simply regarded this as a way to grant citizenship to the "Bhaiyas" by the back door. Their popularity simply increased in its wake, and they won department after department. 1939 saw the end of the Hindustani War of Independence with the British departing, and the rest of the British Raj in a slow collapse; however, many refugees chose to stay as they had nothing to go back to. In the same year, the Punjabiyan Rakshak Sabha successfully expanded its support in a meeting in Rawalpindi with dissident Jamhuriyatis and Shasankramvadis cynical enough to endorse them. The result of this strategy was clear in 1940, when the new Rawalpindi Compact won a majority. In one last decision intended to keep the Rawalpindites from annexing the border strip, Ram Singh transferred it to Hindustan - no doubt, this decision saved its people.
1940-1946: Anand Aryaputtar ("Rawalpindi Compact" - Alliance of Punjabiyan Rakshak Sabha and nativist Jamuriyatis and Shasankramvadis)
1940 def. Aryan Krishnaputtar (Shasankramvadi Sabha), Ram Singh Upinderputtar (Jamhuriyat Sabha)
1942: Coup attempt defeated
1943 def. Santeshwar Singh Manmohanputtar (Jamhuriyat-Sasankramvadi Mahasabha)
In power, the Rawalpindi Compact had one goal - to send Hindustani refugees back across the border. The riots they helped stir up, however, tended to target elite, educated Hindustanis in Punjab, and it was they who were sent back. Many of them would go on to play very important roles in post-war reconstruction and new institution-building - and Punjab lost their expertise forever. Furthermore, new citizenship laws divided Hindustani refugees into five classes, with class 5 refugees to be deported immediately, with newly set-up camps for this purpose getting established. Elements in the military, horrified by these new laws, attempted a coup; though successful in temporarily taking the halls of government, their coup collapsed after Anand went to the state news service and denounced the coup on a state microphone sending his message to photonics across the nation. Following army counter-mutinies, the coup collapsed, and in its wake Rawalpindites purged military elements and replaced them with their own. This gave them more military support for their policies, and also gave them enough support to narrowly win reelection against the consolidated opposition.
They quickly went further. The state apparatus was deployed against the opposition, with its leaders under constant state investigation finding some real, some fake misdeeds which were immediately leapt upon. It spread new racial theories to justify racism against people who looked almost the same, claiming Punjabis to be a "pure" race in contrast to the "mixed-race" Hindustanis. With state pressure, conglomerates were forced to fire all Hindustani employees and direct them to processing centres, which forcefully sent them across the border. This caused a labor shortage, and this forced conglomerates to recruit people from rural areas. This resulted in a chaotic process of urbanization - Lahore in particular grew so massive in this period it merged with Amritsar, creating one gigantic metropolis typically called "Lahore" by its inhabitants. But as most of those new urban dwellers were of the Jat caste and strongly held to that identity, it was a bad match for urban caste. With Jat caste associations forced underground by the Anti-Caste Law, they turned into criminal enterprises with large membership, causing a lot of urban chaos. Furthermore, despite all this there continued to be a labor shortage, causing less production of goods, and with Punjab's longstanding high tariff, this meant expensive goods. Combined, these factors led the Rawalpindi Compact to a defeat in 1946
1946-pres: Santeshwar Singh Manmohanputtar (Jamhuriyat-Sasankramvadi Mahasabha)
1946 def. Anand Aryaputtar (Rawalpindi Compact)
1947: Coup attempt defeated
1949 def. Anand Aryaputtar (Rawalpindi Compact), Karnail Mangalputtar (Nava Punjabiyan Rakshak Sabha), Hanuman Singh Upinderputtar (Association of Workers and Peasants), Jarnail Singh Santeshwarputtar (Asli Rawalpindi Compact)
1952 def. Anand Aryaputtar (Rawalpindi Compact), Hanuman Singh Upinderputtar (Association of Workers and Peasants), Karnail Mangalputtar (Nava Punjabiyan Rakshak Sabha)
In the end, the coalition of the "old parties" defeated Rawalpindism. They immediately got to work on permitting foreign workers to come to the country and relaxed naturalization laws. But the extremism of the Rawalpindi Compact years was enough to turn many against immigrating to Punjab. Nevertheless, this relaxation combined with continued urbanization to allow for an end to the labor shortage. Urbanization continued apace, and Jat alienation got dealt with by incorporating them into centres of urban life like the Masonic lodges. But in 1947, the military, dominated by Rawalpindites, attempted to overthrow the government. This, Santeshwar Singh dealt with not only by weaponizing the photonic, but also by calling for loyal elements in the military to stop the coup by any means necessary. This caused, effectively, a military civil war in the streets. But in the end, it was dealt with, and a massively weakened military declared its loyalty to the government. Thus, it both ensured the defeat of the coup, and the defeat of future coups. In later years, the administration would civilianize the Gendarmerie, and it conducted various other measures to make the military just powerful enough to defend against foreign threats, but not so strong it would become a threat in and of itself. And as for the Rawalpindi Compact, it ate itself in opposition, and the government used all the investigative powers of the state to help it destroy itself.
Following the Tibetan Revolution in 1948, the Dalai Lama fled to Ladakh to obtain mass support in an attempt to take back his kingdom. Recognizing this as Amanullah Khan all over again, Santeshwar Singh immediately forced him to go to Dharamsala, high enough he wouldn't find it too hot but not so near to populations he could raise an army with. And to make sure Punjabi Buddhists wouldn't regard him as their savior, the state also made sure to incorporate Buddhism as Punjab's fifth main religion and ensured through threats of exile that the Dalai Lama assented to it. In the end, in 1950, the Punjabi government successfully got the Dalai Lama to consent to a deal that gave him extraterritorial autonomy in Tibet and recognition as a state, and nothing more - he then returned to Tibet, accepting that it would be a republic.
