- Location
- Sandford, Gloucestershire
- Pronouns
- She/They
With it ending up with Leo Blair as PM I suppose?
-
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Lists of Heads of Government and Heads of State
- Thread starter Mumby
- Start date
With it ending up with Leo Blair as PM I suppose?
Yeah he sounds good. I actually didn’t account for a Trudeau equivalent because finding politicians would be hard by 2040/2050.
theflyingmgoose
Well-known member
LIST OF PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES:
37. Hubert Humphrey (D): January 20, 1969-January 20, 1973 (1911-1986)
1968: def. Richard Nixon (R) and George Wallace (I), 281-203-54 EV/43.2%-41.0%-12.4% PV
38. Nelson Rockefeller (R): January 20, 1973-February 3, 1979 (1908-1979)
1972: def. Hubert Humphrey (D), 292-246 EV/50.6%-45.9% PV
1976: def. George McGovern (D), 535-3 EV/63.1%-34.8% PV
39. Gerald Ford (R): February 3, 1979-January 20, 1981 (1913-2007)
40. Elizabeth Holtzman (D): January 20, 1981-January 20, 1985 (1941-Present)
1980: def. Ronald Reagan (R), 309-229 EV/51.3%-46.4% PV
41. Gerald Ford (R): January 20, 1985-January 20, 1989 (1913-2007)
1984: def. Elizabeth Holtzman (D), 270-268 EV/47.8%-49.5% PV
42. George H.W. Bush (R): January 20, 1989-January 20, 1997 (1924-2019)
1988: def. Jimmy Carter (D), 285-253 EV/49.1%-48.0% PV
1992: def. Bill Clinton (D), 370-168 EV/ 54.2%-43.7% PV
43. Al Gore (D): January 20, 1997-January 20, 2005 (1948-Present)
1996: def. Dick Cheney (R), 329-209 EV/ 52.3%-47.1% PV
2000: def. Jack Kemp (R), 454-84 EV/ 60.0%-37.8% PV
44. Charlie Baker (R): January 20, 2005-January 20, 2009 (1956-Present)
2004: def. Dianne Feinstein (D), 274-264 EV/ 48.6%-48.3% PV
45. Barack Obama (D): January 20, 2009-January 20, 2017 (1961-Present)
2008: def. Charlie Baker (R), 311-227 EV/ 51.5%-47.3% PV
2012: def. Mike Huckabee (R), 372-166 EV/ 54.1%-44.2% PV
(-). John Delaney (R): January 20, 2017-January 26, 2017 (1963-Present)
(-). Russ Feingold (D): January 26, 2017-May 4, 2017 (1953-Present)
46. John Kasich (R): May 4, 2017-January 20, 2021 (1952-Present)
2016: def. Barbara Lee (D), 269-269 EV/46.6%-48.1% PV
47. Joe Biden (D): January 20, 2021-Present (1942-Present)
2020: def. John Kasich (R), 279-259 EV/ 49.8%-46.9% PV
LIST OF PRIME MINISTERS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM:
Harold Wilson (L): October 16, 1964-November 24, 1972 (1916-1999)
1970: 311 Seats, def. Edward Heath (Conservative)- 306 Seats; Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal)- 6 Seats
1972 (Mar): 310 Seats, def. Edward Heath (Conservative)- 308 Seats; Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal)- 6 Seats
Edward Heath (C): November 24, 1972-May 5, 1975 (1916-2003)
1972 (Nov): 317 Seats, def. Harold Wilson (Labour)- 298 Seats; Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal)- 9 Seats
Anthony Crosland (L): May 5, 1975-March 11, 1993 (1918-1993)
1975: 320 Seats, def. Edward Health (Conservative)- 290 Seats; Paddy Ashdown (Liberal)- 16 Seats
1976: 345 Seats, def. Peter Walker (Conservative)- 262 Seats; Paddy Ashdown (Liberal)- 20 Seats
1980: 327 Seats, def. Margaret Thatcher (Conservative)- 293 Seats; Paddy Ashdown (Liberal)- 10 Seats
1983: 329 Seats, def. Margaret Thatcher (Conservative)- 296 Seats
1985: 346 Seats, def. Michael Heseltine (Conservative)- 281 Seats
1989: 350 Seats, def. John Major (Conservative)- 284 Seats
1991: 405 Seats, def. William Hague (Conservative)- 179 Seats
Tony Blair (L): March 11, 1993-February 14, 1996 (1953-Present)
1993: 340 Seats, def. John Major (Conservative)- 238 Seats; Charles Kennedy (LibDem)- 13 Seats
John Major (C): February 14, 1996-June 3, 2005 (1943-Present)
1996: 328 Seats, def. Tony Blair (Labour)- 261 Seats
1998: 367 Seats, def. John Prescott (Labour)- 201 Seats; Caroline Lucas (Green)- 5 Seats
2002: 351 Seats, def. Gordon Brown (Labour)- 227 Seats; Caroline Lucas (Green)- 9 Seats
Michael Howard (C): June 3, 2005-May 7, 2007 (1941-Present)
Gordon Brown (L): May 7, 2007-December 2, 2010 (1951-Present)
2007: 330 Seats, def. Michael Howard (Conservative)- 256; Caroline Lucas (Green)- 11 Seats
37. Hubert Humphrey (D): January 20, 1969-January 20, 1973 (1911-1986)
1968: def. Richard Nixon (R) and George Wallace (I), 281-203-54 EV/43.2%-41.0%-12.4% PV
38. Nelson Rockefeller (R): January 20, 1973-February 3, 1979 (1908-1979)
1972: def. Hubert Humphrey (D), 292-246 EV/50.6%-45.9% PV
1976: def. George McGovern (D), 535-3 EV/63.1%-34.8% PV
39. Gerald Ford (R): February 3, 1979-January 20, 1981 (1913-2007)
40. Elizabeth Holtzman (D): January 20, 1981-January 20, 1985 (1941-Present)
1980: def. Ronald Reagan (R), 309-229 EV/51.3%-46.4% PV
41. Gerald Ford (R): January 20, 1985-January 20, 1989 (1913-2007)
1984: def. Elizabeth Holtzman (D), 270-268 EV/47.8%-49.5% PV
42. George H.W. Bush (R): January 20, 1989-January 20, 1997 (1924-2019)
1988: def. Jimmy Carter (D), 285-253 EV/49.1%-48.0% PV
1992: def. Bill Clinton (D), 370-168 EV/ 54.2%-43.7% PV
43. Al Gore (D): January 20, 1997-January 20, 2005 (1948-Present)
1996: def. Dick Cheney (R), 329-209 EV/ 52.3%-47.1% PV
2000: def. Jack Kemp (R), 454-84 EV/ 60.0%-37.8% PV
44. Charlie Baker (R): January 20, 2005-January 20, 2009 (1956-Present)
2004: def. Dianne Feinstein (D), 274-264 EV/ 48.6%-48.3% PV
45. Barack Obama (D): January 20, 2009-January 20, 2017 (1961-Present)
2008: def. Charlie Baker (R), 311-227 EV/ 51.5%-47.3% PV
2012: def. Mike Huckabee (R), 372-166 EV/ 54.1%-44.2% PV
(-). John Delaney (R): January 20, 2017-January 26, 2017 (1963-Present)
(-). Russ Feingold (D): January 26, 2017-May 4, 2017 (1953-Present)
46. John Kasich (R): May 4, 2017-January 20, 2021 (1952-Present)
2016: def. Barbara Lee (D), 269-269 EV/46.6%-48.1% PV
47. Joe Biden (D): January 20, 2021-Present (1942-Present)
2020: def. John Kasich (R), 279-259 EV/ 49.8%-46.9% PV
LIST OF PRIME MINISTERS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM:
Harold Wilson (L): October 16, 1964-November 24, 1972 (1916-1999)
1970: 311 Seats, def. Edward Heath (Conservative)- 306 Seats; Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal)- 6 Seats
1972 (Mar): 310 Seats, def. Edward Heath (Conservative)- 308 Seats; Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal)- 6 Seats
Edward Heath (C): November 24, 1972-May 5, 1975 (1916-2003)
1972 (Nov): 317 Seats, def. Harold Wilson (Labour)- 298 Seats; Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal)- 9 Seats
Anthony Crosland (L): May 5, 1975-March 11, 1993 (1918-1993)
1975: 320 Seats, def. Edward Health (Conservative)- 290 Seats; Paddy Ashdown (Liberal)- 16 Seats
1976: 345 Seats, def. Peter Walker (Conservative)- 262 Seats; Paddy Ashdown (Liberal)- 20 Seats
1980: 327 Seats, def. Margaret Thatcher (Conservative)- 293 Seats; Paddy Ashdown (Liberal)- 10 Seats
1983: 329 Seats, def. Margaret Thatcher (Conservative)- 296 Seats
1985: 346 Seats, def. Michael Heseltine (Conservative)- 281 Seats
1989: 350 Seats, def. John Major (Conservative)- 284 Seats
1991: 405 Seats, def. William Hague (Conservative)- 179 Seats
Tony Blair (L): March 11, 1993-February 14, 1996 (1953-Present)
1993: 340 Seats, def. John Major (Conservative)- 238 Seats; Charles Kennedy (LibDem)- 13 Seats
John Major (C): February 14, 1996-June 3, 2005 (1943-Present)
1996: 328 Seats, def. Tony Blair (Labour)- 261 Seats
1998: 367 Seats, def. John Prescott (Labour)- 201 Seats; Caroline Lucas (Green)- 5 Seats
2002: 351 Seats, def. Gordon Brown (Labour)- 227 Seats; Caroline Lucas (Green)- 9 Seats
Michael Howard (C): June 3, 2005-May 7, 2007 (1941-Present)
Gordon Brown (L): May 7, 2007-December 2, 2010 (1951-Present)
2007: 330 Seats, def. Michael Howard (Conservative)- 256; Caroline Lucas (Green)- 11 Seats
Last edited:
allthepresidentsmen
Oh fuck I might just be gay 🏳️🌈
- Pronouns
- he/him
There’s Louis Stedman-Bryce and Alex Philips if you’re drawing from the Brexit MEP pool.
kratostatic
You Wouldn't Steal A Political Party
- Location
- Anyers-upon-Senn, Island-of-France
- Pronouns
- He/him
A silly low-effort thing. That may or may not be part of me looking into doing an equally silly but rather higher-effort thing later.
Kings of the French
Louis XVI (Bourbon) 1774-1792
Louis XVII (Bourbon) 1792-1793
Georges I (Montagne) 1793
François III (Montagne) 1793-1794
Paul I (Thérmidor) 1794-1799
Emperors of France
Napoleon I (Bonaparte)1799-1804
Napoléon I (Bonaparte) 1804-1814, 1815
Napoléon II (Bonaparte) 1815
Kings of France
Louis XVIII (Bourbon) 1814-1815, 1815-1824
Charles X (Bourbon) 1824-1830
Kings of the French
Louis Philippe (Bourbon-Orleans) 1830-1848
Jacques I (Thérmidor) 1848
Napoléon III (Bonaparte) 1848-1852
Emperors of France
Napoléon III (Bonaparte) 1852-1871
Kings of the French and of the Algerians
Louis XIX (Orleans-Thérmidor) 1871-1873
Patrice (Bourbon-MacMahon) 1873-1879
François IV (Thérmidor) 1879-1887
François V (Thérmidor) 1887-1894
Jean III (Thérmidor) 1894-1895
Félix I (Thérmidor) 1895-1899
François VI (Thérmidor) 1899-1929
Paul III (Trier-Besançon) 1929-1937
Paul IV (Thérmidor) 1937-1940
Emperors of France
Philippe VII (Predappio-Vichy) 1940-1944
Kings of the French and of the Algerians
Charles XI (Gaulle) 1944-1946
Félix II (Trier-Besançon) 1946-1958
Kings of France
Charles XI (Gaulle) 1958-1968
Georges II (Gaulle) 1968-1974
Valéry (Gaulle) 1974-1981
François VII (Trier-Besançon) 1981-1996
Jacques (Gaulle-Bourget) 1996-2019
Emmanuel (Bonaparte-Besançon) 2019-
Should be obvious - Presidents of France become Kings.
A few details. Both resigning and losing an election are equivalent to abdicating, but if they stood down I considered this to be them ruling until their death (hence Jacques Chirac ruling until 2019. If the president has a "royal" name I used it (so Adolphe Thiers, aka Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers, becomes Louis XIX).
As for the Houses, a president gains their legitimacy at least in part from their political programme and position, while a monarch gains it from their family. As such, the Houses are not their OTL families but rather their political parties. Montagne and Thérmidor are obvious, and I used Thérmidor for the moderate Republicans who dominated the 3rd Republic. The initial presidents of the 3rd Republic were at least at some point monarchists, so I gave them Cadet branches of their preferred house. For the Socialists Trier is the birthplace of Karl Marx while Besançon is that of Charles Fourier. Meanwhile our Fascist is from a cadet branch of the house of Predappio for similar reasons. Finally the House of Gaulle is the only thing that works for a political position literally called Gaullist and Bourget is where Jacques Chirac's UMP had its initial congress. And Macron is obviously a Bonapartist.
Kings of the French
Louis XVI (Bourbon) 1774-1792
Louis XVII (Bourbon) 1792-1793
Georges I (Montagne) 1793
François III (Montagne) 1793-1794
Paul I (Thérmidor) 1794-1799
Emperors of France
Napoleon I (Bonaparte)1799-1804
Napoléon I (Bonaparte) 1804-1814, 1815
Napoléon II (Bonaparte) 1815
Kings of France
Louis XVIII (Bourbon) 1814-1815, 1815-1824
Charles X (Bourbon) 1824-1830
Kings of the French
Louis Philippe (Bourbon-Orleans) 1830-1848
Jacques I (Thérmidor) 1848
Napoléon III (Bonaparte) 1848-1852
Emperors of France
Napoléon III (Bonaparte) 1852-1871
Kings of the French and of the Algerians
Louis XIX (Orleans-Thérmidor) 1871-1873
Patrice (Bourbon-MacMahon) 1873-1879
François IV (Thérmidor) 1879-1887
François V (Thérmidor) 1887-1894
Jean III (Thérmidor) 1894-1895
Félix I (Thérmidor) 1895-1899
François VI (Thérmidor) 1899-1929
Paul III (Trier-Besançon) 1929-1937
Paul IV (Thérmidor) 1937-1940
Emperors of France
Philippe VII (Predappio-Vichy) 1940-1944
Kings of the French and of the Algerians
Charles XI (Gaulle) 1944-1946
Félix II (Trier-Besançon) 1946-1958
Kings of France
Charles XI (Gaulle) 1958-1968
Georges II (Gaulle) 1968-1974
Valéry (Gaulle) 1974-1981
François VII (Trier-Besançon) 1981-1996
Jacques (Gaulle-Bourget) 1996-2019
Emmanuel (Bonaparte-Besançon) 2019-
Should be obvious - Presidents of France become Kings.
A few details. Both resigning and losing an election are equivalent to abdicating, but if they stood down I considered this to be them ruling until their death (hence Jacques Chirac ruling until 2019. If the president has a "royal" name I used it (so Adolphe Thiers, aka Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers, becomes Louis XIX).
As for the Houses, a president gains their legitimacy at least in part from their political programme and position, while a monarch gains it from their family. As such, the Houses are not their OTL families but rather their political parties. Montagne and Thérmidor are obvious, and I used Thérmidor for the moderate Republicans who dominated the 3rd Republic. The initial presidents of the 3rd Republic were at least at some point monarchists, so I gave them Cadet branches of their preferred house. For the Socialists Trier is the birthplace of Karl Marx while Besançon is that of Charles Fourier. Meanwhile our Fascist is from a cadet branch of the house of Predappio for similar reasons. Finally the House of Gaulle is the only thing that works for a political position literally called Gaullist and Bourget is where Jacques Chirac's UMP had its initial congress. And Macron is obviously a Bonapartist.
TheHatMan98
Well-known member
“Now the Hour, Now the Day!”
Inspired by a recent Kaiserreich playthrough, may see a timeline addition in the future
Chairmen of the Trade Unions Congress of the Union of Britain
1925-1927: John MacClean*
Unoppossed
1927-1930: Tom Mann (Federationist)
Elected with Autonomist and Maximist support def. R. B. Cunninghame Graham (Autonomist), J. R. Campbell (Vanguardist), Christabel Pankhurst (Congregationalists)
1930-1936: Phillip Snowden (Federationist)
Elected with Congregationalist support def. Niclas y Glais (Autonomist), Christabel Pankhurst (Congregationalists), J. R. Campbell (Vanguardist)
1936-1943: Oswald Mosely (Maximist)
Elected with No Support def. Arthur Horner (Federationist), Niclas y Glais (Autonomist), Annie Kenney (Congregationalists)
1943-1950: Eric A. Blair* (Liberal Maximist)
Elected with Federationist and Congregationalist supprt def. Oswald Mosley (Maximist), Annie Kenney (Congregationalists), Niclas y Glais (Autonomist)
General Secretaries of the Union of Britain
1925-1927: Tom Mann (Federationist)
Unoppossed
1927-1930: Arthur Cook* (Maximist)
Appointed by Chairman Tom Mann, ratifed with Federationist support def. Lewis Valentine (Autonomist), Christabel Pankhurst (Congregationalists)
1930-1936: Arthur Horner (Federationist)
Appointed by Chairman Snowden, ratified with Congregationalist support def. Oswald Mosley (Maximist), Lewis Jones (Autonomist)
1936-1943: Eric Arthur Blair (Maximist)
Appointed by Chairman Mosley, ratified with No Support def. Lewis Jones (Autonomist), Christabel Pankhurst (Congregationalists), Arthur Greenwood (Federationist)
1943-1950: Phil Piratin (Liberal Maximist)
Appointed by Chairman Blair, ratified with Federationist and Congregationalist def.John Strachey ('Write in' Maximist), Barbara Castle (Congregationalists), William Joyce (Mosleyite Maximist)
The Men of the Hour
Chairmen of the Trade Unions Congress of the Union of Britain: Phillip Snowden - Federationist (res. 1936); Oswald Mosley - Maximist (unselect. 1943); Eric Blair - Liberal Maximist
General Secretaries of the Union of Britain: Arthur Horner - Federationist (unselect. 1936); Eric Blair - Maximist (1943); Phil Piratin - Liberal Maximist
Chief Commissar for the People’s Exchequer: Oswald Mosley - Maximist (1936); Clem Attlee - Maximist (res. 1943); Aneurin Bevan - Liberal Maximist
Chief Commissar for Foreign and External Affairs: Fenner Brockway - Federationist (unselect. 1936); Robert Forgan - Maximist (res. 1939); R.H. Tawney - Autonomist (unselect. 1943); Ernest Bevin - Federationist
Chief Commissar for Security and Home Affairs: J.R. Clynes - Federationist (res. 1936); Harold Nicolson - Maximist (unselect. 1943); Dorothy Thurtle - Congregationalist
Commissar for Industry, Production and National Service: Ernest Bevin - Federationist (unselect. 1936); Alexander Raven Thomas - Maximist (res. 1940); Abe Moffat - Federationist (unselect. 1943); John Strachey - Maximist
Minister of Information and Chief of Central Intelligence Committee: Willie Gallacher - Federationist (unselect. 1936); Christopher Hill - Maximist (res. 1943); Anthony Blunt - Federationist
People’s Commissar for the Army: Tom Wintringham - Federationist (res. 1938); John Strachey - Maximist (unselect. 1943); Bill Alexander - Liberal Maximist
People’s Commissar for the Navy: Fred Copeman - Federationist (unselect. 1936); A.V. Alexander - Federationist/Maximist
People’s Commissar for the Airforce: William Wedgewood Benn - Federationist
Minister for Health: Aneurin Bevan - Federationist (res. 1936); Cynthia Mosley - Maximist (died 1941); Ellen Wilkinson - Congregationalist (res. 1943); Jennie Lee - Liberal Maximist
Minister for Justice: Arthur Greenwood - Federationist (unselect. 1936); William Joyce - Maximist (unselect. 1943); Emmanuel Shinwell - Federationist
Secretary of State for England: Herbert Morrison - Federationist (unselect. 1936); Harold Macmillan - Maximist (unselect. 1943); G.D.H. Cole - Federationalist
Secretary of State for Scotland: Hugh MacDiarmid - Autonomist/Maximist (unselect. 1943); James Maxton - Fedrationist (died 1946); Tom Johnston - Federationist
Secretary of State for Wales: Niclas y Glais - Autonomist (unselect. 1936); Aneurin Bevan - Liberal Maximist (1943); S. O. Davies - Autonomist
Secretary of State for Women: Helen Crawford - Congregationalist (unselect. 1936); Mary Sophia Allen - Maximist (unselect. 1943); Sylvia Pankhurst - Congregationalist
Commissar for Phalanstere Co-Operation and The Internationale: Sylvia Pankhurst - Congregationalist (res. 1943); Clem Attlee - Liberal Maximist
Chairman of the Defence Staff Committee: Tom Wintringham - Federationist (res. 1938); Colonel Frederick Bellenger - Maximist (res. 1940); General Percy Hobart - Maximist
Chairman of the Revolutionary Exportation Directorate: T.E. Lawrence - Maximist
Chief of the Union General Staff: General Walter Kirke (1937); General Percy Hobart - Maximist
President of the Admiralty and Chief of Naval Staff: Fred Copeman - Federationist (res. 1938); Commodore Henry Harwood (res. 1945); Admiral A.B. Cunningham
Chief of the Air Staff: Air Marshal Hugh Dowding
Chief Commissar for the Territorials, Militias and Auxiliaries: Tom Wintringham - Federationist (res. 1938); Eric Blair - Maximist (1943); Tom Wintringham - Federationist
Inspired by a recent Kaiserreich playthrough, may see a timeline addition in the future
Chairmen of the Trade Unions Congress of the Union of Britain
1925-1927: John MacClean*
Unoppossed
1927-1930: Tom Mann (Federationist)
Elected with Autonomist and Maximist support def. R. B. Cunninghame Graham (Autonomist), J. R. Campbell (Vanguardist), Christabel Pankhurst (Congregationalists)
1930-1936: Phillip Snowden (Federationist)
Elected with Congregationalist support def. Niclas y Glais (Autonomist), Christabel Pankhurst (Congregationalists), J. R. Campbell (Vanguardist)
1936-1943: Oswald Mosely (Maximist)
Elected with No Support def. Arthur Horner (Federationist), Niclas y Glais (Autonomist), Annie Kenney (Congregationalists)
1943-1950: Eric A. Blair* (Liberal Maximist)
Elected with Federationist and Congregationalist supprt def. Oswald Mosley (Maximist), Annie Kenney (Congregationalists), Niclas y Glais (Autonomist)
General Secretaries of the Union of Britain
1925-1927: Tom Mann (Federationist)
Unoppossed
1927-1930: Arthur Cook* (Maximist)
Appointed by Chairman Tom Mann, ratifed with Federationist support def. Lewis Valentine (Autonomist), Christabel Pankhurst (Congregationalists)
1930-1936: Arthur Horner (Federationist)
Appointed by Chairman Snowden, ratified with Congregationalist support def. Oswald Mosley (Maximist), Lewis Jones (Autonomist)
1936-1943: Eric Arthur Blair (Maximist)
Appointed by Chairman Mosley, ratified with No Support def. Lewis Jones (Autonomist), Christabel Pankhurst (Congregationalists), Arthur Greenwood (Federationist)
1943-1950: Phil Piratin (Liberal Maximist)
Appointed by Chairman Blair, ratified with Federationist and Congregationalist def.
The Men of the Hour
Chairmen of the Trade Unions Congress of the Union of Britain: Phillip Snowden - Federationist (res. 1936); Oswald Mosley - Maximist (unselect. 1943); Eric Blair - Liberal Maximist
General Secretaries of the Union of Britain: Arthur Horner - Federationist (unselect. 1936); Eric Blair - Maximist (1943); Phil Piratin - Liberal Maximist
Chief Commissar for the People’s Exchequer: Oswald Mosley - Maximist (1936); Clem Attlee - Maximist (res. 1943); Aneurin Bevan - Liberal Maximist
Chief Commissar for Foreign and External Affairs: Fenner Brockway - Federationist (unselect. 1936); Robert Forgan - Maximist (res. 1939); R.H. Tawney - Autonomist (unselect. 1943); Ernest Bevin - Federationist
Chief Commissar for Security and Home Affairs: J.R. Clynes - Federationist (res. 1936); Harold Nicolson - Maximist (unselect. 1943); Dorothy Thurtle - Congregationalist
Commissar for Industry, Production and National Service: Ernest Bevin - Federationist (unselect. 1936); Alexander Raven Thomas - Maximist (res. 1940); Abe Moffat - Federationist (unselect. 1943); John Strachey - Maximist
Minister of Information and Chief of Central Intelligence Committee: Willie Gallacher - Federationist (unselect. 1936); Christopher Hill - Maximist (res. 1943); Anthony Blunt - Federationist
People’s Commissar for the Army: Tom Wintringham - Federationist (res. 1938); John Strachey - Maximist (unselect. 1943); Bill Alexander - Liberal Maximist
People’s Commissar for the Navy: Fred Copeman - Federationist (unselect. 1936); A.V. Alexander - Federationist/Maximist
People’s Commissar for the Airforce: William Wedgewood Benn - Federationist
Minister for Health: Aneurin Bevan - Federationist (res. 1936); Cynthia Mosley - Maximist (died 1941); Ellen Wilkinson - Congregationalist (res. 1943); Jennie Lee - Liberal Maximist
Minister for Justice: Arthur Greenwood - Federationist (unselect. 1936); William Joyce - Maximist (unselect. 1943); Emmanuel Shinwell - Federationist
Secretary of State for England: Herbert Morrison - Federationist (unselect. 1936); Harold Macmillan - Maximist (unselect. 1943); G.D.H. Cole - Federationalist
Secretary of State for Scotland: Hugh MacDiarmid - Autonomist/Maximist (unselect. 1943); James Maxton - Fedrationist (died 1946); Tom Johnston - Federationist
Secretary of State for Wales: Niclas y Glais - Autonomist (unselect. 1936); Aneurin Bevan - Liberal Maximist (1943); S. O. Davies - Autonomist
Secretary of State for Women: Helen Crawford - Congregationalist (unselect. 1936); Mary Sophia Allen - Maximist (unselect. 1943); Sylvia Pankhurst - Congregationalist
Commissar for Phalanstere Co-Operation and The Internationale: Sylvia Pankhurst - Congregationalist (res. 1943); Clem Attlee - Liberal Maximist
Chairman of the Defence Staff Committee: Tom Wintringham - Federationist (res. 1938); Colonel Frederick Bellenger - Maximist (res. 1940); General Percy Hobart - Maximist
Chairman of the Revolutionary Exportation Directorate: T.E. Lawrence - Maximist
Chief of the Union General Staff: General Walter Kirke (1937); General Percy Hobart - Maximist
President of the Admiralty and Chief of Naval Staff: Fred Copeman - Federationist (res. 1938); Commodore Henry Harwood (res. 1945); Admiral A.B. Cunningham
Chief of the Air Staff: Air Marshal Hugh Dowding
Chief Commissar for the Territorials, Militias and Auxiliaries: Tom Wintringham - Federationist (res. 1938); Eric Blair - Maximist (1943); Tom Wintringham - Federationist
Blackentheborg
Dennis Skinner's molotov
- Location
- Grand Hotel Abyss
- Pronouns
- He/Him
Brainwashed! Part 1
1961-1965: John F. Kennedy (Democratic)
(with Lyndon Johnson) defeated Richard Nixon/Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (Republican), Harry F. Byrd/various (faithless electors)
- Crippled following assassination attempt in Dallas, Texas, ongoing health issues lead to withdrawal from public life
- Rumours involving affairs with Judith Exner (moll) and Ellen Rometsch (spy) leak to press
- Vice President Johnson "iced out" of cabinet following leaks, majority of public cite "low faith" in President
- Attack on the USS Maddox off the Gulf of Tonkin leads to escalation of Vietnam War
- "October surprise" leaks of Marilyn Monroe affair further damages approval ratings
1965-1969: Barry Goldwater (Republican)
(with William E. Miller) defeated John F. Kennedy/Lyndon Johnson (Democratic), George Wallace/various (faithless electors)
- Elected following national dissatisfaction with Kennedy, fears of Communist expansion
- Operation Rolling Thunder begins, first American ground troops arrive in Da Nang
- Watts Uprising leaves 271 people dead as Civil Rights Act once again stalls in congress
- Tet Offensive begins in 1967, leading to a pyrrhic tactical American victory
- the "Long, Hot Summer of '67" sees large-scale riots in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, NYC, et al.
- the Fermi Nuclear Station in Detroit, Michigan experiences a meltdown, leading to widespread radioactive contamination of the Great Lakes region
- Detroit refugee crisis and federal cuts to social programs exacerbates protests nationwide
- Michigan Governor Romney announces primary campaign against Goldwater
- Goldwater boycotts Vietnamese peace talks, Ambassador to South Vietnam Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. resigns
- Farmers in the Great Lakes region protest as livestock experience illnesses and birth defects
- Surprise nomination of George Wallace at the '68 DNC leads to violent police crackdown, anti-war activist Rennie Davis among dead
- Following large-scale appeal, Governor Romney announces independent campaign for President
- Goldwater neither confirms nor denies plans for low-yield nuclear warheads to be used in Vietnam
1969-1971: George Romney† (Independent, then Justice)
(with Pete McCloskey) defeated Barry Goldwater/William E. Miller (Republican), George Wallace/Chep Morrison (Democratic)
- First independent candidate to win office since Washington, founded the Justice Party to gain congressional support
- Amsterdam Peace Accords lead to ground troops withdrawing from Vietnam, President Romney maintains "America must get it's house in order"
- Former presidential candidate George Wallace and anti-communist General Ted Walker accuse Romney of treason
- Two-thirds of Detroit declared 'fully habitable' despite permeant economic downturn
- Created Equal Act signed, affirming suffrage and legal protections for African-Americans amid rioting
- Newark mayoral candidate Anthony Imperiale attempts white supremacist coup of town, requiring mobilisation of the National Guard
- Concerns over nuclear power safety result in investment into renewable energy sector, creation of the EPA
- 1st confirmed cancer death attributed to Detroit radiation exposure renews push for national healthcare program
- The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Agreement is signed by the United States and the Soviet Union
- UN Ambassador Daniel Patrick Moynihan causes controversy when he states "acid rain and the greenhouse effect" are greater threats than Soviet invasion
- assassinated by discharged soldier (and Agent Orange victim) Arthur Bremer
1971-1973: Pete McCloskey (Justice)
(vacant, then with Mike Gravel)
- Friday Commission declares Bremer was acting alone, claims of conspiracy continue to circulate
- Expulsion of Soviet officials from Great Britain by Prime Minister Edward Heath raises American concerns over national security
- Second Lieutenant Charles Manson is tried for War Crimes committed in Sơn Mỹ, Vietnam, and sentenced to life
- Solar panels installed on White House roof
- President McCloskey publicly condemns Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin lobbying Rev. Jerry Falwell to support airstrikes against Iraq
- Ted Walker, initially ahead in the Democratic primaries, suspends his campaign after being caught propositioning a male campaign aide
1973-19??: Tom Eagleton (Democratic)
(with Richard J. Daley) defeated Pete McCloskey/Mike Gravel (Justice), John Ashbrook/David Cargo (Republican)
1961-1965: John F. Kennedy (Democratic)
(with Lyndon Johnson) defeated Richard Nixon/Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (Republican), Harry F. Byrd/various (faithless electors)
- Crippled following assassination attempt in Dallas, Texas, ongoing health issues lead to withdrawal from public life
- Rumours involving affairs with Judith Exner (moll) and Ellen Rometsch (spy) leak to press
- Vice President Johnson "iced out" of cabinet following leaks, majority of public cite "low faith" in President
- Attack on the USS Maddox off the Gulf of Tonkin leads to escalation of Vietnam War
- "October surprise" leaks of Marilyn Monroe affair further damages approval ratings
1965-1969: Barry Goldwater (Republican)
(with William E. Miller) defeated John F. Kennedy/Lyndon Johnson (Democratic), George Wallace/various (faithless electors)
- Elected following national dissatisfaction with Kennedy, fears of Communist expansion
- Operation Rolling Thunder begins, first American ground troops arrive in Da Nang
- Watts Uprising leaves 271 people dead as Civil Rights Act once again stalls in congress
- Tet Offensive begins in 1967, leading to a pyrrhic tactical American victory
- the "Long, Hot Summer of '67" sees large-scale riots in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, NYC, et al.