But the Santeshwar Singh administration is best remembered for its agrarian achievements. Recognizing American scientists' work, Lahore University professors advised the government to bring them into Punjab to bring their techniques with them. Following this advice, it did, and scientists led by one Martin F. Johnson proposed new techniques on improving crop yields through new wheat varieties, mechanization, the introduction of fertilizer and pesticides, and modernized irrigation. With a test batch proving successful, this model was imported nationwide; the result was that the 1951 yield was gigantic, so gigantic the state had to appropriate schools and houses to store them. The new day for agriculture this inaugurated can only be called immense. In an instant, not food security was dispelled but Punjab had enough crop it could become a net exporter. Martin F. Johnson immediately became a national hero given virtually every honor Punjab could possibly give him, and this moment was celebrated as a "Second Punjabi Revolution". The only group who dissented from this mood of immense optimism was the labor movement, which inspired by the Andhrulu Revolution had become prominent, but turned to be on the receiving end of state suppression of their strikes. The associationist movement rose quickly in this era, receiving a lot of support among workers in cities only fated to grow larger. But this was but a blip for most Punjabis, who could do nothing but celebrate the crop yields. And so it is to posterity.
BREAKING THE MOULD:
Rise of the SDP-Liberal Alliance
Part One
1979-82: Margaret Thatcher (Conservative)
1982-84: Willie Whitelaw (Conservative)
Hard-line approach to law and order; negotiation with workers over pay demands; moderate rise in spending on education and health; refusal to negotiate with Irish republicans (led to sectarian violence); comprehensive review of foreign priorities and strategy.
1984-87: Roy Jenkins (Social Democratic)
1987-89: Shirley Williams (Alliance)
Higher spending on comprehensive schools and nurseries; progressive changes including land value tax; reinvigorated contract between state, employers and unions to set wages and prices; state-led technological investment, from alternative energy sources to computing; close partnership with European Community on social and economic issues; openness to reform movement in Soviet Union.
Rise of the SDP-Liberal Alliance
Part One
1979-82: Margaret Thatcher (Conservative)
- 1979 (majority): Conservative 339 seats (43.9% vote); Labour (Jim Callaghan) 269 seats (36.9% vote); Liberal (David Steel) 11 seats (13.8% vote); Scottish National (Billy Wolfe) 2 seats (1.6% vote).
- Prime Minister: Margaret Thatcher (Conservative); Chancellor: Geoffrey Howe (Conservative); Foreign Secretary: Peter Carington (Conservative); Home Secretary: Willie Whitelaw (Conservative).
1982-84: Willie Whitelaw (Conservative)
Hard-line approach to law and order; negotiation with workers over pay demands; moderate rise in spending on education and health; refusal to negotiate with Irish republicans (led to sectarian violence); comprehensive review of foreign priorities and strategy.
- Prime Minister: Willie Whitelaw (Conservative); Deputy Prime Minister: Francis Pym (Conservative); Chancellor: Jim Prior (Conservative); Foreign Secretary: Ian Gilmour (Conservative); Home Secretary: Keith Joseph (Conservative).
1984-87: Roy Jenkins (Social Democratic)
- 1984 (minority with Liberal; Conservative support): Labour (Michael Foot) 244 seats (27.6% vote); Liberal (David Steel)/Social Democratic (Roy Jenkins) 216 seats (37.1% vote); Conservative (Willie Whitelaw) 165 seats (30.7% vote); Scottish National (Gordon Wilson) 2 seats (1.1% vote).
- Prime Minister: Roy Jenkins (Social Democratic); Deputy Prime Minister: David Steel (Liberal); Chancellor: Richard Wainwright (Liberal); Foreign Secretary: David Owen (Social Democratic); Home Secretary: Shirley Williams (Social Democratic).
1987-89: Shirley Williams (Alliance)
Higher spending on comprehensive schools and nurseries; progressive changes including land value tax; reinvigorated contract between state, employers and unions to set wages and prices; state-led technological investment, from alternative energy sources to computing; close partnership with European Community on social and economic issues; openness to reform movement in Soviet Union.
- Prime Minister: Shirley Williams (Alliance); Deputy Prime Minister: David Owen (Alliance); Chancellor: David Penhaligon (Alliance); Foreign Secretary: David Steel (Alliance); Home Secretary: Bob Maclennan (Alliance).
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BREAKING THE MOULD:
Rise of the SDP-Liberal Alliance
Part Two
1989-94: Shirley Williams (Alliance)
1994-96: Neil Kinnock (Labour)
1996-2000: David Owen (Reform)
2000-04: Paddy Ashdown (Alliance)
*First general election under PR (Single Transferable Vote).
Rise of the SDP-Liberal Alliance
Part Two
1989-94: Shirley Williams (Alliance)
- 1989* (majority with Conservative): Alliance (Shirley Williams) 248 seats (38.1% vote); Labour (Tony Benn) 209 seats (32.1% vote); Conservative (Michael Heseltine) 165 seats (25.4% vote); Scottish National (Gordon Wilson) 8 seats (1.3% vote).
- Prime Minister: Shirley Williams (Alliance); Deputy Prime Minister: David Owen (Alliance); Chancellor: Michael Heseltine (Conservative); Foreign Secretary: Bob Maclennan (Alliance); Home Secretary: David Penhaligon (Alliance).
1994-96: Neil Kinnock (Labour)
- 1994 (minority): Labour (Neil Kinnock) 232 seats (35.7% vote); Alliance (Shirley Williams) 224 seats (34.4% vote); Conservative (Michael Heseltine) 137 seats (21% vote); People's (Norman Tebbit) 16 seats (2.4% vote); Scottish National (Alex Salmond) 12 seats (1.9% vote); Green (Sara Parkin) 10 seats (1.5% vote).
- Prime Minister: Neil Kinnock (Labour); Deputy Prime Minister: Michael Meacher (Labour); Chancellor: Bryan Gould (Labour); Foreign Secretary: Peter Shore (Labour); Home Secretary: Roy Hattersley (Labour).