- the Fermi Nuclear Station in Detroit, Michigan experiences a meltdown, leading to widespread radioactive contamination of the Great Lakes region
- Detroit refugee crisis and federal cuts to social programs exacerbates protests nationwide
- Michigan Governor Romney announces primary campaign against Goldwater
- Goldwater boycotts Vietnamese peace talks, Ambassador to South Vietnam Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. resigns
- Farmers in the Great Lakes region protest as livestock experience illnesses and birth defects
- Surprise nomination of George Wallace at the '68 DNC leads to violent police crackdown, anti-war activist Rennie Davis among dead
- Following large-scale appeal, Governor Romney announces independent campaign for President
- Goldwater neither confirms nor denies plans for low-yield nuclear warheads to be used in Vietnam
1969-1971: George Romney† (Independent, then Justice)
(with Pete McCloskey) defeated Barry Goldwater/William E. Miller (Republican), George Wallace/Chep Morrison (Democratic)
- First independent candidate to win office since Washington, founded the Justice Party to gain congressional support
- Amsterdam Peace Accords lead to ground troops withdrawing from Vietnam, President Romney maintains "America must get it's house in order"
- Former presidential candidate George Wallace and anti-communist General Ted Walker accuse Romney of treason
- Two-thirds of Detroit declared 'fully habitable' despite permeant economic downturn
- Created Equal Act signed, affirming suffrage and legal protections for African-Americans amid rioting
- Newark mayoral candidate Anthony Imperiale attempts white supremacist coup of town, requiring mobilisation of the National Guard
- Concerns over nuclear power safety result in investment into renewable energy sector, creation of the EPA
- 1st confirmed cancer death attributed to Detroit radiation exposure renews push for national healthcare program
- The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Agreement is signed by the United States and the Soviet Union
- UN Ambassador Daniel Patrick Moynihan causes controversy when he states "acid rain and the greenhouse effect" are greater threats than Soviet invasion
- assassinated by discharged soldier (and Agent Orange victim) Arthur Bremer
1971-1973: Pete McCloskey (Justice)
(vacant, then with Mike Gravel)
- Friday Commission declares Bremer was acting alone, claims of conspiracy continue to circulate
- Expulsion of Soviet officials from Great Britain by Prime Minister Edward Heath raises American concerns over national security
- Second Lieutenant Charles Manson is tried for War Crimes committed in Sơn Mỹ, Vietnam, and sentenced to life
- Solar panels installed on White House roof
- President McCloskey publicly condemns Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin lobbying Rev. Jerry Falwell to support airstrikes against Iraq
- Ted Walker, initially ahead in the Democratic primaries, suspends his campaign after being caught propositioning a male campaign aide
1973-19??: Tom Eagleton (Democratic)
(with Richard J. Daley) defeated Pete McCloskey/Mike Gravel (Justice), John Ashbrook/David Cargo (Republican)
Qaz_plm
White Castle soda bet
- Pronouns
- She/her
Politics is a beastly game
1979-1983: Margaret Thatcher (Conservative)
1979: James Callaghan (Labour), David Steel (Liberal)
1983-1988: Michael Foot (Labour)
1983: Margaret Thatcher (Conservative), Roy Jenkins / David Steel (SDP/ Liberal), Gordon Wilson (SNP)
1988-1993: Alan Clark (Conservative)
1988: Michael Foot (Labour), David Owen / David Steel (SDP/Liberal), Billy Buchanan (SNP)
1993-: Bryan Gould (Labour)
1993: Alan Clark (Conservative), David Owen (Reform), Don Foster (Social Liberal), Billy Buchanan (SNP)
In the Autumn of 1982 two dogs escaped from an ARSE (Animal Research, Scientific and Experimental) lab in the Lake District. Digby Driver of the London Orator broke the story in his infamously sensationalist way In the ensuring days the army was sent after and were unsuccessful in catching them, they - instead - drowned in the sea. The front page pictures of the dead dogs really tugged the heart strings of the British public. The outrage was responsible for the resignation of Secretary of State of the Department of the Environment William Harbottle who ok'd the construction of the lab and propelled Tory back bencher Alan Clark to star-domain. On May 15,1983 a French tourist's rapid Siamese cat which she somehow got past customs, it escaped during a party and inflected a fox. This was the first outbreak of rabies on British soil since 1902. The army was called to kill dogs,14 people died, and Scotland was quarantined. This event did not help Thatcher's popularity in Scotland or really anywhere, a photo of a rabies vaccine queues was pointedly tilted "Is this Britain working ?", awkwardly saying "Remember Falklands" couldn't top the parents of a dead little boy speaking at Labour conference. The SNP channeled Scottish anger over dead pets while the Alliance tried to be the sensible alternative to the insanity. The Tories really had only one choice for Thatcher's replacement. Of course he pissed off quite a few people same with Foot.Really the glory days of third parties. Most knew Labour was going to lose but mainly thought hung parliament or minority government not a majority of 20. Clark is mostly remembered ,as transatlantic partner President Gore put it at the former's funeral, a "environmental warrior" which credit due he sorta was but this ignores the horrid authoritarianism. Bryan Gould's suave self satisfaction overpowered Clark's flamboyant cruelness and Labour came back to Number 10. Animal rights came back into the limelight when in Germany the bodies of hundreds of murdered cats were discovered. The bodies showed that the cats died of injuries done by other cats. This was later traced to a government funded experiments to develop better medical glue which used cats as test subjects. The laws,headlines,schoolyard rumors,exploitation films, all of it was caused by glue! People debated whether or not to cure cancer because it would have hurt fish! If you didn't live through this era you can't really comprehend how insane it was but all this shit just causes to show that we're not the only things on this planet.
1979-1983: Margaret Thatcher (Conservative)
1979: James Callaghan (Labour), David Steel (Liberal)
1983-1988: Michael Foot (Labour)
1983: Margaret Thatcher (Conservative), Roy Jenkins / David Steel (SDP/ Liberal), Gordon Wilson (SNP)
1988-1993: Alan Clark (Conservative)
1988: Michael Foot (Labour), David Owen / David Steel (SDP/Liberal), Billy Buchanan (SNP)
1993-: Bryan Gould (Labour)
1993: Alan Clark (Conservative), David Owen (Reform), Don Foster (Social Liberal), Billy Buchanan (SNP)
In the Autumn of 1982 two dogs escaped from an ARSE (Animal Research, Scientific and Experimental) lab in the Lake District. Digby Driver of the London Orator broke the story in his infamously sensationalist way In the ensuring days the army was sent after and were unsuccessful in catching them, they - instead - drowned in the sea. The front page pictures of the dead dogs really tugged the heart strings of the British public. The outrage was responsible for the resignation of Secretary of State of the Department of the Environment William Harbottle who ok'd the construction of the lab and propelled Tory back bencher Alan Clark to star-domain. On May 15,1983 a French tourist's rapid Siamese cat which she somehow got past customs, it escaped during a party and inflected a fox. This was the first outbreak of rabies on British soil since 1902. The army was called to kill dogs,14 people died, and Scotland was quarantined. This event did not help Thatcher's popularity in Scotland or really anywhere, a photo of a rabies vaccine queues was pointedly tilted "Is this Britain working ?", awkwardly saying "Remember Falklands" couldn't top the parents of a dead little boy speaking at Labour conference. The SNP channeled Scottish anger over dead pets while the Alliance tried to be the sensible alternative to the insanity. The Tories really had only one choice for Thatcher's replacement. Of course he pissed off quite a few people same with Foot.Really the glory days of third parties. Most knew Labour was going to lose but mainly thought hung parliament or minority government not a majority of 20. Clark is mostly remembered ,as transatlantic partner President Gore put it at the former's funeral, a "environmental warrior" which credit due he sorta was but this ignores the horrid authoritarianism. Bryan Gould's suave self satisfaction overpowered Clark's flamboyant cruelness and Labour came back to Number 10. Animal rights came back into the limelight when in Germany the bodies of hundreds of murdered cats were discovered. The bodies showed that the cats died of injuries done by other cats. This was later traced to a government funded experiments to develop better medical glue which used cats as test subjects. The laws,headlines,schoolyard rumors,exploitation films, all of it was caused by glue! People debated whether or not to cure cancer because it would have hurt fish! If you didn't live through this era you can't really comprehend how insane it was but all this shit just causes to show that we're not the only things on this planet.
Presidents of the United States
1801-1809: Thomas Jefferson (Republican)
1800: (with Aaron Burr) def. John Adams/Charles C. Pinckney (Federalist)
1804: (with George Clinton) def. Charles C. Pinckney/Rufus King (Federalist)
Winning the 1800 election on a repudiation of the Federalists, the Quasi War, and its associated abuses, and after fighting off an attempt by his running mate to take the presidency, Jefferson got to work on establishing the Republican vision of society. He ended the Quasi War and repealed the Alien and Sedition Acts, and he focused on establishing an agrarian economy. Policies of free trade depressed manufacturing, and the end of the French Revolutionary Wars opened up vast markets for American grain. And his Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin got to work on ending the public debt, though he convinced Jefferson not to do away with the Bank of the United States because he found it useful. However, his policies were not as consistent as one would assume. Notably, piracy by the Barbary states saw the US go to war with them and ultimately win, and following the Haitian Revolution and the First Bahian War of Independence Jefferson got to work on expanding the US Navy to protect American slavery from foreign intrusion. And seeking to establish American claims of discovery on land in Columbia and Spanish Luisiana, he funded expensive scientific expeditions to them. At home, Jefferson's disgraced former vice president Aaron Burr organized a private army from many sources of funding acquired through contradictory promises, and in 1807 he organized an expedition to conquer Spanish New Orleans to make himself its ruler with the Mississippi-dependent American Southwest absorbed into it. But this expedition was badly-planned and it was swiftly dispatched by the Spanish army, and its main effect was cooling American-Spanish relations. Jefferson had Burr arrested the moment he crossed the Mississippi, and he had him tried for treason. But this was a time when few were sure if plotting secession or conquering foreign territory was treason, and Chief Justice Marshall ignored executive pressure and cleared Burr of all charges. But his reputation was nonetheless destroyed, and Jefferson was more popular than ever by the end of his presidency.
1809-1817: James Madison (Republican)
1808: (with George Clinton) def. Charles C. Pinckney/Rufus King (Federalist)
1812: (with DeWitt Clinton) def. John Marshall/Jacob Stout (Federalist)
Madison broadly continued Jeffersonian policies albeit with a more pragmatic impulse, and he governed in a period of prosperity. He refused to heed calls to renew the Bank of the United States and instead let it lapse and turn into a private bank. Furthermore, Treasury Secretary Gallatin continued to fight against the national debt, and by 1814 it was entirely paid off, to the joy of most Republicans. But some thought the national debt was a blessing which could unite the nation and fund projects, and in 1812 the foremost moderate Republican, DeWitt Clinton, made a run to win the nomination of the congressional caucus. Defeated, he was compensated by becoming Vice President, and they cruised to victory over a Federalist ticket headed by Chief Justice Marshall which, for all of his popularity, was still tainted by the fact that Federalism was worn out. In his second term Madison allowed some adjustment from the norm, including some congressional funding for Clinton's pet project of the Erie Canal, but the largest crisis he faced was a conspiracy to take the Southwest out of the Union - a conspiracy he foiled, but he discovered worryingly that it had support in the army. The semi-detachment and dependency on the Mississippi of the Southwest continued such feelings of resentment, however, and he knew the only long-term solution to this was the acquisition of Luisiana.
1817-1825: James Monroe (Republican)
1816: (with Daniel D. Tompkin) def. DeWitt Clinton/Caleb Rodney (Republican/Federalist)
1820: (with Daniel D. Tompkin) def. DeWitt Clinton/Simon Snyder (Republican/Federalist)
In a congressional nominating caucus, Monroe prevailed over dissenters to Virginia's domination of the presidency, namely Clinton and Crawford. Though he kept Crawford satisfied, Clinton ignored the caucus decision and ran separately with Federalist endorsement. Monroe was immediately faced with the crisis of the Year without a Summer in 1816, and the mass flight of impoverished New Englanders to the greener pastures of the West caused large amounts of public land speculation. The bubble this speculation generated popped in 1819, causing an economic panic, and Monroe's reaction of doing nothing to resolve it inspired disdain. Furthermore, following fighting between Maine and New Brunswick militias over disputed territory in 1818, a war scare erupted between the US and Britain, and it caused the election of War Hawks to Congress. All of this inspired Clinton to launch a second presidential run, with endorsement from the Federalists, on an antiwar platform. He was defeated, but he came quite close. Though Monroe resolved the immediate war crisis, with the opening of war in Europe in 1821 British impressment of American sailors caused perennial crises from which he only wanted to escape. With his diplomatic expertise, he did, but a war-hungry Congress was never satisfied. And all the while, Monroe's goals of ending partisanship floundered. The 1824 election demonstrated this.
1825-1827: William Lowndes (Republican) †
1824: hung electoral college: William H. Crawford/Nathaniel Macon (Republican), William Lowndes/Nathan Sanford (Republican), DeWitt Clinton/Richard Rush (Republican), Smith Thompson/Samuel Smith (Republican)
1865 (with Nathan Sanford) def. in contingent election William H. Crawford/Nathaniel Macon (Republican), DeWitt Clinton/Richard Rush (Republican)
The 1824 election saw the total collapse of the congressional nominating caucus, as it failed to impose its choice; instead states nominated their own slates. The result was a hung Electoral College, and in the subsequent contingent election, a very chaotic affair which resulted in reform (presidential elections were made uniformly popular with their votes consolidated in electoral votes apportioned from "presidential districts" carved by states, electors were abolished as useless, and in the case of a hung college a simple vote of a joint session of Congress from among the top two candidates would decide the president and/or vice president), William Lowndes won. A well-respected War Hawk and Treasury Secretary from South Carolina, he immediately got to work. His new Secretary of State Henry Clay got to work. His plans to go to war with Britain were ultimately pre-empted when Spain closed the mouth of the Mississippi to American access, and as a Kentuckian Clay knew how disastrous this would be. Following a last-ditch negotiation with Spain, Clay pushed for war, and this Congress accepted. American troops immediately crossed the Missippi, and they conquered Saint Louis. They charged to take New Orleans and the lower territory, but Spain's navy drastically outstripped the US's and as a result it failed to hold this territory. Furthermore, the Spanish Navy bombarded cities across the Eastern Seaboard, which the US with its small navy could do little against; in Charleston, Spanish troops landed, looted the city and took its slaves, and they left the city ruined. But the army was still able to conquer Luisiana and the Floridas, finally taking decisive control over New Orleans and St. Augustine. In its wake, Lowndes was able to open negotiations with Spain for peace. But his health, never particularly good, collapsed in 1827, and he died.
1827-1829: Nathan Sanford (Oppositionist Republican)
Following Lowndes' death, his vice president Nathan Sanford acceded to the presidency. He got sworn in as president rather than "Acting President", setting a precedent, and under him the Luisiana War finally came to a conclusion, with the US getting Luisiana and the Floridas in a treaty largely recognized as generous for the United States, despite that Clay had tried to acquire as much as up to the Rio Grande. When some were uneasy at territorial acquisition by conquest, Clay spun it as compensation for the sack of Charleston, which the public accepted in a patriotic frenzy. His tenure also saw the ratification of the Tariff of 1827, a tariff for protection rather than revenue that similarly saw widespread support from the patriotic public. Sanford attempts to assert himself as president largely failed, not in the least because he was a Clintonite and thus alienated from most of his cabinet. That Secretary of State Clay, who was wildly popular, was semi-openly preparing a presidential run, only undercut Sanford's own attempts to push himself in the public imagination; he nevertheless made a run for president, in which he was decisively defeated.
1829-1837: Henry Clay (Republican, then National Republican)
1828 (with John Sergeant) def. Hugh Lawson White/Littleton W. Tazewell (Republican), Nathan Sanford/None (Oppositionist Republican)
1832 (with John Sergeant) def. Hugh Lawson White/John Tyler (State Rights), DeWitt Clinton [died before certification]/Charles Polk Jr. (Oppositionist Republican), John C. Calhoun/Henry Lee (Nullifier), Samuel Morse/William Jackson (Anti-Catholic)
Winning election based on his grand successes as Secretary of State, Clay immediately got to work. With war crises with Britain at an end following its Popular Revolution and its pullout from the European war, he got to work on a treaty. The Calhoun-Tierney Treaty recognized the generous 49th parallel as the border between the US and BNA west of the Lake of the Woods, and the Aroostook dispute was resolving with the US getting all of its claims recognized. Clay re-established the Bank of the United States (albeit in Washington rather than Philadelphia), and public suspicion was assuagedby his arguments that it would end the monetary mismanagement seen in the Luisiana War. Furthermore, he established a system of internal improvements across the nation, most famously with the National Road which linked the eastern port of Cumberland, Maryland to the frontier town of Lowndes, Missouri Territory. In addition, he worked on opening up the Mississippi to navigation and funded a canal from Pennsylvania to the Great Lakes. He wrapped up expanded tariffs, internal improvements, and the national bank in what he called the "American System", an appealing platform intended to make the US a united power to rival Britain. He got to work on expanding the Navy to ensure its catastrophic failure during the Luisiana War would never occur again, and he established heavy funding for the American Colonization Society that sought to settle freedmen to West Africa - funding that ultimately dried up due to a South increasingly suspicious this was emancipation by the backdoor. Furthermore, he recognized Venezuela's independence from Spain and established lucrative commercial relations with it, and he issued the Clay Doctrine that declared the US would support the independence of any state in the Americas from colonial powers.
This all engendered opposition from all quarters of the nation. In particular, South Carolina declared tariffs for protection purposes nullified and threatened to secede. Clay's own Secretary of State, John C. Calhoun, resigned over this and turned almost overnight from a fierce nationalist to the prime nullificationist. In 1832, Clay attempted to resolve this crisis with a compromise tariff after negotiation with Calhoun, but while it did reduce disunionism, it was still alarmingly high, and Calhoun himself dropped his support of the Compromise Tariff following petitions by his constituents. The 1832 election therefore saw a glut of candidates who sought to win a contingent election - Clinton, who realized this would be his last attempt to gain the presidency; Calhoun, who sought the nullification of the tariff; Lawson, who harshly opposed the tariff but not so extreme as to endorse nullification; and Morse, the anti-Catholic mayor of New York, who sought to drastically increase naturalization requirements for immigrants. Over this fractured and regionalized field, Clay had more than enough support to win by a sweeping margin. In its wake, Clay ended the Nullification Crisis with both a Second Compromise Tariff that would gradually lower it and a Force Act confirming his power to crush treason. The Nullification Convention of South Carolina dissolved itself, but not before nullifying the Force Act, and this therefore brought the Nullification Crisis to an end.