1996-2000: David Owen (Reform)
- 1996 (majority with Alliance): Reform (David Owen) 182 seats (28% vote); Labour (Neil Kinnock) 150 seats (23% vote); Alliance (Paddy Ashdown) 144 seats (22.1% vote); Conservative (Ken Clarke) 116 seats (17.8% vote); Green (Sara Parkin) 20 seats (3% vote); Scottish National (Alex Salmond) 13 seats (2% vote).
- Prime Minister: David Owen (Reform); Deputy Prime Minister: Paddy Ashdown (Alliance); Chancellor: David Sainsbury (Reform); Foreign Secretary: David Penhaligon (Alliance); Home Secretary: Rosie Barnes (Reform).
2000-04: Paddy Ashdown (Alliance)
- 2000 (majority with Labour & Green): Alliance (Paddy Ashdown) 158 seats (26.3% vote); Reform (David Owen) 150 seats (25% vote); Labour (Ken Livingstone) 127 seats (19.5% vote); Conservative (Michael Portillo) 101 seats (16.8% vote); Green (Sara Parkin) 32 seats (5.3% vote); Scottish National (John Swinney) 11 seats (1.8% vote); British National (Nick Griffin) 6 seats (1% vote).
- Prime Minister: Paddy Ashdown (Alliance); Deputy Prime Minister: Ken Livingstone (Labour); Chancellor: Vince Cable (Alliance); Foreign Secretary: Robin Cook (Labour); Home Secretary: Tony Blair (Alliance).
*First general election under PR (Single Transferable Vote).
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TheHatMan98
Well-known member
Prime Minister of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1964-1972: Harold Wilson (Labour)
Oct. 1964 (Majority) def. Alec Douglas-Home (Conservative), Jo Grimond (Liberal)
1964 – Eviction Protection Act; Housing Act 1964
1965 – Introduction of Comprehensive Education; Murder Act 1965; Creation of Capital Gains Tax; New Towns Acts; Race Relations Act 1965; Rhodesian U.D.I.
Mar. 1966 (Majority) def. Reginald Maudling (Conservative), Jo Grimond (Liberal)
1966 Conservative Leadership Election: Reginald Maudling def. Edwards Heath, Enoch Powell
1967 – Leasehold Reform Act; Sexual Offences Act 1967; Abortion Act 1967; Decimal Currency Act; Renationalisation of Steel; Six-Day War
1968 – Enoch Powell’s “Rivers of Blood” Speech; Theatres Act 1968; Race Relations Act 1968; Start of Second Malayan Emergency; Withdrawal “East of Suez”; Devaluation of the Pound
1969 – Founding of Open University; Divorce Reform Act 1969; “In Place of Strife”; Start of Operation Banner
Jun. 1970 (Majority) def. Reginald Maudling (Conservative), Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal)
1970 – Scottish Development Act; Decimal Day; Equal Pay Act
1971 – Local Authority Act 1971; Industrial Relations Act; Bloody Sunday Massacre
1972-1974: Roy Jenkins (Labour)
(Minority w/ Liberal support)
1972 Labour leadership election: Roy Jenkins def. James Callaghan, Barbara Castle, Denis Healy
1972 Conservative leadership election: Edward Heath def. Peter Thorneycroft
1972 – Aldershot Bombing; Cod War; Start of negotiations to enter EEC; Stokes-Benn Plan for BL; Sex Discrimination Act
1973 – Yom Kippur War; Oil Crisis; Miner’s Strike 1973; Emergency Budget 1973; Enoch Powell resigns the Conservative Whip; Start of the Three-Day Week
1974-1980: Edward Heath (Conservative)
Oct. 1974 (Majority) def. Roy Jenkins (Labour), Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal)
1974 - Industrial Releations Act 1974; End of Free School Milk; Riots in London protesting Turkish invasion of Cyprus; Edgbaston Controversy
1975 - Last Three-Day Week; European Communities Act
Common Market Referendum: YES 58%, NO 41%
1976 Labour leadership election: Tony Crosland def. Tony Benn, Denis Healy, Shirley Williams, David Owen
1976 - Kingsmill Massacre; First Flight by Concorde; Sunningdale Accords; Privatisation of BL
1977 – Lancaster House Agreement; Silver Jubilee
May 1978 (Majority) def.Tony Crosland* (Labour), Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal)
1978 – Lewisham Race Riot; 1978 Miner’s Strike; Winter of Discontent
1979 Labour Leadership Election: Peter Shore def. David Owen, John Silkin, Tony Benn, Bill Rodgers
1979 – Thatcher’s Shock Treatment; Thorpe’s Indictment for Murder; Assassination of Lord Mountbatten; Sale of M.G. Cars to Nissan; Independence of Zimbabwe
1980-1983: Margaret Thatcher (Conservative)
1980 – Steel Worker’s Strike; Iranian Embassy Siege; Molesworth Memorandum; “Selsdon Coup”
1980 Conservative leadership Election: Margaret Thatcher def. Edward Heath, James Prior
1981 – “Right to Buy” Act; “The Lady’s Not for Turning” Speech; Brixton Riot; Trident Nuclear Agreement; Docklands Development Corporations founded in Merseyside and London
Feb. 1982 (Minority, w. UUP & Lib Support) def. Peter Shore (Labour), Eric Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury (Liberal)
1982 – Argentinian Invasion of the Falklands; “April Fools” Agreement; Belgrano attacks the Task Force; Strategic Bombing of Port Belgrano; Torpedoing of Veinticinco de Mayo; 2 Para retake Stanley by Helicopter; Battle of Goose Green; Argentina surrenders West Falkland; Smith vs Lawson at the Oxford Union; 1982 Miner’s Strike; Brian Clough appointed England Manager; Austin Rover Group bought out by Ford
1983-1994: Peter Shore (Labour)
Apr. 1983 (Majority) def. Margaret Thatcher (Conservative), Eric Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury (Liberal)
1983 – Falklands Report published in Jan.; End of Operation Banner; No Confidence vote; Start of the “Heffer Hump” – Unemployment hits 3 Million
1984 – Nissan lays ground on new MG factory in Sunderland; 1984 Miner’s Strike; Industrial Democracy Act; Union and Labour Relations Act; Crown v. Scargill
1985 Conservative Leadership Election: Norman Tebbit def. Francis Pym, Michael Heseltine
1985 – The Bolsover Plan; Sunday Trading Bill 1985; Merger of Augusta and Westland Aircraft; Local Government Act 1985; Scottish Devolution White Paper; Live Aid; HMS Ark Royal commissioned; First of Comic Relief; End of the “Heffer Hump” – unemployment drops beneath 3 Million, and keeps declining; Sanctions applied to South Africa
1986 – Single European Act negotiations begin in Luxembourg; Work on the Channel Tunnel begins; Greater County Councils come in force, devolving power to a local level; Haig Pitt, Whitehaven is the first coal mine modernised under the Bolsover Plan; Clough’s England squad beat Argentina to win Mexico ’86; Nationalisation of North Sea Oil and Gas
1987 – Single Europe Act withdrawn; Loughgall Bombing; IRA declare Sunningdale Accords over; Shirley Williams and Bill Rodgers resign the Labour Whip over SEA, founding the SDP; The “Gang of Four” resign the Tory Whip; SEA is passed after concessions to Britain are made ruling out further Union and Single Currency
Mar. 1988 (Majority) def. Norman Tebbit (Conservative), David Alton/Kenneth Clarke/Shirley Williams (Alliance)
1988 – UUP split between pro and anti-Sunningdale lines; Ford sells off all ARG marques but Rover; Canary Wharf unveiled for construction; President Anderson visits London, his last foreign visit
1989 – Satanic Verses published; Denis Healy visits Berlin, Warsaw and Moscow; Hillsborough Disaster; Dismantling the Berlin Wall
1990 – The Alliance merges to form the Centre Party; Blackpool Conference Bombing; Germany 4-2 England Italia ’90 final; Clough stands down as England Manager; President Simon and Shore meet to discuss Iraq; Scandal in the Girobank; Winter recession; German Reunification
1990 Centre Party Leadership Election: David Alton def. Bill Rodgers, Douglas Hurd
1990 Conservative Leadership Election: Michael Heseltine def. Nicholas Ridley, Cecil Parkinson
1991 – The Gulf War; Berners-Lee unveils WWW; Rover/MG Price War; Shore walks away from Maastricht Negotiations; “Maastricht or Bust!”
1991 Labour Leadership Election: Peter Shore def. Roy Hattersley
1992 – Shore rules out a referendum on Maastricht; Polytechnic Improvement Act; Production of Trident Submarines suspended; Start of the Yugoslav Wars; Crimea votes to remain part of Russia; Windsor Castle Fire
Apr. 1992 (Majority) def. Michael Heseltine (Conservative), David Alton (Centre Party)
1993 – Smith/Scharping Agreement; European Market Act; Warrington Car Bombings; Buckingham Palace opens to the Public; Start of Operation Bannister in Northern Ireland, Tony Blair resigns
1994-2000: Mo Mowlam (Labour)
1994 – The West Murders; Death of John Smith; Peter Shore retires as PM and MP; Mowlam-Brown Pact; The Franc Collapses
1994 Labour Leadership Election: Mo Mowlam def. Michael Meacher, Donald Dewar
1995 – British Peacekeepers Enter Bosnia; Start of the “Brown Boom”; Mowlam invites US observers to Northern Ireland
May 1996 (Majority) def. Michael Heseltine (Conservative), David Alton (Centre Party)
1996 – President Simon visits Belfast; 1996 Devolution Acts; IRA call a Ceasefire; Mandela visits the UK; British Army Suspends Operation Bannister
1996 Scottish Devolution Referendum: 70% YES def. 30% NO
1996 Welsh Devolution Referendum: 65% NO def. 35% Yes
1997 – Hong Kong Handover; Portadown Riots; IRA Suspend ceasefire; EU introduces the Euro; Operation Bannister recommences; Dublin Castle Conference with British and Irish Governments; UVF Bomb Dundalk, Adams and key IRA leaders killed
1998 – Second IRA ceasefire; Lancet-Wakefield Scandal; “Stakeknife” reports IRA leadership paralysed; Pinochet arrested in London; McGuiness signals for peace talks; ASBOs introduced; Suspension of Combat Operations in Bosnia
1999 – Shipman murders; Ford scales back Rover production at Longbridge to protect Dagenham; Kosovo War; May Day Peace Agreement
1964-1972: Harold Wilson (Labour)
Oct. 1964 (Majority) def. Alec Douglas-Home (Conservative), Jo Grimond (Liberal)
1964 – Eviction Protection Act; Housing Act 1964
1965 – Introduction of Comprehensive Education; Murder Act 1965; Creation of Capital Gains Tax; New Towns Acts; Race Relations Act 1965; Rhodesian U.D.I.