And so, Clay continued his efforts to unite the nation. Most famously, he had established the Second National Road from Washington to New Orleans, and he initiated the first American forays into rail. All of this came with large popularity from the public as it coincided with great prosperity. When Missouri applied for statehood in 1836, few thought this would change. But it did when an antislavery congressman proposed an amendment to require it to abolish slavery. This provision passed the House by large margins over the South, only to be defeated in the Senate, and the former made it clear it would stop at nothing to bring up this amendment once more. The result was chaos both in and out of Congress; some even spoke of disunion. Following a second ratification of the amendment by the House, delegates from across the South met in Atlanta to consider further moves - including secession. Clay sought to resolve this grave crisis, and to this end he made a series of remarks. He asserted the "inviolability of this species of property", spoke of the contendedness and "convenience" of slaves in Kentucky, favourably compared the "black slaves" of the South with the "white slaves" of the North, and asked gentlemen if they would "set their wives and daughters to brush their boots and shoes, and subject them to the menial offices of the family". This pro-southern stance, intended to keep the South from going Calhounite, was a break from his public image as an antislavery slaveholder and it caused even greater acrimony, and his own party split over it as the northern National Republicans agreed on a slate of their own. And so, his presidency ended with the union in threat, and nothing he tried was working.
1837-1845: Zebulon Pike (Old Republican, then People's)
1836: (with Peter V. Daniel) def. John Quincy Adams/Richard Rush (Adamsite), Willie Person Mangum/Thomas Clayton (National Republican)
1840: (with Peter V. Daniel) def. Richard M. Johnson/John Davis (Unionist), James G. Birney/Thomas Earle (Liberty)
Formed out of the fractured opposition, the Populists were formed out of Van Buren's great political skills and his desire for a party to be made out of the "plain republicans of the north" and "planters of the south" to avoid sectional tensions, such as were occurring around Missouri, and to represent the "true people". He successfully got both northern and southern anti-Clay men behind Zebulon Pike, whose expedition to Louisiana and, by accident, New Mexico and beyond, and whose later role in conquering New Orleans for the third and final time made him a great hero, and this ticket won over the fractured northern and southern National Republican slates. That he was a Kentuckian like Clay was a coincidence that only made his victory much more sweet for anti-Clay men. But the Missouri crisis continued to coarse through the United States, the Atlanta Convention treated itself more and more like the embryo of a new state, and people on the street spoke openly about disunion. To resolve this crisis, Clay got himself elected to the House of Representatives, and through his mastery of parliamentary procedure and with the support of doughfaces elected along with Pike, he then wrote up the Missouri Compromise. In return for slavery to its south being expressly assured, a stronger fugitive slave law, and Indian removal, slavery to Missouri's north and west was to be forever forbidden, and in Missouri itself additional importation of slaves was also to be made illegal. Clay successfully got this compromise through, and despite Missouri later going back on the promise to forbid additional importation of slaves and doughface northerners seeing defeat after defeat in the 1838 elections, it stuck. And the Atlanta Convention dissolved itself after approving the Compromise, despite Calhoun speaking of restriction being war on the South.
When France refused to repay money for its raids on American commerce, relations between France and the US got much chillier, and when France forcibly searched American merchant ships illegally trading slaves from Portuguese Mozambique to Portuguese Brazil, this resulted in Congress authorizing Pike to take military action in 1839. This began the "Second Quasi War", which saw support from both among Populists and National Republicans. But the war continued on and on, and with the low Compromise Tariff this resulted in a government with little revenue spending lots of money, resulting in it going into more and more debt despite all of its anti-debt stances. And the war's popularity was in question. In 1840, both sides of the National Republicans, as well as a host of other anti-Pike politicians, united in the form of the "Union Party", whose expressed aim was to avoid all disunionism but in practice was a wider version of the National Republicans. In 1840, its nominee, Richard M. Johnson, did not exactly show his party in the best light. He gave erratic speeches on the campaign trail, and his common-law marriage with his slave Julia Chinn alienated him in the South. The Unionist platform of peace with honour fell down the wayside. Ultimately, Pike cruised once more to victory. He brought an end to the war in 1842, with the US reiterating its agreement to fight against the slave trade and France agreeing not to search or seize American ships.
But the lustre of winning the Second Quasi War did not last very long. Overspeculation in the new Luisiana territories had created a bubble, heavily fostered by Clay's roads and canals easing settlement, and Pike's policies only increased it as he freely distributed land to squatters, which filled land at a much quicker rate than the state could open up more for settlement. The bubble then popped, and the result was a massive panic. Though Pike and the Populists tried to bring this ire towards the Bank of the United States which had, indeed, greatly contributed to the bubble, this effort failed. For one, that Pike had already opposed the Bank on principle diminished his credibility to speak on this issue. Furthermore, the Bank was more than willing to do everything it could to diminish the panic, even if it meant putting itself in debt, and this contrasted with state-level Populist-aligned banks which only enlargened the scope of the panic by calling in loans and reducing credit to stay solvent. All the while, Pike's laissez faire lack of a response was greatly alienating. With his legacy as president in tatters, his party cratered to defeat.
1845-1852: Daniel Webster (Unionist) †
1844: (with Edward Bates) def. Martin Van Buren/John Tyler (People's)
1848: (with Edward Bates) def. John C. Calhoun/Silas Wright (People's), James G. Birney/Leicester King (Liberty)
Daniel Webster was a most unlikely president in an age of mass politics. He was a former Federalist, a party well-known for its elitism, and he himself had inherited much of that elitism. After making his entry into Congress as part of New England's rage at the Year Without a Summer, he was against war with Britain which he thought economically ruinous for the New England for which he was always identified. But he was all for war with Spain following its closure of the mouth of the Mississippi as he recognized its potential to destroy American commerce, and it was after this that he became allies with Clay and other War Hawks. As a Senator for Massachusetts, he was a close ally of Clay. But he truly became a national figure during the Nullification Crisis when, following a particularly harsh speech for nullification by Calhoun, he replied in a speech with great eloquence in defence of the Union. Webster's Reply to Calhoun was published across the nation to be read by an excited public, and it immediately became a legendary feat of rhetoric and eventually the virtual manifesto of the Union Party. In its wake, Clay made Webster his Secretary of State, and he served quite well in that post, successfully escaping the acrimony over Missouri by being involved in diplomacy for the duration of the crisis. In its wake, he returned to the Senate and opposed Pike's agenda with skill - though he did rally to the Second Quasi War. All of this made him prime material for the presidency despite all of his New England particularism, and he had the ambition for it. Running in a year of certain Unionist victory, he predictably swept his way into power.
Initially, he faced the fact that his party was unofficially led by Senator Clay, who attempted to dictate cabinet appointments. Webster refused to accept this dictation and appointed Thomas Ewing his Secretary of State and James Wilson his Treasury Secretary - both of whom were not Clay men. But nonetheless, Clay continued to serve as the leading legislator of the United States. With the low tariff making it hard to fund the government and protection being the great Unionist policy, Webster immediately pushed through a new tariff. But in a major break with the American System, he established a trade reciprocity treaty with British North America, as under the low tariff very strong trade links had been established between the North and BNA. Furthermore, he established renewed internal improvements across the nation, and particularly he focused them across the rapidly growing Midwest. And he believed the US needed a Pacific port to open up American commerce across the Pacific, and thus focused himself on that great project. First, he attempted to acquire San Francisco from Spain. However, he was harshly rebuffed no matter how much money he tried to leverage, as Spain believed this would be a stepping stone to the conquest of California. Next, he looked to Britain, with whom relations continued to be friendly ever since the Popular Revolution, and after much negotiation he got it to agree on the purchase of the Olympic Peninsula, including its many natural ports. This was, he knew, a territory dependent on the Columbia territory being friendly if not under American rule, and to that end he carved out trails reaching up to the Rockies to ensure that Americans would settle it and thereby make it friendly. And indeed, young men did in large numbers move to this territory, joining the many paupers and indigent who the British government sent to relieve its stresses. This great success of diplomacy, however, was ultimately overshadowed when, with southerner support, a filibuster attempt into Cuba, was launched and failed. Not one to accept such a blatant violation of law, Webster harshly prosecuted those responsible. With his reputation already as antislavery, this alienated many southern Unionists, and this struck in election year.
The 1848 Populist nomination was won by John C. Calhoun, who moderated many of his positions up to and including endorsing internal improvements, and he successfully beat out Van Buren with the western support this gave him. He narrowly averted a Burenite split by promising not to renew the national bank and agreeing in writing to cabinet appointments, and his newfound support of internal improvements appealed heavily to the west; it gave him a surprisingly strong position. In addition, he spoke favourably about Spanish Texas, speaking of linking it with the US and hinting at acquiring it. It put a chaotic issue on the table, which threatened to greatly strengthen the Populists in the South. This led Webster to firstly seek to appeal to southern votes and moderate his position on slavery further, alienating some of his abolitionist supporters, and secondly to endorse a Homestead Bill in a clean break with Unionist land policies but which highly appealed to the west. On this basis Webster won the election decisively, but narrower than many would have hoped considering Calhoun's former nullificationism. He then got passed a Homestead Act, which proved very popular in the west, but as it settled large swathes of land with northerners and in practice discouraged slavery, it made the south unhappy.
Webster's popularity would run out when directors of the Bank of the United States were revealed as artificially inflating stock value for the sake of dumping them at their peak. That Webster had, before being president, been on the Bank's legal retainer, and that a fellow New Englander Nathan Appleton was its president, led many to accuse him personally of corruption. Initially he did nothing about this report, but when it got confirmed, he was forced to push for new directors and got the accused to resign, including replacing Appleton with the Baltimore Unionist Reverdy Johnson as Bank president. This only made him look like he was covering up his own dirty hands, and his popularity promptly crashed. Furthermore, in 1851 in Spanish California a merchant discovered gold, and this caused a massive gold rush. The large involvement of Americans in this caused a flow of gold into the United States, which gave it a solid currency utterly undependent on bank notes, and it made the Bank look useless. The subsequent boom this caused was one for which Webster and the Unionists got no credit for whatsoever, and they diminished in stature. Webster would ultimately not live to see his party defeated, for in early 1852 he died of liver cirrhosis.
1852-1853: Edward Bates (Unionist)
Following the Sanford precedent, Bates got himself sworn in as President. He attempted to fix the Unionist situation by distancing himself from the Bank and reiterating the dogma of national unity. But he didn't have enough time to push himself in the national consciousness, and though he did get nominated by the convention, he lost decisively.
1853-1861: Robert F. Stockton (People's)
1852: (with Thomas Jefferson Rusk) def. Edward Bates/Rufus Choate (Unionist), John P. Hale/Leicester King (Liberty)
1856: (with Thomas Jefferson Rusk) def. John J. Hardin/William M. Meredith (Unionist), Sidney Egerton/William Goodell (Free Democracy)
Stockton had previously served as a naval officer. Leading the conquest of Cape Montserrado for the American Colonization Society, he made his name during the Luisiana War where, against a much larger navy, he achieved a number of successes. In its wake, he was involved once more in the American Colonization Society, up until the Second Quasi War when its African colony voted to join British Sierra Leone to avoid feared French raids, and instead he was involved in daring raids on the French Caribbean. In its wake, he became Pike's Secretary of the Navy, and afterwards he became a senator who made his name on naval reform and represented a moment of national pride. All of this made him prime material for a presidential candidate, and in the year of 1852 he won the nomination and swept his way into the presidency. In power, he was surprisingly pragmatic. He was willing to endorse internal improvements as much as any Unionist, except that he believed it should back fully-private companies rather than the public-private partnerships that were the norm, and this fostered the rapid development of railways across the nation - railways in whose stock Stockton personally held much in. Furthermore, he launched the navy around the world, which made tours in Europe and joined Britain and France in opening Japan and China. And personally, he spoke of international revolution, pitting the United States decisively on the side of liberty in Europe's great struggles. He also focused on the Bank, and he regarded it as a bad investment for the American people - its close affiliation to the Unionists did not help. With the California Gold Rush drastically diminishing the need for Bank notes, it was forced to call in loans and retrench, resulting in economic chaos. Stockton thus planned for another place to put government deposits, and he made his views known. Furthermore, he advocated expansion into Cuba and Texas, not in the name of the southern planter interest but simply because he believed it was America's manifest destiny, and he even advocated expansion into California with an expressed end goal of covering the entirety of North America. On this hyperexpansionist platform, as well as in the name of killing the Bank, Stockton won sweepingly, although the Free Democracy, a rebranded version of the abolitionist Liberty Party, won electoral votes which caused acrimony among southerners upon certification.
Over this, Stockton decided to dissolve the Bank. Its attempt to renew its charter - 12 years behind schedule - to avoid its own dissolution, failed and it only made it look farcical. He then pushed through a plan to create a National Exchequer, run by a board with the Treasury Secretary, the Treasurer, and three presidential appointees requiring congressional approval. Its role would be to look after government deposits and print promissory notes with a fixed 1.5:1 ratio in a much more sharply state-driven manner. With its ratification, Stockton removed deposits from the Bank and put it into the Exchequer. With that, the Bank was defeated, and Reverdy Johnson was forced to accept this. However, it lingered on, for its charter was to expire in 1869 - and by that time the Union looked quite different indeed. Furthermore, Stockton endorsed filibusters in Texas and Cuba, and in an attempt to attract the north he claimed them to be attempts to halt the trans-Caribbean slave trade. These filibusters ultimately failed, despite their vast scale, as they did not gather the popular support necessary to succeed, for Cuban planters believed Spain was necessary to keep the slaves from rebelling and the Hispanicized Irish of Texas were not particularly pro-American. And Stockton lacked the support to go to war with Spain. Furthermore, the railway bubble Stockton aggressively supported popped after a number of unprofitable ventures failed, and this combined with a slowing of California gold ending core economic assumptions to cause an economic panic. That Stockton had invested in the railways that remained sound led to talk that he was personally corrupt. Despite the internal weakness of the Unionists, ultimately this devastated Populist popularity and brought it to the nadir. Thus, like Pike, Stockton left office under a cloud.
1861-1865: Henry Clay Jr. (Unionist)
1860: (with Henry Gardner) def. Henry A. Wise/Daniel S. Dickinson (People's), Joshua Giddings/Lewis Tappan (Free Democracy)
In the shadow of his much more famous father, Senator Clay Jr. won the presidential election with surprisingly narrow margins and despite the Free Democracy doing quite well with a candidate who cut into the Unionist vote. But Clay Jr. was faced with a Union Party faced with the loss of its cohesion, as the Populists stole its clothes over internal improvements, and the Exchequer proved more than popular among Unionists as a purified pseudo-bank. Therefore, an attempt to abolish the Exchequer and move deposits back to the Bank floundered. On the other hand, the calamitous end of Railway Mania made a Congress extremely suspicious of internal improvements and resulted in it putting new plans under harsh review, and Clay Jr. lacked the parliamentary mastery of his father that would have allowed him to get it past that. That he all the while had a Unionist Congress only made the situation even more farcical. Thus, other than the restoration of the Neutrality Act, Clay Jr. got nothing through. The 1862 elections continued this, as the Unionists faced losses to both the Populists and the Free Democrats - the latter resulted in slavery entering the national stage despite Clay Jr. being, like his father, an antislavery slaveholder. But at the end of the day, party was losing its cohesion on the national level, and this felled the Clay Jr. presidency.
But this would all be overshadowed in 1864 when, following an extended crisis, the Provincias Internas of New Spain, consisting of Texas, New Mexico, California, Sonora y Sinaloa, New Vizcaya, Coahuila, New Leon, and New Santander, declared their independence as the state of Buenaventura under a decree which abolished slavery. This inaugurated a war of independence, and that Buenaventura was abolitionist brought it into conflict with the Cuban planters of Texas which inevitably caused immense opposition in the South, even as the North was electrified and many young northerners joined up with the Comuneros fighting for its independence. Clay nevertheless endorsed its independence in accord with the Clay Doctrine of his father. American support of Spanish American states' independence, even of expressly abolitionist states, had hitherto never caused controversy, but in this case it suddenly did, for it was next door. And Clay Jr. opened this divide into a chasm through his words. Wisely, he chose to bow out in the Unionist convention, but its failure to pick a Northern candidate only caused the Northern Unionists to bolt and join up with the Free Democracy to create a joint slate. Suddenly, the Union was in threat, and the Union Party was split at a time when the Union itself was at the seams. The next election only ensured this split would be permanent.