Mar. 1966 (Majority) def. Reginald Maudling (Conservative), Jo Grimond (Liberal)
1966 Conservative Leadership Election: Reginald Maudling def. Edwards Heath, Enoch Powell
1967 – Leasehold Reform Act; Sexual Offences Act 1967; Abortion Act 1967; Decimal Currency Act; Renationalisation of Steel; Six-Day War
1968 – Enoch Powell’s “Rivers of Blood” Speech; Theatres Act 1968; Race Relations Act 1968; Start of Second Malayan Emergency; Withdrawal “East of Suez”; Devaluation of the Pound
1969 – Founding of Open University; Divorce Reform Act 1969; “In Place of Strife”; Start of Operation Banner
Jun. 1970 (Majority) def. Reginald Maudling (Conservative), Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal)
1970 – Scottish Development Act; Decimal Day; Equal Pay Act
1971 – Local Authority Act 1971; Industrial Relations Act; Bloody Sunday Massacre
1972-1974: Roy Jenkins (Labour)
(Minority w/ Liberal support)
1972 Labour leadership election: Roy Jenkins def. James Callaghan, Barbara Castle, Denis Healy
1972 Conservative leadership election: Edward Heath def. Peter Thorneycroft
1972 – Aldershot Bombing; Cod War; Start of negotiations to enter EEC; Stokes-Benn Plan for BL; Sex Discrimination Act
1973 – Yom Kippur War; Oil Crisis; Miner’s Strike 1973; Emergency Budget 1973; Enoch Powell resigns the Conservative Whip; Start of the Three-Day Week
1974-1980: Edward Heath (Conservative)
Oct. 1974 (Majority) def. Roy Jenkins (Labour), Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal)
1974 - Industrial Releations Act 1974; End of Free School Milk; Riots in London protesting Turkish invasion of Cyprus; Edgbaston Controversy
1975 - Last Three-Day Week; European Communities Act
Common Market Referendum: YES 58%, NO 41%
1976 Labour leadership election: Tony Crosland def. Tony Benn, Denis Healy, Shirley Williams, David Owen
1976 - Kingsmill Massacre; First Flight by Concorde; Sunningdale Accords; Privatisation of BL
1977 – Lancaster House Agreement; Silver Jubilee
May 1978 (Majority) def.
1978 – Lewisham Race Riot; 1978 Miner’s Strike; Winter of Discontent
1979 Labour Leadership Election: Peter Shore def. David Owen, John Silkin, Tony Benn, Bill Rodgers
1979 – Thatcher’s Shock Treatment; Thorpe’s Indictment for Murder; Assassination of Lord Mountbatten; Sale of M.G. Cars to Nissan; Independence of Zimbabwe
1980-1983: Margaret Thatcher (Conservative)
1980 – Steel Worker’s Strike; Iranian Embassy Siege; Molesworth Memorandum; “Selsdon Coup”
1980 Conservative leadership Election: Margaret Thatcher def. Edward Heath, James Prior
1981 – “Right to Buy” Act; “The Lady’s Not for Turning” Speech; Brixton Riot; Trident Nuclear Agreement; Docklands Development Corporations founded in Merseyside and London
Feb. 1982 (Minority, w. UUP & Lib Support) def. Peter Shore (Labour), Eric Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury (Liberal)
1982 – Argentinian Invasion of the Falklands; “April Fools” Agreement; Belgrano attacks the Task Force; Strategic Bombing of Port Belgrano; Torpedoing of Veinticinco de Mayo; 2 Para retake Stanley by Helicopter; Battle of Goose Green; Argentina surrenders West Falkland; Smith vs Lawson at the Oxford Union; 1982 Miner’s Strike; Brian Clough appointed England Manager; Austin Rover Group bought out by Ford
1983-1994: Peter Shore (Labour)
Apr. 1983 (Majority) def. Margaret Thatcher (Conservative), Eric Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury (Liberal)
1983 – Falklands Report published in Jan.; End of Operation Banner; No Confidence vote; Start of the “Heffer Hump” – Unemployment hits 3 Million
1984 – Nissan lays ground on new MG factory in Sunderland; 1984 Miner’s Strike; Industrial Democracy Act; Union and Labour Relations Act; Crown v. Scargill
1985 Conservative Leadership Election: Norman Tebbit def. Francis Pym, Michael Heseltine
1985 – The Bolsover Plan; Sunday Trading Bill 1985; Merger of Augusta and Westland Aircraft; Local Government Act 1985; Scottish Devolution White Paper; Live Aid; HMS Ark Royal commissioned; First of Comic Relief; End of the “Heffer Hump” – unemployment drops beneath 3 Million, and keeps declining; Sanctions applied to South Africa
1986 – Single European Act negotiations begin in Luxembourg; Work on the Channel Tunnel begins; Greater County Councils come in force, devolving power to a local level; Haig Pitt, Whitehaven is the first coal mine modernised under the Bolsover Plan; Clough’s England squad beat Argentina to win Mexico ’86; Nationalisation of North Sea Oil and Gas
1987 – Single Europe Act withdrawn; Loughgall Bombing; IRA declare Sunningdale Accords over; Shirley Williams and Bill Rodgers resign the Labour Whip over SEA, founding the SDP; The “Gang of Four” resign the Tory Whip; SEA is passed after concessions to Britain are made ruling out further Union and Single Currency
Mar. 1988 (Majority) def. Norman Tebbit (Conservative), David Alton/Kenneth Clarke/Shirley Williams (Alliance)
1988 – UUP split between pro and anti-Sunningdale lines; Ford sells off all ARG marques but Rover; Canary Wharf unveiled for construction; President Anderson visits London, his last foreign visit
1989 – Satanic Verses published; Denis Healy visits Berlin, Warsaw and Moscow; Hillsborough Disaster; Dismantling the Berlin Wall
1990 – The Alliance merges to form the Centre Party; Blackpool Conference Bombing; Germany 4-2 England Italia ’90 final; Clough stands down as England Manager; President Simon and Shore meet to discuss Iraq; Scandal in the Girobank; Winter recession; German Reunification
1990 Centre Party Leadership Election: David Alton def. Bill Rodgers, Douglas Hurd
1990 Conservative Leadership Election: Michael Heseltine def. Nicholas Ridley, Cecil Parkinson
1991 – The Gulf War; Berners-Lee unveils WWW; Rover/MG Price War; Shore walks away from Maastricht Negotiations; “Maastricht or Bust!”