1865-1869: George Washington Woodward (People's) [impeached, removed from office]
1864: hung electoral college: George Washington Woodward/Andrew Johnson (People's), William H. Seward/Salmon P. Chase ("Justice"/"Free Soil"/"Republican"/"Liberationist"), Alexander Stephens/Robert C. Winthrop (Unionist)
1865: (with Andrew Johnson) def. in contingent election William H. Seward/Salmon P. Chase ("Justice"/"Free Soil"/"Republican"/"Liberationist")
Woodward had, prior to his nomination, served as Chief Justice, and his politics' very obscurity was the entire reason he was nominated. With the Unionists divided between the technical southern-dominated ticket and the antislavery slate so hastily-established it had separate party names in separate states, most were confident that Woodward would cruise to victory. But he didn't, and instead the College was hung, sending the election to Congress. Due to Southern Unionists voting for Woodward, Woodward was elected president by a joint session of Congress, in addition to his vice president Johnson similarly winning election. His obscure politics helped him to achieve this. But in power, he showed his true self. He was not only a doughface, but his opinions verged on Calhounism. He openly endorsed slavery despite being a Pennsylvanian. He overturned recognition of Buenaventura and called for its rebels to stop disturbing the peculiar institution. But this didn't stop northerners from joining the Comuneros and thereby strengthening them. To stop this, Woodward enforced the Neutrality Act to its fullest against them, and he was willing to arrest people if necessary. At the same time, he ignored Southern support of the Spanish was effort. In and out of Congress, the Buenaventuro War of Independence and the American response became a topic for discussion, even as Woodward tried to clamp down upon it. His attempts to indict Comunero rebels only ended with northern juries nullifying the law. And in Congress, nothing Woodward tried could stop antislavery congressmen from discussing slavery.
When Senator Joshua Giddings made a particularly extreme speech condemning slavery and defending Buenaventura's fight, Senator Henry Foote of Yazoo shot him dead on the Senate floor, and a Washington court gave him a remarkably light punishment for this act of murder. The result was outrage across the North. But none of this stopped the victory of the Comuneros, and with it seeming imminent, the South sought to secure slavery within the borders of the United States. In a court case over a slave suing for his freedom, the Harris Court declared that Congress had no power to regulate slavery, a ruling which implicitly repealed the Missouri Compromise and, in the absence of congressional law, reactivated the old Spanish law allowing slavery from Kansas to the Rockies to Minasota. Woodward accepted this ruling despite its implicit extremism. Furthermore, to secure slavery once and for all, Woodward sought to admit slave states. East Florida and Cimarron requested admission and, despite not meeting quotas for statehood population, they were nevertheless allowed to hold referenda which, thanks to non-resident voters, "proved" both had the population to be admitted as states. Through the use of executive patronage, Woodward got the statehood of both through Congress. Furthermore, he inaugurated settlement in Kansas which saw both North and South aggressively push settlers into it and fight literally for its admittance as a free or slave state, with the territorial governor and council fighting unabashedly for slavery. In the subsequent congressional elections, the antislavery forces, consolidated following the contingent election fight as the "Justice Party", won a majority in the House and nominated a Justicialist as Speaker. In retaliation, South Carolina pulled its House delegation from Congress, and this made disunion even more thinkable than before. When Buenaventura won its independence in 1867, Woodward refused to recognize it as anything other than a rebel government, and Northern volunteer returnees' establishment of "Comunero Clubs" which served both as paramilitaries and Justicialist campaign headquarters, and southerners replying by establishing "Minutemen" groups to play the same role for them, only worsened tensions. Warfare in Kansas became much more brutal than before. In the 1868 election, Woodward's own party refused to nominate him, southerners preferring a southerner to a pro-slavery northerner, and ultimately in 1868 it happened. The Justicialists won.
Declaring the election illegitimate, southern notables declared hatred and semi-openly plotted secession. Outgoing, Woodward nevertheless sought to aid the south as much as possible. He cast doubt on the election and accused Comunero Clubs of rigging it, and he plotted with the most extreme southern voices. He made sure pro-southern men were in control of important army equipment and he semi-openly committed sabotage of a potential northern war effort. And finally, on February 10, 1869, Minutemen from Virginia and Alexandria stormed Congress after overpowering the weak military presence, interrupting the certification of election results, and they then ransacked the Capitol and destroyed the certification papers. Under their guard, southern and some doughface congressmen met and, despite failing to meet the quota, they creatively interpreted Article I Section V to give them the power of expelling nonattending congressmen to reduce the quota necessary to be a valid session of Congress. They threw out election results on the pretence of interference and, in a "contingent election", certified the southern candidate as the winner. The Justicialists replied by organizing a session of Congress in Philadelphia which in contrast met quotas for validity and certified the election's legitimate winner. It impeached Woodward and removed him from office and allowed his staunchly constitutionalist vice president to take power for the two weeks until March 4. But everyone knew this was only the beginning of a great fight for the nation.
1869-1869: Andrew Johnson (People's)
Johnson's rise was only accepted by the Philadelphia Congress - indeed, the Harris Court declared it illegal and its judges then got removed from office by Philadelphia - but nonetheless he organized military preparation. He revoked territorial governors and replaced them with Justicialists. In Kansas, this caused a miniature revolution when its proslavery governor and territorial congress were overthrown in revolution by local Comunero Clubs, bringing about a border war between it and Missouri. In New York City, its mayor declaring against the Philadelphia Congress caused him to be overthrown by local Comuneros, an act which caused vast riots across the city which damaged the war effort. While most slaveholding states refused to recognize the Philadelphia Congress, Johnson made sure that Delaware and Maryland recognized it, though he could not stop Baltimore from falling to slaver gangs. The landlocked and slaveowning southern-dominated midwestern state of Illinois saw more division as its governor refused to recognize Philadelphia, but Johnson secured the assent of its congress, which ensured that Illinois would see a civil war rather than a fall. By the time of March 4, Johnson ensured there would be a government for prosecuting a war for the constitution.
1869-1877: Henry Winter Davis (Justice)
1868: (with Robert Rantoul Jr.) def. William M. Gwin/Jefferson Davis (People's), Henry Clay Jr./Thomas Ewing (Straight-Out Unionist)
Note: After a mob occupied the capitol, a rump Congress convened on February 10, 1869, decertified the results of the 1868 election, and in a "contingent election" declared Gwim as president
1872: (with John Cochrane) def. George H. Pendleton/Rodman M. Price (People's)
Davis was an unlikely figure for an antislavery party, for he was a Marylander and a supporter of the ideals of Henry Clay. He was, while antislavery, an enemy of "rabid abolitionism". But nonetheless, as Senator he aggressively supported Buenaventura right until the state government forced him to resign, which made him a hero to the Justicialists. Returning to Congress as a Representative, he continued this effort and quickly became the most notable Justicialist south of the Mason-Dixon line. Opposing Kansan slavery, his position only strengthened further and, with the Justicialists recognizing they needed to portray themselves as moderate and non-sectional, he won nomination at the 1868 Justicialist Convention. He won election by sweeping the North, even while losing his native Maryland. But despite him being a Southerner and a moderate, it wasn't enough to stop southern extremism, and following the takeover of the Capitol by Minutemen, he organized a Congress in Philadelphia to create a constitutional national government. It inaugurated a long and difficult war, but ultimately the Union and Constitution prevailed. And the exigencies of war changed Davis greatly, turning him from a moderate to a radical, to the surprise of everyone.
1801-1809: Thomas Jefferson (Republican)
1800: (with Aaron Burr) def. John Adams/Charles C. Pinckney (Federalist)
1804: (with George Clinton) def. Charles C. Pinckney/Rufus King (Federalist)
Winning the 1800 election on a repudiation of the Federalists, the Quasi War, and its associated abuses, and after fighting off an attempt by his running mate to take the presidency, Jefferson got to work on establishing the Republican vision of society. He ended the Quasi War and repealed the Alien and Sedition Acts, and he focused on establishing an agrarian economy. Policies of free trade depressed manufacturing, and the end of the French Revolutionary Wars opened up vast markets for American grain. And his Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin got to work on ending the public debt, though he convinced Jefferson not to do away with the Bank of the United States because he found it useful. However, his policies were not as consistent as one would assume. Notably, piracy by the Barbary states saw the US go to war with them and ultimately win, and following the Haitian Revolution and the First Bahian War of Independence Jefferson got to work on expanding the US Navy to protect American slavery from foreign intrusion. And seeking to establish American claims of discovery on land in Columbia and Spanish Luisiana, he funded expensive scientific expeditions to them. At home, Jefferson's disgraced former vice president Aaron Burr organized a private army from many sources of funding acquired through contradictory promises, and in 1807 he organized an expedition to conquer Spanish New Orleans to make himself its ruler with the Mississippi-dependent American Southwest absorbed into it. But this expedition was badly-planned and it was swiftly dispatched by the Spanish army, and its main effect was cooling American-Spanish relations. Jefferson had Burr arrested the moment he crossed the Mississippi, and he had him tried for treason. But this was a time when few were sure if plotting secession or conquering foreign territory was treason, and Chief Justice Marshall ignored executive pressure and cleared Burr of all charges. But his reputation was nonetheless destroyed, and Jefferson was more popular than ever by the end of his presidency.
1809-1817: James Madison (Republican)
1808: (with George Clinton) def. Charles C. Pinckney/Rufus King (Federalist)
1812: (with DeWitt Clinton) def. John Marshall/Jacob Stout (Federalist)
Madison broadly continued Jeffersonian policies albeit with a more pragmatic impulse, and he governed in a period of prosperity. He refused to heed calls to renew the Bank of the United States and instead let it lapse and turn into a private bank. Furthermore, Treasury Secretary Gallatin continued to fight against the national debt, and by 1814 it was entirely paid off, to the joy of most Republicans. But some thought the national debt was a blessing which could unite the nation and fund projects, and in 1812 the foremost moderate Republican, DeWitt Clinton, made a run to win the nomination of the congressional caucus. Defeated, he was compensated by becoming Vice President, and they cruised to victory over a Federalist ticket headed by Chief Justice Marshall which, for all of his popularity, was still tainted by the fact that Federalism was worn out. In his second term Madison allowed some adjustment from the norm, including some congressional funding for Clinton's pet project of the Erie Canal, but the largest crisis he faced was a conspiracy to take the Southwest out of the Union - a conspiracy he foiled, but he discovered worryingly that it had support in the army. The semi-detachment and dependency on the Mississippi of the Southwest continued such feelings of resentment, however, and he knew the only long-term solution to this was the acquisition of Luisiana.
1817-1825: James Monroe (Republican)
1816: (with Daniel D. Tompkin) def. DeWitt Clinton/Caleb Rodney (Republican/Federalist)
1820: (with Daniel D. Tompkin) def. DeWitt Clinton/Simon Snyder (Republican/Federalist)
In a congressional nominating caucus, Monroe prevailed over dissenters to Virginia's domination of the presidency, namely Clinton and Crawford. Though he kept Crawford satisfied, Clinton ignored the caucus decision and ran separately with Federalist endorsement. Monroe was immediately faced with the crisis of the Year without a Summer in 1816, and the mass flight of impoverished New Englanders to the greener pastures of the West caused large amounts of public land speculation. The bubble this speculation generated popped in 1819, causing an economic panic, and Monroe's reaction of doing nothing to resolve it inspired disdain. Furthermore, following fighting between Maine and New Brunswick militias over disputed territory in 1818, a war scare erupted between the US and Britain, and it caused the election of War Hawks to Congress. All of this inspired Clinton to launch a second presidential run, with endorsement from the Federalists, on an antiwar platform. He was defeated, but he came quite close. Though Monroe resolved the immediate war crisis, with the opening of war in Europe in 1821 British impressment of American sailors caused perennial crises from which he only wanted to escape. With his diplomatic expertise, he did, but a war-hungry Congress was never satisfied. And all the while, Monroe's goals of ending partisanship floundered. The 1824 election demonstrated this.
1825-1827: William Lowndes (Republican) †
1824: hung electoral college: William H. Crawford/Nathaniel Macon (Republican), William Lowndes/Nathan Sanford (Republican), DeWitt Clinton/Richard Rush (Republican), Smith Thompson/Samuel Smith (Republican)
1865 (with Nathan Sanford) def. in contingent election William H. Crawford/Nathaniel Macon (Republican), DeWitt Clinton/Richard Rush (Republican)
The 1824 election saw the total collapse of the congressional nominating caucus, as it failed to impose its choice; instead states nominated their own slates. The result was a hung Electoral College, and in the subsequent contingent election, a very chaotic affair which resulted in reform (presidential elections were made uniformly popular with their votes consolidated in electoral votes apportioned from "presidential districts" carved by states, electors were abolished as useless, and in the case of a hung college a simple vote of a joint session of Congress from among the top two candidates would decide the president and/or vice president), William Lowndes won. A well-respected War Hawk and Treasury Secretary from South Carolina, he immediately got to work. His new Secretary of State Henry Clay got to work. His plans to go to war with Britain were ultimately pre-empted when Spain closed the mouth of the Mississippi to American access, and as a Kentuckian Clay knew how disastrous this would be. Following a last-ditch negotiation with Spain, Clay pushed for war, and this Congress accepted. American troops immediately crossed the Missippi, and they conquered Saint Louis. They charged to take New Orleans and the lower territory, but Spain's navy drastically outstripped the US's and as a result it failed to hold this territory. Furthermore, the Spanish Navy bombarded cities across the Eastern Seaboard, which the US with its small navy could do little against; in Charleston, Spanish troops landed, looted the city and took its slaves, and they left the city ruined. But the army was still able to conquer Luisiana and the Floridas, finally taking decisive control over New Orleans and St. Augustine. In its wake, Lowndes was able to open negotiations with Spain for peace. But his health, never particularly good, collapsed in 1827, and he died.
1827-1829: Nathan Sanford (Oppositionist Republican)
Following Lowndes' death, his vice president Nathan Sanford acceded to the presidency. He got sworn in as president rather than "Acting President", setting a precedent, and under him the Luisiana War finally came to a conclusion, with the US getting Luisiana and the Floridas in a treaty largely recognized as generous for the United States, despite that Clay had tried to acquire as much as up to the Rio Grande. When some were uneasy at territorial acquisition by conquest, Clay spun it as compensation for the sack of Charleston, which the public accepted in a patriotic frenzy. His tenure also saw the ratification of the Tariff of 1827, a tariff for protection rather than revenue that similarly saw widespread support from the patriotic public. Sanford attempts to assert himself as president largely failed, not in the least because he was a Clintonite and thus alienated from most of his cabinet. That Secretary of State Clay, who was wildly popular, was semi-openly preparing a presidential run, only undercut Sanford's own attempts to push himself in the public imagination; he nevertheless made a run for president, in which he was decisively defeated.
1829-1837: Henry Clay (Republican, then National Republican)
1828 (with John Sergeant) def. Hugh Lawson White/Littleton W. Tazewell (Republican), Nathan Sanford/None (Oppositionist Republican)
1832 (with John Sergeant) def. Hugh Lawson White/John Tyler (State Rights), DeWitt Clinton [died before certification]/Charles Polk Jr. (Oppositionist Republican), John C. Calhoun/Henry Lee (Nullifier), Samuel Morse/William Jackson (Anti-Catholic)
Winning election based on his grand successes as Secretary of State, Clay immediately got to work. With war crises with Britain at an end following its Popular Revolution and its pullout from the European war, he got to work on a treaty. The Calhoun-Tierney Treaty recognized the generous 49th parallel as the border between the US and BNA west of the Lake of the Woods, and the Aroostook dispute was resolving with the US getting all of its claims recognized. Clay re-established the Bank of the United States (albeit in Washington rather than Philadelphia), and public suspicion was assuagedby his arguments that it would end the monetary mismanagement seen in the Luisiana War. Furthermore, he established a system of internal improvements across the nation, most famously with the National Road which linked the eastern port of Cumberland, Maryland to the frontier town of Lowndes, Missouri Territory. In addition, he worked on opening up the Mississippi to navigation and funded a canal from Pennsylvania to the Great Lakes. He wrapped up expanded tariffs, internal improvements, and the national bank in what he called the "American System", an appealing platform intended to make the US a united power to rival Britain. He got to work on expanding the Navy to ensure its catastrophic failure during the Luisiana War would never occur again, and he established heavy funding for the American Colonization Society that sought to settle freedmen to West Africa - funding that ultimately dried up due to a South increasingly suspicious this was emancipation by the backdoor. Furthermore, he recognized Venezuela's independence from Spain and established lucrative commercial relations with it, and he issued the Clay Doctrine that declared the US would support the independence of any state in the Americas from colonial powers.
This all engendered opposition from all quarters of the nation. In particular, South Carolina declared tariffs for protection purposes nullified and threatened to secede. Clay's own Secretary of State, John C. Calhoun, resigned over this and turned almost overnight from a fierce nationalist to the prime nullificationist. In 1832, Clay attempted to resolve this crisis with a compromise tariff after negotiation with Calhoun, but while it did reduce disunionism, it was still alarmingly high, and Calhoun himself dropped his support of the Compromise Tariff following petitions by his constituents. The 1832 election therefore saw a glut of candidates who sought to win a contingent election - Clinton, who realized this would be his last attempt to gain the presidency; Calhoun, who sought the nullification of the tariff; Lawson, who harshly opposed the tariff but not so extreme as to endorse nullification; and Morse, the anti-Catholic mayor of New York, who sought to drastically increase naturalization requirements for immigrants. Over this fractured and regionalized field, Clay had more than enough support to win by a sweeping margin. In its wake, Clay ended the Nullification Crisis with both a Second Compromise Tariff that would gradually lower it and a Force Act confirming his power to crush treason. The Nullification Convention of South Carolina dissolved itself, but not before nullifying the Force Act, and this therefore brought the Nullification Crisis to an end.