1991 Labour Leadership Election: Peter Shore def. Roy Hattersley
1992 – Shore rules out a referendum on Maastricht; Polytechnic Improvement Act; Production of Trident Submarines suspended; Start of the Yugoslav Wars; Crimea votes to remain part of Russia; Windsor Castle Fire
Apr. 1992 (Majority) def. Michael Heseltine (Conservative), David Alton (Centre Party)
1993 – Smith/Scharping Agreement; European Market Act; Warrington Car Bombings; Buckingham Palace opens to the Public; Start of Operation Bannister in Northern Ireland, Tony Blair resigns
1994-2000: Mo Mowlam (Labour)
1994 – The West Murders; Death of John Smith; Peter Shore retires as PM and MP; Mowlam-Brown Pact; The Franc Collapses
1994 Labour Leadership Election: Mo Mowlam def. Michael Meacher, Donald Dewar
1995 – British Peacekeepers Enter Bosnia; Start of the “Brown Boom”; Mowlam invites US observers to Northern Ireland
May 1996 (Majority) def. Michael Heseltine (Conservative), David Alton (Centre Party)
1996 – President Simon visits Belfast; 1996 Devolution Acts; IRA call a Ceasefire; Mandela visits the UK; British Army Suspends Operation Bannister
1996 Scottish Devolution Referendum: 70% YES def. 30% NO
1996 Welsh Devolution Referendum: 65% NO def. 35% Yes
1997 – Hong Kong Handover; Portadown Riots; IRA Suspend ceasefire; EU introduces the Euro; Operation Bannister recommences; Dublin Castle Conference with British and Irish Governments; UVF Bomb Dundalk, Adams and key IRA leaders killed
1998 – Second IRA ceasefire; Lancet-Wakefield Scandal; “Stakeknife” reports IRA leadership paralysed; Pinochet arrested in London; McGuiness signals for peace talks; ASBOs introduced; Suspension of Combat Operations in Bosnia
1999 – Shipman murders; Ford scales back Rover production at Longbridge to protect Dagenham; Kosovo War; May Day Peace Agreement
- Location
- Teignmouth, Devon
- Pronouns
- She/Her
2021-2024: Rishi Sunak (Conservative)
Following the loss of four by-elections in July 2023 Rishi Sunak's position as Prime Minister was immediately under question. However few people really believed anyone could do better.
Over the Summer a series of policy announcements were put in place in an attempt to "right the ship": Stamp duty and capital gains tax were cut for people selling second homes, a statutory instrument clarified that transgender people with GRCs did not count as legally their sex for the purposes of single sex spaces and data, nd bold plans were put forward for free enterprise zones, deregulation, and a broadly defined "rush for growth".
None of this impacted the polls in the slightest and it was clear that Sunak was losing control of his party. Suella Braverman's resignation began a series of resignations from government, and, eventually, a no confidence vote.
August 2023 Confidence vote
Confident: 206
Not Confident: 146
The next three months saw Sunak's government immobilised as he attempted to bring back ministers and held a desperate reshuffle. Political gossip focused on two issues: when would an election be called and would Rishi Sunak be Prime Minister for it. In September, Conservative poll numbers never rose beyond 25%. A hasty rule change following Rishi Sunak's ill advised "back me or sack me" speech at conference saw the party turn out against him.
November 2023 Confidence Vote
Confident: 169
Not Confident: 186
2023 Conservative Leadership Election
Mark Harper: Ran a low energy campaign that most people saw as a job interview for a senior post in the next cabinet.
Lee Anderson: "The Voice of the Red Wall" specifically targeted new MPs from Labour heartlands in 2019. His campaign focused on the "War on Woke", the need to for an immigration pause and an end to all climate change targets. His campaign is most notable for the time he called Penny Mordaunt a "cultural Marxist" and implied that Kemi Badenoch and Suella Braverman could "obviously" not be trusted on immigration, for reasons he refused to clarify.
Gillian Keegan: Campaigned on tax cuts, privatisation, deregulation and a rush for growth and came to be seen as a bit of a continuity Sunak candidate.
Kemi Badenoch: Hit out on the need for a bathroom ban for trans people, an end to critical race theory in schools, and greater laws to oppose "trans and climate extremists"
Penny Mordaunt: Presented herself as the moderate choice and won great support in the press and public. She clarified that while she wanted a kinder Conservative party she would retain the two child benefit cap, the Rwanda concentration camp, and push for a ban on transgender bathroom use.
Suella Braverman: Braverman emerged early on as the choice of the party's right and promised she could control immigration if she was given a proper chance. Migration, wokeness, benefits cheats, and the need for a bathroom ban formed the basis of her policies and, while initially she was less than successful with the membership the Christmas break allowed for a long campaign where she was able to undermine Mordaunt's position. With Starmer clarifying that Labour was not opposed in principle to a bathroom ban and would maintain the Rwandan camp, Braverman's campaign focused on portraying them as basically indistinguishable. Her campaign even went so far as to put out a poster showing Starmer's face on an old swimsuit photo of Penny Mordaunt, with the headline "Penny Starmer".
While voters saw Braverman's campaign as harsh and divisive. They also saw it as unrelenting, hard, and competitive. Braverman won the election on a narrow margin.
20 January - 29 March 2024: Suella Braverman (Conservative)
And was immediately accused of multiple breaches of the ministerial code and potentially a breach of the Official Secrets Act. Braverman did not experience a poll boost on getting elected. There was a very slight slump among swing voters after her election, followed by a mass exodus when it was revealed she was subject to a police investigation. She eventually stepped down, having passed on legislation or set any policies.
1 April - 21 June 2024: Jacob Rees-Mogg (Conservative)
On April Fools Day, the Conservative Party announced that Jacob Rees-Mogg was taking over as interim Prime Minister, to obvious headlines.
He was tasked with, essentially, losing the local elections. Nobody expected any different however they did expect him to immediately stand down after that. Mogg span out his appointment a few extra weeks, probably to avoid being the shortest ruling Prime Minister in UK History.