And so, Clay continued his efforts to unite the nation. Most famously, he had established the Second National Road from Washington to New Orleans, and he initiated the first American forays into rail. All of this came with large popularity from the public as it coincided with great prosperity. When Missouri applied for statehood in 1836, few thought this would change. But it did when an antislavery congressman proposed an amendment to require it to abolish slavery. This provision passed the House by large margins over the South, only to be defeated in the Senate, and the former made it clear it would stop at nothing to bring up this amendment once more. The result was chaos both in and out of Congress; some even spoke of disunion. Following a second ratification of the amendment by the House, delegates from across the South met in Atlanta to consider further moves - including secession. Clay sought to resolve this grave crisis, and to this end he made a series of remarks. He asserted the "inviolability of this species of property", spoke of the contendedness and "convenience" of slaves in Kentucky, favourably compared the "black slaves" of the South with the "white slaves" of the North, and asked gentlemen if they would "set their wives and daughters to brush their boots and shoes, and subject them to the menial offices of the family". This pro-southern stance, intended to keep the South from going Calhounite, was a break from his public image as an antislavery slaveholder and it caused even greater acrimony, and his own party split over it as the northern National Republicans agreed on a slate of their own. And so, his presidency ended with the union in threat, and nothing he tried was working.
1837-1845: Zebulon Pike (Old Republican, then People's)
1836: (with Peter V. Daniel) def. John Quincy Adams/Richard Rush (Adamsite), Willie Person Mangum/Thomas Clayton (National Republican)
1840: (with Peter V. Daniel) def. Richard M. Johnson/John Davis (Unionist), James G. Birney/Thomas Earle (Liberty)
Formed out of the fractured opposition, the Populists were formed out of Van Buren's great political skills and his desire for a party to be made out of the "plain republicans of the north" and "planters of the south" to avoid sectional tensions, such as were occurring around Missouri, and to represent the "true people". He successfully got both northern and southern anti-Clay men behind Zebulon Pike, whose expedition to Louisiana and, by accident, New Mexico and beyond, and whose later role in conquering New Orleans for the third and final time made him a great hero, and this ticket won over the fractured northern and southern National Republican slates. That he was a Kentuckian like Clay was a coincidence that only made his victory much more sweet for anti-Clay men. But the Missouri crisis continued to coarse through the United States, the Atlanta Convention treated itself more and more like the embryo of a new state, and people on the street spoke openly about disunion. To resolve this crisis, Clay got himself elected to the House of Representatives, and through his mastery of parliamentary procedure and with the support of doughfaces elected along with Pike, he then wrote up the Missouri Compromise. In return for slavery to its south being expressly assured, a stronger fugitive slave law, and Indian removal, slavery to Missouri's north and west was to be forever forbidden, and in Missouri itself additional importation of slaves was also to be made illegal. Clay successfully got this compromise through, and despite Missouri later going back on the promise to forbid additional importation of slaves and doughface northerners seeing defeat after defeat in the 1838 elections, it stuck. And the Atlanta Convention dissolved itself after approving the Compromise, despite Calhoun speaking of restriction being war on the South.
When France refused to repay money for its raids on American commerce, relations between France and the US got much chillier, and when France forcibly searched American merchant ships illegally trading slaves from Portuguese Mozambique to Portuguese Brazil, this resulted in Congress authorizing Pike to take military action in 1839. This began the "Second Quasi War", which saw support from both among Populists and National Republicans. But the war continued on and on, and with the low Compromise Tariff this resulted in a government with little revenue spending lots of money, resulting in it going into more and more debt despite all of its anti-debt stances. And the war's popularity was in question. In 1840, both sides of the National Republicans, as well as a host of other anti-Pike politicians, united in the form of the "Union Party", whose expressed aim was to avoid all disunionism but in practice was a wider version of the National Republicans. In 1840, its nominee, Richard M. Johnson, did not exactly show his party in the best light. He gave erratic speeches on the campaign trail, and his common-law marriage with his slave Julia Chinn alienated him in the South. The Unionist platform of peace with honour fell down the wayside. Ultimately, Pike cruised once more to victory. He brought an end to the war in 1842, with the US reiterating its agreement to fight against the slave trade and France agreeing not to search or seize American ships.
But the lustre of winning the Second Quasi War did not last very long. Overspeculation in the new Luisiana territories had created a bubble, heavily fostered by Clay's roads and canals easing settlement, and Pike's policies only increased it as he freely distributed land to squatters, which filled land at a much quicker rate than the state could open up more for settlement. The bubble then popped, and the result was a massive panic. Though Pike and the Populists tried to bring this ire towards the Bank of the United States which had, indeed, greatly contributed to the bubble, this effort failed. For one, that Pike had already opposed the Bank on principle diminished his credibility to speak on this issue. Furthermore, the Bank was more than willing to do everything it could to diminish the panic, even if it meant putting itself in debt, and this contrasted with state-level Populist-aligned banks which only enlargened the scope of the panic by calling in loans and reducing credit to stay solvent. All the while, Pike's laissez faire lack of a response was greatly alienating. With his legacy as president in tatters, his party cratered to defeat.
1845-1852: Daniel Webster (Unionist) †
1844: (with Edward Bates) def. Martin Van Buren/John Tyler (People's)
1848: (with Edward Bates) def. John C. Calhoun/Silas Wright (People's), James G. Birney/Leicester King (Liberty)
Daniel Webster was a most unlikely president in an age of mass politics. He was a former Federalist, a party well-known for its elitism, and he himself had inherited much of that elitism. After making his entry into Congress as part of New England's rage at the Year Without a Summer, he was against war with Britain which he thought economically ruinous for the New England for which he was always identified. But he was all for war with Spain following its closure of the mouth of the Mississippi as he recognized its potential to destroy American commerce, and it was after this that he became allies with Clay and other War Hawks. As a Senator for Massachusetts, he was a close ally of Clay. But he truly became a national figure during the Nullification Crisis when, following a particularly harsh speech for nullification by Calhoun, he replied in a speech with great eloquence in defence of the Union. Webster's Reply to Calhoun was published across the nation to be read by an excited public, and it immediately became a legendary feat of rhetoric and eventually the virtual manifesto of the Union Party. In its wake, Clay made Webster his Secretary of State, and he served quite well in that post, successfully escaping the acrimony over Missouri by being involved in diplomacy for the duration of the crisis. In its wake, he returned to the Senate and opposed Pike's agenda with skill - though he did rally to the Second Quasi War. All of this made him prime material for the presidency despite all of his New England particularism, and he had the ambition for it. Running in a year of certain Unionist victory, he predictably swept his way into power.
Initially, he faced the fact that his party was unofficially led by Senator Clay, who attempted to dictate cabinet appointments. Webster refused to accept this dictation and appointed Thomas Ewing his Secretary of State and James Wilson his Treasury Secretary - both of whom were not Clay men. But nonetheless, Clay continued to serve as the leading legislator of the United States. With the low tariff making it hard to fund the government and protection being the great Unionist policy, Webster immediately pushed through a new tariff. But in a major break with the American System, he established a trade reciprocity treaty with British North America, as under the low tariff very strong trade links had been established between the North and BNA. Furthermore, he established renewed internal improvements across the nation, and particularly he focused them across the rapidly growing Midwest. And he believed the US needed a Pacific port to open up American commerce across the Pacific, and thus focused himself on that great project. First, he attempted to acquire San Francisco from Spain. However, he was harshly rebuffed no matter how much money he tried to leverage, as Spain believed this would be a stepping stone to the conquest of California. Next, he looked to Britain, with whom relations continued to be friendly ever since the Popular Revolution, and after much negotiation he got it to agree on the purchase of the Olympic Peninsula, including its many natural ports. This was, he knew, a territory dependent on the Columbia territory being friendly if not under American rule, and to that end he carved out trails reaching up to the Rockies to ensure that Americans would settle it and thereby make it friendly. And indeed, young men did in large numbers move to this territory, joining the many paupers and indigent who the British government sent to relieve its stresses. This great success of diplomacy, however, was ultimately overshadowed when, with southerner support, a filibuster attempt into Cuba, was launched and failed. Not one to accept such a blatant violation of law, Webster harshly prosecuted those responsible. With his reputation already as antislavery, this alienated many southern Unionists, and this struck in election year.
The 1848 Populist nomination was won by John C. Calhoun, who moderated many of his positions up to and including endorsing internal improvements, and he successfully beat out Van Buren with the western support this gave him. He narrowly averted a Burenite split by promising not to renew the national bank and agreeing in writing to cabinet appointments, and his newfound support of internal improvements appealed heavily to the west; it gave him a surprisingly strong position. In addition, he spoke favourably about Spanish Texas, speaking of linking it with the US and hinting at acquiring it. It put a chaotic issue on the table, which threatened to greatly strengthen the Populists in the South. This led Webster to firstly seek to appeal to southern votes and moderate his position on slavery further, alienating some of his abolitionist supporters, and secondly to endorse a Homestead Bill in a clean break with Unionist land policies but which highly appealed to the west. On this basis Webster won the election decisively, but narrower than many would have hoped considering Calhoun's former nullificationism. He then got passed a Homestead Act, which proved very popular in the west, but as it settled large swathes of land with northerners and in practice discouraged slavery, it made the south unhappy.
Webster's popularity would run out when directors of the Bank of the United States were revealed as artificially inflating stock value for the sake of dumping them at their peak. That Webster had, before being president, been on the Bank's legal retainer, and that a fellow New Englander Nathan Appleton was its president, led many to accuse him personally of corruption. Initially he did nothing about this report, but when it got confirmed, he was forced to push for new directors and got the accused to resign, including replacing Appleton with the Baltimore Unionist Reverdy Johnson as Bank president. This only made him look like he was covering up his own dirty hands, and his popularity promptly crashed. Furthermore, in 1851 in Spanish California a merchant discovered gold, and this caused a massive gold rush. The large involvement of Americans in this caused a flow of gold into the United States, which gave it a solid currency utterly undependent on bank notes, and it made the Bank look useless. The subsequent boom this caused was one for which Webster and the Unionists got no credit for whatsoever, and they diminished in stature. Webster would ultimately not live to see his party defeated, for in early 1852 he died of liver cirrhosis.
1852-1853: Edward Bates (Unionist)
Following the Sanford precedent, Bates got himself sworn in as President. He attempted to fix the Unionist situation by distancing himself from the Bank and reiterating the dogma of national unity. But he didn't have enough time to push himself in the national consciousness, and though he did get nominated by the convention, he lost decisively.
1853-1861: Robert F. Stockton (People's)
1852: (with Thomas Jefferson Rusk) def. Edward Bates/Rufus Choate (Unionist), John P. Hale/Leicester King (Liberty)
1856: (with Thomas Jefferson Rusk) def. John J. Hardin/William M. Meredith (Unionist), Sidney Egerton/William Goodell (Free Democracy)
Stockton had previously served as a naval officer. Leading the conquest of Cape Montserrado for the American Colonization Society, he made his name during the Luisiana War where, against a much larger navy, he achieved a number of successes. In its wake, he was involved once more in the American Colonization Society, up until the Second Quasi War when its African colony voted to join British Sierra Leone to avoid feared French raids, and instead he was involved in daring raids on the French Caribbean. In its wake, he became Pike's Secretary of the Navy, and afterwards he became a senator who made his name on naval reform and represented a moment of national pride. All of this made him prime material for a presidential candidate, and in the year of 1852 he won the nomination and swept his way into the presidency. In power, he was surprisingly pragmatic. He was willing to endorse internal improvements as much as any Unionist, except that he believed it should back fully-private companies rather than the public-private partnerships that were the norm, and this fostered the rapid development of railways across the nation - railways in whose stock Stockton personally held much in. Furthermore, he launched the navy around the world, which made tours in Europe and joined Britain and France in opening Japan and China. And personally, he spoke of international revolution, pitting the United States decisively on the side of liberty in Europe's great struggles. He also focused on the Bank, and he regarded it as a bad investment for the American people - its close affiliation to the Unionists did not help. With the California Gold Rush drastically diminishing the need for Bank notes, it was forced to call in loans and retrench, resulting in economic chaos. Stockton thus planned for another place to put government deposits, and he made his views known. Furthermore, he advocated expansion into Cuba and Texas, not in the name of the southern planter interest but simply because he believed it was America's manifest destiny, and he even advocated expansion into California with an expressed end goal of covering the entirety of North America. On this hyperexpansionist platform, as well as in the name of killing the Bank, Stockton won sweepingly, although the Free Democracy, a rebranded version of the abolitionist Liberty Party, won electoral votes which caused acrimony among southerners upon certification.
Over this, Stockton decided to dissolve the Bank. Its attempt to renew its charter - 12 years behind schedule - to avoid its own dissolution, failed and it only made it look farcical. He then pushed through a plan to create a National Exchequer, run by a board with the Treasury Secretary, the Treasurer, and three presidential appointees requiring congressional approval. Its role would be to look after government deposits and print promissory notes with a fixed 1.5:1 ratio in a much more sharply state-driven manner. With its ratification, Stockton removed deposits from the Bank and put it into the Exchequer. With that, the Bank was defeated, and Reverdy Johnson was forced to accept this. However, it lingered on, for its charter was to expire in 1869 - and by that time the Union looked quite different indeed. Furthermore, Stockton endorsed filibusters in Texas and Cuba, and in an attempt to attract the north he claimed them to be attempts to halt the trans-Caribbean slave trade. These filibusters ultimately failed, despite their vast scale, as they did not gather the popular support necessary to succeed, for Cuban planters believed Spain was necessary to keep the slaves from rebelling and the Hispanicized Irish of Texas were not particularly pro-American. And Stockton lacked the support to go to war with Spain. Furthermore, the railway bubble Stockton aggressively supported popped after a number of unprofitable ventures failed, and this combined with a slowing of California gold ending core economic assumptions to cause an economic panic. That Stockton had invested in the railways that remained sound led to talk that he was personally corrupt. Despite the internal weakness of the Unionists, ultimately this devastated Populist popularity and brought it to the nadir. Thus, like Pike, Stockton left office under a cloud.
1861-1865: Henry Clay Jr. (Unionist)
1860: (with Henry Gardner) def. Henry A. Wise/Daniel S. Dickinson (People's), Joshua Giddings/Lewis Tappan (Free Democracy)
In the shadow of his much more famous father, Senator Clay Jr. won the presidential election with surprisingly narrow margins and despite the Free Democracy doing quite well with a candidate who cut into the Unionist vote. But Clay Jr. was faced with a Union Party faced with the loss of its cohesion, as the Populists stole its clothes over internal improvements, and the Exchequer proved more than popular among Unionists as a purified pseudo-bank. Therefore, an attempt to abolish the Exchequer and move deposits back to the Bank floundered. On the other hand, the calamitous end of Railway Mania made a Congress extremely suspicious of internal improvements and resulted in it putting new plans under harsh review, and Clay Jr. lacked the parliamentary mastery of his father that would have allowed him to get it past that. That he all the while had a Unionist Congress only made the situation even more farcical. Thus, other than the restoration of the Neutrality Act, Clay Jr. got nothing through. The 1862 elections continued this, as the Unionists faced losses to both the Populists and the Free Democrats - the latter resulted in slavery entering the national stage despite Clay Jr. being, like his father, an antislavery slaveholder. But at the end of the day, party was losing its cohesion on the national level, and this felled the Clay Jr. presidency.
But this would all be overshadowed in 1864 when, following an extended crisis, the Provincias Internas of New Spain, consisting of Texas, New Mexico, California, Sonora y Sinaloa, New Vizcaya, Coahuila, New Leon, and New Santander, declared their independence as the state of Buenaventura under a decree which abolished slavery. This inaugurated a war of independence, and that Buenaventura was abolitionist brought it into conflict with the Cuban planters of Texas which inevitably caused immense opposition in the South, even as the North was electrified and many young northerners joined up with the Comuneros fighting for its independence. Clay nevertheless endorsed its independence in accord with the Clay Doctrine of his father. American support of Spanish American states' independence, even of expressly abolitionist states, had hitherto never caused controversy, but in this case it suddenly did, for it was next door. And Clay Jr. opened this divide into a chasm through his words. Wisely, he chose to bow out in the Unionist convention, but its failure to pick a Northern candidate only caused the Northern Unionists to bolt and join up with the Free Democracy to create a joint slate. Suddenly, the Union was in threat, and the Union Party was split at a time when the Union itself was at the seams. The next election only ensured this split would be permanent.
1865-1869: George Washington Woodward (People's) [impeached, removed from office]
1864: hung electoral college: George Washington Woodward/Andrew Johnson (People's), William H. Seward/Salmon P. Chase ("Justice"/"Free Soil"/"Republican"/"Liberationist"), Alexander Stephens/Robert C. Winthrop (Unionist)
1865: (with Andrew Johnson) def. in contingent election William H. Seward/Salmon P. Chase ("Justice"/"Free Soil"/"Republican"/"Liberationist")
Woodward had, prior to his nomination, served as Chief Justice, and his politics' very obscurity was the entire reason he was nominated. With the Unionists divided between the technical southern-dominated ticket and the antislavery slate so hastily-established it had separate party names in separate states, most were confident that Woodward would cruise to victory. But he didn't, and instead the College was hung, sending the election to Congress. Due to Southern Unionists voting for Woodward, Woodward was elected president by a joint session of Congress, in addition to his vice president Johnson similarly winning election. His obscure politics helped him to achieve this. But in power, he showed his true self. He was not only a doughface, but his opinions verged on Calhounism. He openly endorsed slavery despite being a Pennsylvanian. He overturned recognition of Buenaventura and called for its rebels to stop disturbing the peculiar institution. But this didn't stop northerners from joining the Comuneros and thereby strengthening them. To stop this, Woodward enforced the Neutrality Act to its fullest against them, and he was willing to arrest people if necessary. At the same time, he ignored Southern support of the Spanish was effort. In and out of Congress, the Buenaventuro War of Independence and the American response became a topic for discussion, even as Woodward tried to clamp down upon it. His attempts to indict Comunero rebels only ended with northern juries nullifying the law. And in Congress, nothing Woodward tried could stop antislavery congressmen from discussing slavery.
When Senator Joshua Giddings made a particularly extreme speech condemning slavery and defending Buenaventura's fight, Senator Henry Foote of Yazoo shot him dead on the Senate floor, and a Washington court gave him a remarkably light punishment for this act of murder. The result was outrage across the North. But none of this stopped the victory of the Comuneros, and with it seeming imminent, the South sought to secure slavery within the borders of the United States. In a court case over a slave suing for his freedom, the Harris Court declared that Congress had no power to regulate slavery, a ruling which implicitly repealed the Missouri Compromise and, in the absence of congressional law, reactivated the old Spanish law allowing slavery from Kansas to the Rockies to Minasota. Woodward accepted this ruling despite its implicit extremism. Furthermore, to secure slavery once and for all, Woodward sought to admit slave states. East Florida and Cimarron requested admission and, despite not meeting quotas for statehood population, they were nevertheless allowed to hold referenda which, thanks to non-resident voters, "proved" both had the population to be admitted as states. Through the use of executive patronage, Woodward got the statehood of both through Congress. Furthermore, he inaugurated settlement in Kansas which saw both North and South aggressively push settlers into it and fight literally for its admittance as a free or slave state, with the territorial governor and council fighting unabashedly for slavery. In the subsequent congressional elections, the antislavery forces, consolidated following the contingent election fight as the "Justice Party", won a majority in the House and nominated a Justicialist as Speaker. In retaliation, South Carolina pulled its House delegation from Congress, and this made disunion even more thinkable than before. When Buenaventura won its independence in 1867, Woodward refused to recognize it as anything other than a rebel government, and Northern volunteer returnees' establishment of "Comunero Clubs" which served both as paramilitaries and Justicialist campaign headquarters, and southerners replying by establishing "Minutemen" groups to play the same role for them, only worsened tensions. Warfare in Kansas became much more brutal than before. In the 1868 election, Woodward's own party refused to nominate him, southerners preferring a southerner to a pro-slavery northerner, and ultimately in 1868 it happened. The Justicialists won.
Declaring the election illegitimate, southern notables declared hatred and semi-openly plotted secession. Outgoing, Woodward nevertheless sought to aid the south as much as possible. He cast doubt on the election and accused Comunero Clubs of rigging it, and he plotted with the most extreme southern voices. He made sure pro-southern men were in control of important army equipment and he semi-openly committed sabotage of a potential northern war effort. And finally, on February 10, 1869, Minutemen from Virginia and Alexandria stormed Congress after overpowering the weak military presence, interrupting the certification of election results, and they then ransacked the Capitol and destroyed the certification papers. Under their guard, southern and some doughface congressmen met and, despite failing to meet the quota, they creatively interpreted Article I Section V to give them the power of expelling nonattending congressmen to reduce the quota necessary to be a valid session of Congress. They threw out election results on the pretence of interference and, in a "contingent election", certified the southern candidate as the winner. The Justicialists replied by organizing a session of Congress in Philadelphia which in contrast met quotas for validity and certified the election's legitimate winner. It impeached Woodward and removed him from office and allowed his staunchly constitutionalist vice president to take power for the two weeks until March 4. But everyone knew this was only the beginning of a great fight for the nation.
1869-1869: Andrew Johnson (People's)
Johnson's rise was only accepted by the Philadelphia Congress - indeed, the Harris Court declared it illegal and its judges then got removed from office by Philadelphia - but nonetheless he organized military preparation. He revoked territorial governors and replaced them with Justicialists. In Kansas, this caused a miniature revolution when its proslavery governor and territorial congress were overthrown in revolution by local Comunero Clubs, bringing about a border war between it and Missouri. In New York City, its mayor declaring against the Philadelphia Congress caused him to be overthrown by local Comuneros, an act which caused vast riots across the city which damaged the war effort. While most slaveholding states refused to recognize the Philadelphia Congress, Johnson made sure that Delaware and Maryland recognized it, though he could not stop Baltimore from falling to slaver gangs. The landlocked and slaveowning southern-dominated midwestern state of Illinois saw more division as its governor refused to recognize Philadelphia, but Johnson secured the assent of its congress, which ensured that Illinois would see a civil war rather than a fall. By the time of March 4, Johnson ensured there would be a government for prosecuting a war for the constitution.
1869-1877: Henry Winter Davis (Justice)
1868: (with Robert Rantoul Jr.) def. William M. Gwin/Jefferson Davis (People's), Henry Clay Jr./Thomas Ewing (Straight-Out Unionist)
Note: After a mob occupied the capitol, a rump Congress convened on February 10, 1869, decertified the results of the 1868 election, and in a "contingent election" declared Gwim as president
1872: (with John Cochrane) def. George H. Pendleton/Rodman M. Price (People's)
Davis was an unlikely figure for an antislavery party, for he was a Marylander and a supporter of the ideals of Henry Clay. He was, while antislavery, an enemy of "rabid abolitionism". But nonetheless, as Senator he aggressively supported Buenaventura right until the state government forced him to resign, which made him a hero to the Justicialists. Returning to Congress as a Representative, he continued this effort and quickly became the most notable Justicialist south of the Mason-Dixon line. Opposing Kansan slavery, his position only strengthened further and, with the Justicialists recognizing they needed to portray themselves as moderate and non-sectional, he won nomination at the 1868 Justicialist Convention. He won election by sweeping the North, even while losing his native Maryland. But despite him being a Southerner and a moderate, it wasn't enough to stop southern extremism, and following the takeover of the Capitol by Minutemen, he organized a Congress in Philadelphia to create a constitutional national government. It inaugurated a long and difficult war, but ultimately the Union and Constitution prevailed. And the exigencies of war changed Davis greatly, turning him from a moderate to a radical, to the surprise of everyone.
TheKennedyMachine
Well-known member
- Pronouns
- she/her
When asked how the United States would have been different if he had become president, he had harsh criticism for Bush's policies.
"We would not have invaded a country that didn't attack us," he said, referring to Iraq. ''We would not have taken money from the working families and given it to the most wealthy families."
''We would not be trying to control and intimidate the news media. We would not be routinely torturing people. We would be a different country."
Gore did not elaborate.
- The Boston Globe, Gore says no plans to seek presidency Attacks Bush on Iraq and Katrina, October 13th, 2005.
Al Gore's America
2001 - 2009: Al Gore (Democratic)
2000: (with Jeanne Shaheen) def. George W. Bush/Dick Cheney (Republican)
2004: (with Jeanne Shaheen) def. Rudy Giuliani/George Allen (Republican)
August 2000:
After meeting with a list of various potential running mates ( John Kerry, John Edwards, Joe Lieberman and Jeanne Shaheen ) Vice President Gore, under insistence by his daughter, chooses Jeanne Shaheen as his running mate for the 2000 Presidential Election. Shaheen accepts her nomination at the 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles.
November 2000:
Gore loses Florida to Bush, but wins New Hampshire and Oregon thanks to Shaheen. The Bush campaign pushes for recounts in other states while the Gore campaign pushes for a recount in Florida -- eventually no results change and Gore becomes president-elect. These fights never make it to the Supreme Court and Bush concedes before Thanksgiving.
January 2001 - August 2001:
In his first 100 days, President Gore moves quickly to secure a Patient's Bill of Rights, an idea that was widely in vogue. With the help of John McCain in the Senate and [INSERT SOME BIPARTISAN DEM/REPUB HERE], Gore is able to get bipartisan support for the initiative, and he signs it into law.
Judge Jackson orders the break-up of Microsoft into two companies, as proposed by the government. The United States Appeals Court upholds the breakup order – Microsoft is split up by March 23, 2001.
Gore also pushes for an initiative that calls for the employment of 100,000 new teachers into the public school system as well as universal pre-school and a tax deduction for higher education. The program takes longer than 100 days to create, but with Senator Ted Kennedy's help, Gore leads the nation through the most transformational restructuring of elementary schooling in modern history.
Gore signs the Kyoto Protocol. Republicans are angwy and conservatism is heightened.
Gore signs The Trade Act of 2001, with a ten-year sunset period. The Clean Energy Solutions Act is passed by Congress, establishing a cap-and-trade system for greenhouse gas emissions.
On August 6th, 2001, CIA Director George Tenet informs President Gore that Osama Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda is determined to strike the United States. Gore orders the CIA and FBI to work more closely together on dissecting and shutting down possible terrorist cells located in the country.
September - October 2001:
The FBI commit a no-knock warrant on various motels in the Northeast in order to arrest the hijackers, but it is too late. The hijackers have left and most of the material they had with them has been either taken or disposed of; nevertheless, a thorough search reveals some calculations and notes in Arabic on torn-up scraps of paper in the trash, as well as a tourist map of Washington DC wedged between couch cushions. The FBI contacts the White House, but the calculations and notes are not seen for what they are until later.
The September 11th attacks kick off when a total of four planes are hijacked by the Al-Qaeda terrorist organization. Two hit the Twin Towers, one hits the Pentagon, with the finale plane striking the U.S. Capitol Building. A total of 5,000 Americans die in the attacks. (1)
Congress passes the AUMF Against Terrorists; President Gore makes the War Against Fear address; George Tenet resigns from the directorship of the CIA and is replaced by some liberal internationalist guy idk.
Congress passes the Protecting Americans Act, which increased Government anti-terrorism powers and created the Department of Security and Intelligence, which focused on defending the US from terrorists. Many liberals raised alarm that the new legislation was establishing a "surveillance state", pointing out it gave the Federal Government powers such as expanded surveillance abilities of law enforcement, including by tapping domestic and international phones.
December 2001:
The American invasion of Afghanistan begins in October through December, by early-winter, American forces are locked in a battle in the Tora Bora mountains. Fearful of repeating the mistakes of the Soviet-Afghan War, Secretary of Defense John Dalton permits a substantial number of troops for the attack on Tora Bora. Meanwhile, President Gore speaks with NATO allies and gains their approval to use GATOR mines on the routes leading out of Tora Bora.
Delta Force officer Thomas Greer, supported by a large contingent of American troops, approached a cave believed to be holding Osama bin Laden and his closest allies early in the morning on December 14, 2001. He was shot at but emerged with only minor injuries. During the course of the fight, he killed Osama bin Laden.
Within 100 days of the 9/11 attacks, Osama bin Laden was dead.
President Gore announces Bin Laden's death to the world on December 15th, with six words: "My fellow Americans, we fucking got him."
Al-Qaeda begins to fall apart without a proper leader in Bin Laden. The Gore Administration maps out a plan to coordinate with Middle Eastern nations that could see an American withdrawal from the country by September 2002 or March 2003.
Spring 2002:
Gore signs a bunch of corporate regulation bills that are in-response to avoid the tomfuckery of Enron, but also indirectly ends up establishing electric energy markets with significantly variable prices without much benefit to consumers as a basic fact of life. WHOOPS!
Campaign Reform Bill still edges through, but it's slightly stronger and comes down harder on PAC spending.
August 2002:
US Intelligence learns that the Sudanese government had harbored Osama bin Laden for years, was likely still harboring people and groups with ties to him and facilitating international flows of capital and resources and people that was enriching global terrorism all across the world. Gore asks Congress for Authorization to invade Sudan. AUMF is passed.
(1) Flight 77 hits a different wing. More casualties. United 93 reaches its target.
"We would not have invaded a country that didn't attack us," he said, referring to Iraq. ''We would not have taken money from the working families and given it to the most wealthy families."
''We would not be trying to control and intimidate the news media. We would not be routinely torturing people. We would be a different country."
Gore did not elaborate.
- The Boston Globe, Gore says no plans to seek presidency Attacks Bush on Iraq and Katrina, October 13th, 2005.
Al Gore's America
2001 - 2009: Al Gore (Democratic)
2000: (with Jeanne Shaheen) def. George W. Bush/Dick Cheney (Republican)
2004: (with Jeanne Shaheen) def. Rudy Giuliani/George Allen (Republican)
August 2000:
After meeting with a list of various potential running mates ( John Kerry, John Edwards, Joe Lieberman and Jeanne Shaheen ) Vice President Gore, under insistence by his daughter, chooses Jeanne Shaheen as his running mate for the 2000 Presidential Election. Shaheen accepts her nomination at the 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles.
November 2000:
Gore loses Florida to Bush, but wins New Hampshire and Oregon thanks to Shaheen. The Bush campaign pushes for recounts in other states while the Gore campaign pushes for a recount in Florida -- eventually no results change and Gore becomes president-elect. These fights never make it to the Supreme Court and Bush concedes before Thanksgiving.
January 2001 - August 2001:
In his first 100 days, President Gore moves quickly to secure a Patient's Bill of Rights, an idea that was widely in vogue. With the help of John McCain in the Senate and [INSERT SOME BIPARTISAN DEM/REPUB HERE], Gore is able to get bipartisan support for the initiative, and he signs it into law.
Judge Jackson orders the break-up of Microsoft into two companies, as proposed by the government. The United States Appeals Court upholds the breakup order – Microsoft is split up by March 23, 2001.
Gore also pushes for an initiative that calls for the employment of 100,000 new teachers into the public school system as well as universal pre-school and a tax deduction for higher education. The program takes longer than 100 days to create, but with Senator Ted Kennedy's help, Gore leads the nation through the most transformational restructuring of elementary schooling in modern history.
Gore signs the Kyoto Protocol. Republicans are angwy and conservatism is heightened.
Gore signs The Trade Act of 2001, with a ten-year sunset period. The Clean Energy Solutions Act is passed by Congress, establishing a cap-and-trade system for greenhouse gas emissions.
On August 6th, 2001, CIA Director George Tenet informs President Gore that Osama Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda is determined to strike the United States. Gore orders the CIA and FBI to work more closely together on dissecting and shutting down possible terrorist cells located in the country.
September - October 2001:
The FBI commit a no-knock warrant on various motels in the Northeast in order to arrest the hijackers, but it is too late. The hijackers have left and most of the material they had with them has been either taken or disposed of; nevertheless, a thorough search reveals some calculations and notes in Arabic on torn-up scraps of paper in the trash, as well as a tourist map of Washington DC wedged between couch cushions. The FBI contacts the White House, but the calculations and notes are not seen for what they are until later.
The September 11th attacks kick off when a total of four planes are hijacked by the Al-Qaeda terrorist organization. Two hit the Twin Towers, one hits the Pentagon, with the finale plane striking the U.S. Capitol Building. A total of 5,000 Americans die in the attacks. (1)
Congress passes the AUMF Against Terrorists; President Gore makes the War Against Fear address; George Tenet resigns from the directorship of the CIA and is replaced by some liberal internationalist guy idk.
Congress passes the Protecting Americans Act, which increased Government anti-terrorism powers and created the Department of Security and Intelligence, which focused on defending the US from terrorists. Many liberals raised alarm that the new legislation was establishing a "surveillance state", pointing out it gave the Federal Government powers such as expanded surveillance abilities of law enforcement, including by tapping domestic and international phones.
December 2001:
The American invasion of Afghanistan begins in October through December, by early-winter, American forces are locked in a battle in the Tora Bora mountains. Fearful of repeating the mistakes of the Soviet-Afghan War, Secretary of Defense John Dalton permits a substantial number of troops for the attack on Tora Bora. Meanwhile, President Gore speaks with NATO allies and gains their approval to use GATOR mines on the routes leading out of Tora Bora.
Delta Force officer Thomas Greer, supported by a large contingent of American troops, approached a cave believed to be holding Osama bin Laden and his closest allies early in the morning on December 14, 2001. He was shot at but emerged with only minor injuries. During the course of the fight, he killed Osama bin Laden.
Within 100 days of the 9/11 attacks, Osama bin Laden was dead.
President Gore announces Bin Laden's death to the world on December 15th, with six words: "My fellow Americans, we fucking got him."
Al-Qaeda begins to fall apart without a proper leader in Bin Laden. The Gore Administration maps out a plan to coordinate with Middle Eastern nations that could see an American withdrawal from the country by September 2002 or March 2003.
Spring 2002:
Gore signs a bunch of corporate regulation bills that are in-response to avoid the tomfuckery of Enron, but also indirectly ends up establishing electric energy markets with significantly variable prices without much benefit to consumers as a basic fact of life. WHOOPS!
Campaign Reform Bill still edges through, but it's slightly stronger and comes down harder on PAC spending.