Priti Patel: Was seen as a continuity Braverman figure and never really got past the first stage.
Alicia Kearns: Penny Mordaunt declined to run, saying that she didn't want to be a perennial candidate and Kearns took over as the centre's great hope. Despite polling well with the public her lack of experience and lack of support within the party was a stumbling block.
John Baron: A serial rebel, Baron was seen as the insurgent choice and was suggesting a "UKIP 2.0". His campaign generated a surprising amount of interest, particularly from the Express and GBNews who saw him as the leader of a backbench rebellion and the last chance for the Tories to finally have a leader from the right of the party.
Chris Heaton-Harris: The former Foreign Secretary was initially a front runner as a senior, reliable, figure. However his campaign was low energy, focusing, to a surprising degree, on Berexit.
Daniel Kawczynski: The other right wing populist choice, Kawczynski won a nomination from various international figures including Donald Trump. However, during the campaign he had a very public falling out with DeSantis supporters over the appropriateness of having a "bisexual child groomer" in charge of a country. This fitted into a wider issue with his strong relationship with the middle east. This was largely played for laughs in the UK press, with both his detractors and supporters making references to him as "the British Orbán" in part due to his investment, nationalist, and military plans
Oliver Dowden: Dowden's campaign was relatively stable, and normal. While he made the usual noises against "woke culture", "gender ideology" and "cultural Marxism" it was evidently pitched at a level to attract the mainstream Conservatives without alienating mainstream voters.
21 June - 3 October 2024: Oliver Dowden (Conservative)
Dowden set a timetable for an election on becoming leader and rallied the party onto a campaign footing. Little actual policy was achieved during the Summer months, instead, a series of ridiculous scandals dominated the early campaign, highlights included
16 November 2024 - 2036: Keir Starmer (Labour [2024-2029]) (National Alliance [2029-2036])
Following the loss of four by-elections in July 2023 Rishi Sunak's position as Prime Minister was immediately under question. However few people really believed anyone could do better.
Over the Summer a series of policy announcements were put in place in an attempt to "right the ship": Stamp duty and capital gains tax were cut for people selling second homes, a statutory instrument clarified that transgender people with GRCs did not count as legally their sex for the purposes of single sex spaces and data, nd bold plans were put forward for free enterprise zones, deregulation, and a broadly defined "rush for growth".
None of this impacted the polls in the slightest and it was clear that Sunak was losing control of his party. Suella Braverman's resignation began a series of resignations from government, and, eventually, a no confidence vote.
August 2023 Confidence vote
Confident: 206
Not Confident: 146
The next three months saw Sunak's government immobilised as he attempted to bring back ministers and held a desperate reshuffle. Political gossip focused on two issues: when would an election be called and would Rishi Sunak be Prime Minister for it. In September, Conservative poll numbers never rose beyond 25%. A hasty rule change following Rishi Sunak's ill advised "back me or sack me" speech at conference saw the party turn out against him.
November 2023 Confidence Vote
Confident: 169
Not Confident: 186
2023 Conservative Leadership Election
Mark Harper: Ran a low energy campaign that most people saw as a job interview for a senior post in the next cabinet.
Lee Anderson: "The Voice of the Red Wall" specifically targeted new MPs from Labour heartlands in 2019. His campaign focused on the "War on Woke", the need to for an immigration pause and an end to all climate change targets. His campaign is most notable for the time he called Penny Mordaunt a "cultural Marxist" and implied that Kemi Badenoch and Suella Braverman could "obviously" not be trusted on immigration, for reasons he refused to clarify.
Gillian Keegan: Campaigned on tax cuts, privatisation, deregulation and a rush for growth and came to be seen as a bit of a continuity Sunak candidate.
Kemi Badenoch: Hit out on the need for a bathroom ban for trans people, an end to critical race theory in schools, and greater laws to oppose "trans and climate extremists"
Penny Mordaunt: Presented herself as the moderate choice and won great support in the press and public. She clarified that while she wanted a kinder Conservative party she would retain the two child benefit cap, the Rwanda concentration camp, and push for a ban on transgender bathroom use.
Suella Braverman: Braverman emerged early on as the choice of the party's right and promised she could control immigration if she was given a proper chance. Migration, wokeness, benefits cheats, and the need for a bathroom ban formed the basis of her policies and, while initially she was less than successful with the membership the Christmas break allowed for a long campaign where she was able to undermine Mordaunt's position. With Starmer clarifying that Labour was not opposed in principle to a bathroom ban and would maintain the Rwandan camp, Braverman's campaign focused on portraying them as basically indistinguishable. Her campaign even went so far as to put out a poster showing Starmer's face on an old swimsuit photo of Penny Mordaunt, with the headline "Penny Starmer".
While voters saw Braverman's campaign as harsh and divisive. They also saw it as unrelenting, hard, and competitive. Braverman won the election on a narrow margin.
| 1st - December 4th | 2nd - December 6th | 3rd - December 7th | Members' Vote 20 January 2024 | |
| Penny Mordaunt | 175 | 177 | 208 | 45.8% |
| Suella Braverman | 77 | 91 | 145 | 54.2% |
| Kemi Badenoch | 55 | 63 | Eliminated | |
| Gillian Keegan | 22 | Eliminated | ||
| Lee Anderson | 13 | Eliminated | ||
| Mark Harper | 11 | Eliminated |
20 January - 29 March 2024: Suella Braverman (Conservative)
And was immediately accused of multiple breaches of the ministerial code and potentially a breach of the Official Secrets Act. Braverman did not experience a poll boost on getting elected. There was a very slight slump among swing voters after her election, followed by a mass exodus when it was revealed she was subject to a police investigation. She eventually stepped down, having passed on legislation or set any policies.
1 April - 21 June 2024: Jacob Rees-Mogg (Conservative)
On April Fools Day, the Conservative Party announced that Jacob Rees-Mogg was taking over as interim Prime Minister, to obvious headlines.
He was tasked with, essentially, losing the local elections. Nobody expected any different however they did expect him to immediately stand down after that. Mogg span out his appointment a few extra weeks, probably to avoid being the shortest ruling Prime Minister in UK History.
Priti Patel: Was seen as a continuity Braverman figure and never really got past the first stage.
Alicia Kearns: Penny Mordaunt declined to run, saying that she didn't want to be a perennial candidate and Kearns took over as the centre's great hope. Despite polling well with the public her lack of experience and lack of support within the party was a stumbling block.
John Baron: A serial rebel, Baron was seen as the insurgent choice and was suggesting a "UKIP 2.0". His campaign generated a surprising amount of interest, particularly from the Express and GBNews who saw him as the leader of a backbench rebellion and the last chance for the Tories to finally have a leader from the right of the party.
Chris Heaton-Harris: The former Foreign Secretary was initially a front runner as a senior, reliable, figure. However his campaign was low energy, focusing, to a surprising degree, on Berexit.
Daniel Kawczynski: The other right wing populist choice, Kawczynski won a nomination from various international figures including Donald Trump. However, during the campaign he had a very public falling out with DeSantis supporters over the appropriateness of having a "bisexual child groomer" in charge of a country. This fitted into a wider issue with his strong relationship with the middle east. This was largely played for laughs in the UK press, with both his detractors and supporters making references to him as "the British Orbán" in part due to his investment, nationalist, and military plans
Oliver Dowden: Dowden's campaign was relatively stable, and normal. While he made the usual noises against "woke culture", "gender ideology" and "cultural Marxism" it was evidently pitched at a level to attract the mainstream Conservatives without alienating mainstream voters.
| 1st Vote - 27 May | 2nd Vote - 28 May | 3rd - 29 May | Member's Vote - 21 June | |
| Oliver Dowden | 108 | 101 | 136 | 59.8% |
| Chris Heaton-Harris | 102 | 99 | 100 | Eliminated |
| Daniel Kawczynski | 59 | 60 | 110 | 40.2% |
| John Baron | 44 | 57 | Withdrawn | |
| Alicia Kearns | 31 | 39 | Eliminated | |
| Priti Patel | 12 | Eliminated |
21 June - 3 October 2024: Oliver Dowden (Conservative)
Dowden set a timetable for an election on becoming leader and rallied the party onto a campaign footing. Little actual policy was achieved during the Summer months, instead, a series of ridiculous scandals dominated the early campaign, highlights included
- the time the Tories were caught circulating an AI generated image of Keir Starmer eating a hotdog
- Starmer being booed by workers during a warehouse photo opportunity
- Just Stop Oil and the Trans Action Bloc trying to invade the stage at the Lib Dem manifesto launch at the same time
- Leaks of (apparently real) footage of Keir Starmer rapping
- Four Conservative MPs defecting to Reclaim&Reform, but giving the journalists the wrong time for the press conference so they had to present to their office staff pretending to be journalists.
16 November 2024 - 2036: Keir Starmer (Labour [2024-2029]) (National Alliance [2029-2036])
- Location
- Municipal Commune of Bourne
- Pronouns
- He/Him
sinister
fanofeverything25
Well-known member
do you have a shadow cabinet list @TheHatMan98?
BREAKING THE MOULD:
Rise of the SDP-Liberal Alliance
Part Three
2004-08: Rosie Barnes (Reform)
2008-13: Charles Kennedy (Alliance)
Rise of the SDP-Liberal Alliance
Part Three
2004-08: Rosie Barnes (Reform)
- 2004 (minority with Conservative): Reform (Rosie Barnes) 158 seats (26.4% vote); Alliance (Paddy Ashdown) 136 seats (22.6% vote); Conservative (David Davis) 114 seats (19% vote); Labour (Ken Livingstone) 109 seats (18.2% vote); Green (Sara Parkin) 26 seats (4.4% vote); British National (Nick Griffin) 17 seats (2.8% vote); Scottish National (Alex Salmond) 10 seats (1.6% vote).
- Prime Minister: Rosie Barnes (Reform); Deputy Prime Minister: David Davis (Conservative); Chancellor: Frank Field (Reform); Foreign Secretary: Robert Kilroy-Silk (Reform); Home Secretary: Alan Duncan (Conservative).
2008-13: Charles Kennedy (Alliance)
- 2008 (majority with Labour & Green): Alliance (Charles Kennedy) 164 seats (27.4% vote); Reform (Rosie Barnes) 123 seats (20.5% vote); Labour (Diane Abbott) 111 seats (18.5% vote); Conservative (David Davis) 95 seats (15.9% vote); Green (Caroline Lucas) 34 seats (5.6% vote); British National (Nick Griffin) 25 seats (4.1% vote); Scottish National (Alex Salmond) 11 seats (1.9% vote).
- Prime Minister: Charles Kennedy (Alliance); Deputy Prime Minister: Diane Abbott (Labour); Chancellor: Matthew Taylor (Alliance); Foreign Secretary: Caroline Lucas (Green); Home Secretary: Peter Hain (Labour).
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- Location
- Toronto, ON, CA
What even is the ideology of Reform by this point?
The name comes from Ross Perot's successful third party in TTL's 1990s US, with David Owen forging a right-wing social democratic outfit to displace the Conservatives in Britain. Similar to the continuity SDP in OTL, their policies are communitarian - as opposed to neoliberal - but quite traditional on social or family norms. As with Perot, there's also a bit of radical centrism/technopopulism with stuff like direct democracy via referenda. Internally, factions range from more business-friendly voices; to mainstream social democrats (e.g. Polly Toynbee) who didn't join the Alliance; and hardline social conservatives in the anti-EU, Red Ukip mould. So while the Tories have left and right sides but all remain pretty economically neoliberal, Reform probably view themselves as centre/right social democrats.
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