August 2002:
US Intelligence learns that the Sudanese government had harbored Osama bin Laden for years, was likely still harboring people and groups with ties to him and facilitating international flows of capital and resources and people that was enriching global terrorism all across the world. Gore asks Congress for Authorization to invade Sudan. AUMF is passed.
(1) Flight 77 hits a different wing. More casualties. United 93 reaches its target.
Last edited:
TheKennedyMachine
Well-known member
- Pronouns
- she/her
Any thoughts so far? My first time writing something 2000s-related so I need feedback. 
theflyingmgoose
Well-known member
Jane Harman (D): January 4, 1999-January 6, 2003
1998: def. Dan Lungren (R), 53.9%-44.5%
January 1999: Sworn in as the first female Governor of California
March 1999: Signed universal school lunch program (rendered moot by 2000 federal law signed by President Clinton doing the same thing)
April 1999: Joined with Massachusetts to create a joint $15 Billion sovereign wealth fund
July 1999: Raised state income taxes on the top 5% of earners
December 1999: Expanded the state unemployment insurance scheme
June 2000: Endorsed Al Gore for President, passed over for VP by Jeanne Shaheen
November 2000: Al Gore wins the election by a narrow margin (OTL+NH)
January 2001: Signed death penalty abolition (narrowly upheld by voters in low-turnout referendum)
May 2001: Legalized same-sex civil unions
July 2001: Established tuition-free community college
September 2001: 9/11 and the whole shebang
October 2001: Introduced a carbon pricing scheme (rendered moot by 2002 federal law signed by President Gore doing the same thing)
November 2001: Loosened restrictions on unions
January 2002: Announced re-election campaign
August 2002: Signed coastal hydropower legislation
November 2002: Lost re-election
January 2003: Left office
Bill Simon (R): January 6, 2003-December 2, 2003
2002: def. Jane Harman (D), 48.6%-47.3%
2003: YES won 59.9%-40.1%
January 2003: Sworn in as Governor of California
January 2003: Implemented a state hiring freeze
February 2003: Implements 'pay to play' scheme for energy markets
March 2003: Cuts taxes for the top 1% of California residents
July 2003: Recall petition accepted by Secretary of State
September 2003: Implemented stricter state security standards and expanded the police force
November 2003: Recalled from office
November 2003: Signed special election law
December 2003: Left office
Jane Harman (D): December 2, 2003-January 5, 2005
2003: def. Darrell Issa (R), 43.8%-31.7%
December 2003: Sworn in as Governor of California
January 2004: Signed off on Children's Medicare Expansion (passed by Gore)
February 2004: Nationalized PG&E
February 2004: Increased the minimum wage to $8.00 (more than the federal $6.95)
May 2004: Lost California Supreme Court case (that 2003-2005 partial term counted towards the term limit)
July 2004: Authorizes $5.4 Billion public transit and urban development package
November 2004: Al Gore re-elected by a narrow but still larger than 2000 margin
November 2004: Accepts position of Secretary of Education in the second Gore term, succeeding Richard Riley
January 2005: Left office
Jerry Brown (D): January 5, 2005-January 3, 2011
2004: def. Darrell Issa (R), 53.1%-45.0%
2006: def. Kevin Faulconer (R), 65.8%-32.8%
January 2005: Sworn in as Governor of California
February 2005: Introduced green investment tax deductions
March 2005: Accepted first $932.6 Million SWF dividend (put into education)
May 2005: Signed off on $10.9 Billion in state and municipal bonds to fund the Transbay Program (the whole OTL thing but even nicer and with more housing)
September 2005: Introduced tax credit for working families to supplement the $1,500 CTC
October 2005: Authorized Transbay revenue plan (repays state investment by 2015)
November 2005: Cut discretionary spending, reinstated state hiring freeze for most departments
December 2005: State bond rating reaches highest level possible
January 2006: Introduced fast-track to allow relocation incentives
March 2006: Increased the minimum wage to $8.75 (more than the federal $7.35)
April 2006: Implemented a 5% 'unhealthy food' tax, expanded school PE programs
May 2006: Announced stricter water pollution control standards
October 2006: Balanced the budget
January 2007: Sworn in for second term as Governor of California
June 2007: Signed tougher banking and mortgage regulation
November 2007: Increased the minimum wage to $9.05 (more than the federal $7.35)
January 2008: Reduced school property tax pool funding by 25% in favor of a statewide distribution
March 2008: Signed bill loosening mandatory minimums and promoting non-jail sentencing
May 2008: Introduced a system of solar/renewable tax credits
July 2008: Allowed the creation of municipality-level 'gun free zones'
November 2008: Expanded state-level unemployment insurance
November 2008: George W. Bush wins the 2008 Presidential Election over Vice President Shaheen by a substantial margin
January 2009: Increased the minimum wage to $9.50 for large businesses (more than the federal $7.55)
October 2009: Signed legislation making California an 'abortion safe haven'
December 2009: Announced free school breakfasts for all students
March 2010: Capped in-state university tuition
November 2010: Successor elected (CA also becomes seventh state to legalize gay marriage (after WA, VT, MA, CT, NH, and NY plus DC) and the first by popular vote)
January 2011: left office
George Takei (D): January 3, 2011-January 7, 2019
2010: def. Tom Campbell (R), 55.7%-42.6%
2014: def. Tim Donnelly (R), 61.7%-38.3%
January 2011: Sworn in as Governor of California
April 2011: Increased the minimum wage to $9.75 (more than the federal $7.55)
May 2011: Announced $100/month cap on household energy bills (following the opening of the Golden Gate Tidal Power station and the state reaching 40% renewable energy)
July 2011: Expanded Medicaid to the uninsured under the poverty line
October 2011: Authorizes $1.4 Billion BART renovation and connection to the Transbay Transit Center when it finishes construction
December 2011: Announced stricter environmental standards and expansion of state parks
January 2012: Partial break in the polar weather equilibrium ends drought in California as late November-early February will now be permanently mostly rainy
March 2012: Governor Takei accepts the first annual SWF dividend over $5 Billion following aggressive management by Jack Lew (mostly during the great recession)
April 2012: Announced $60,000 minimum teacher salary and a rise in per-student public school funding from $12,000 to $16,000
July 2012: Allowed the state government to negotiate prescription drug and medicine prices
September 2012: Gave keynote DNC address
November 2012: Barack Obama wins the 2012 presidential election by a decent margin
January 2013: Increased the minimum wage to $10.75 (more than the federal $7.55)
April 2013: Opted in to the public option in Obamacare (like the OTL bill but with price controls and an opt-in public option)
May 2013: Authorized an additional $25 Billion in funding for the CA HSR line, which will be completed in 2020
October 2013: Announced re-election campaign
December 2013: Implemented 12 weeks of paid parental leave (greater than the four weeks of maternal leave federally)
January 2014: Increased the minimum wage to $12.15 (more than the federal $9.00)
March 2014: Legalized medical marijuana
January 2015: Sworn in for second term as Governor of California
March 2015: Accepted first annual SWF dividend over $10 Billion
May 2015: Increased the minimum wage to $13.00 (more than the federal $9.45)
September 2016: Expanded the public option to all uninsured residents, expanded dental and vision care options
November 2016: Barack Obama is re-elected in a landslide
January 2017: Increased the minimum wage to $14.25 (more than the federal $10.00)
March 2017: Announced contract with Brightline to operate the HSR network
October 2017: Received $100 Billion from the federal infrastructure bill, will be spent on green spaces, urban renewal, and public transit
January 2018: State reaches 65% renewable energy
February 2018: Legalized recreational marijuana
November 2018: Successor elected
November 2018: Increased the minimum wage to $15.50 (more than the federal $11.45)
January 2019: Left office
Gavin Newsom (D): January 7, 2019-Present
2018: def. Larry Elder (R), 63.0%-37.0%
2022: NO won 71.2%-28.8%
January 2019: Sworn in as Governor of California
March 2019: Accepted first annual SWF dividend over $15 Billion
April 2019: Abolished life-with-no-parole sentencing
June 2019: Established a statewide fire coordination center
October 2019: Banned fracking and most oil refining statewide
January 2020: Announced a large investment in expanding public health infrastructure
March 2020: Introduced strict lockdown measures, required testing for people from selected states
May 2020: Announced COVID Fraud Commission to prevent corporate price gouging
July 2020: Passed massive expansion to port and air infrastructure to ensure supply chain reliability
August 2020: Lifted strictest lockdown protocols
November 2020: Vice President Joe Biden wins the presidential election
January 2021: Begins vaccine distribution with $500 benefit to everyone who takes it
March 2021: Accepted first annual SWF dividend over $25 Billion thanks to aggressive post-COVID investing
November 2022: Recall petition accepted
January 2022: Recall fails
May 2022: Established state insulin company
June 2022: Announced re-election campaign
US SENATORS:
Dianne Feinstein (D): November 4, 1992-January 3, 1995
1992: OTL
Michael Huffington (R): January 3, 1995-January 3, 2007
1994: def. Dianne Feinstein, 49.1%-48.8%
2000: def. Janice Hahn, 49.8%-46.4%
Jane Harman (D): January 3, 2007-Present
2006: def. Tim Donnelly, 60.9%-37.4%
2012: def. Kevin Faulconer, 62.4%-37.6%
2018: def. Condoleeza Rice; 54.7%-45.3%
Barbara Boxer (D): January 3, 1993-January 3, 1999
1992: OTL
Matt Fong (R): January 3, 1999-January 3, 2011
1998: def. Barbara Boxer, 47.8%-47.7%
2004: def. Matthew Gonzalez, 51.4%-46.9%
Tom Steyer (D): January 3, 2011-Present
2010: def. Matt Fong, 52.0%-46.9%
2016: def. Loretta Sanchez, 74.0%-26.0%
1998: def. Dan Lungren (R), 53.9%-44.5%
January 1999: Sworn in as the first female Governor of California
March 1999: Signed universal school lunch program (rendered moot by 2000 federal law signed by President Clinton doing the same thing)
April 1999: Joined with Massachusetts to create a joint $15 Billion sovereign wealth fund
July 1999: Raised state income taxes on the top 5% of earners
December 1999: Expanded the state unemployment insurance scheme
June 2000: Endorsed Al Gore for President, passed over for VP by Jeanne Shaheen
November 2000: Al Gore wins the election by a narrow margin (OTL+NH)
January 2001: Signed death penalty abolition (narrowly upheld by voters in low-turnout referendum)
May 2001: Legalized same-sex civil unions
July 2001: Established tuition-free community college
September 2001: 9/11 and the whole shebang
October 2001: Introduced a carbon pricing scheme (rendered moot by 2002 federal law signed by President Gore doing the same thing)
November 2001: Loosened restrictions on unions
January 2002: Announced re-election campaign
August 2002: Signed coastal hydropower legislation
November 2002: Lost re-election
January 2003: Left office
Bill Simon (R): January 6, 2003-December 2, 2003
2002: def. Jane Harman (D), 48.6%-47.3%
2003: YES won 59.9%-40.1%
January 2003: Sworn in as Governor of California
January 2003: Implemented a state hiring freeze
February 2003: Implements 'pay to play' scheme for energy markets
March 2003: Cuts taxes for the top 1% of California residents
July 2003: Recall petition accepted by Secretary of State
September 2003: Implemented stricter state security standards and expanded the police force
November 2003: Recalled from office
November 2003: Signed special election law
December 2003: Left office
Jane Harman (D): December 2, 2003-January 5, 2005
2003: def. Darrell Issa (R), 43.8%-31.7%
December 2003: Sworn in as Governor of California
January 2004: Signed off on Children's Medicare Expansion (passed by Gore)
February 2004: Nationalized PG&E
February 2004: Increased the minimum wage to $8.00 (more than the federal $6.95)
May 2004: Lost California Supreme Court case (that 2003-2005 partial term counted towards the term limit)
July 2004: Authorizes $5.4 Billion public transit and urban development package
November 2004: Al Gore re-elected by a narrow but still larger than 2000 margin
November 2004: Accepts position of Secretary of Education in the second Gore term, succeeding Richard Riley
January 2005: Left office
Jerry Brown (D): January 5, 2005-January 3, 2011
2004: def. Darrell Issa (R), 53.1%-45.0%
2006: def. Kevin Faulconer (R), 65.8%-32.8%
January 2005: Sworn in as Governor of California
February 2005: Introduced green investment tax deductions
March 2005: Accepted first $932.6 Million SWF dividend (put into education)
May 2005: Signed off on $10.9 Billion in state and municipal bonds to fund the Transbay Program (the whole OTL thing but even nicer and with more housing)
September 2005: Introduced tax credit for working families to supplement the $1,500 CTC
October 2005: Authorized Transbay revenue plan (repays state investment by 2015)
November 2005: Cut discretionary spending, reinstated state hiring freeze for most departments
December 2005: State bond rating reaches highest level possible
January 2006: Introduced fast-track to allow relocation incentives
March 2006: Increased the minimum wage to $8.75 (more than the federal $7.35)
April 2006: Implemented a 5% 'unhealthy food' tax, expanded school PE programs
May 2006: Announced stricter water pollution control standards
October 2006: Balanced the budget
January 2007: Sworn in for second term as Governor of California
June 2007: Signed tougher banking and mortgage regulation
November 2007: Increased the minimum wage to $9.05 (more than the federal $7.35)
January 2008: Reduced school property tax pool funding by 25% in favor of a statewide distribution
March 2008: Signed bill loosening mandatory minimums and promoting non-jail sentencing
May 2008: Introduced a system of solar/renewable tax credits
July 2008: Allowed the creation of municipality-level 'gun free zones'
November 2008: Expanded state-level unemployment insurance
November 2008: George W. Bush wins the 2008 Presidential Election over Vice President Shaheen by a substantial margin
January 2009: Increased the minimum wage to $9.50 for large businesses (more than the federal $7.55)
October 2009: Signed legislation making California an 'abortion safe haven'
December 2009: Announced free school breakfasts for all students
March 2010: Capped in-state university tuition
November 2010: Successor elected (CA also becomes seventh state to legalize gay marriage (after WA, VT, MA, CT, NH, and NY plus DC) and the first by popular vote)
January 2011: left office
George Takei (D): January 3, 2011-January 7, 2019
2010: def. Tom Campbell (R), 55.7%-42.6%
2014: def. Tim Donnelly (R), 61.7%-38.3%
January 2011: Sworn in as Governor of California
April 2011: Increased the minimum wage to $9.75 (more than the federal $7.55)
May 2011: Announced $100/month cap on household energy bills (following the opening of the Golden Gate Tidal Power station and the state reaching 40% renewable energy)
July 2011: Expanded Medicaid to the uninsured under the poverty line
October 2011: Authorizes $1.4 Billion BART renovation and connection to the Transbay Transit Center when it finishes construction
December 2011: Announced stricter environmental standards and expansion of state parks
January 2012: Partial break in the polar weather equilibrium ends drought in California as late November-early February will now be permanently mostly rainy
March 2012: Governor Takei accepts the first annual SWF dividend over $5 Billion following aggressive management by Jack Lew (mostly during the great recession)
April 2012: Announced $60,000 minimum teacher salary and a rise in per-student public school funding from $12,000 to $16,000
July 2012: Allowed the state government to negotiate prescription drug and medicine prices
September 2012: Gave keynote DNC address
November 2012: Barack Obama wins the 2012 presidential election by a decent margin
January 2013: Increased the minimum wage to $10.75 (more than the federal $7.55)
April 2013: Opted in to the public option in Obamacare (like the OTL bill but with price controls and an opt-in public option)
May 2013: Authorized an additional $25 Billion in funding for the CA HSR line, which will be completed in 2020
October 2013: Announced re-election campaign
December 2013: Implemented 12 weeks of paid parental leave (greater than the four weeks of maternal leave federally)
January 2014: Increased the minimum wage to $12.15 (more than the federal $9.00)
March 2014: Legalized medical marijuana
January 2015: Sworn in for second term as Governor of California
March 2015: Accepted first annual SWF dividend over $10 Billion
May 2015: Increased the minimum wage to $13.00 (more than the federal $9.45)
September 2016: Expanded the public option to all uninsured residents, expanded dental and vision care options
November 2016: Barack Obama is re-elected in a landslide
January 2017: Increased the minimum wage to $14.25 (more than the federal $10.00)
March 2017: Announced contract with Brightline to operate the HSR network
October 2017: Received $100 Billion from the federal infrastructure bill, will be spent on green spaces, urban renewal, and public transit
January 2018: State reaches 65% renewable energy
February 2018: Legalized recreational marijuana
November 2018: Successor elected
November 2018: Increased the minimum wage to $15.50 (more than the federal $11.45)
January 2019: Left office
Gavin Newsom (D): January 7, 2019-Present
2018: def. Larry Elder (R), 63.0%-37.0%
2022: NO won 71.2%-28.8%
January 2019: Sworn in as Governor of California
March 2019: Accepted first annual SWF dividend over $15 Billion
April 2019: Abolished life-with-no-parole sentencing
June 2019: Established a statewide fire coordination center
October 2019: Banned fracking and most oil refining statewide
January 2020: Announced a large investment in expanding public health infrastructure
March 2020: Introduced strict lockdown measures, required testing for people from selected states
May 2020: Announced COVID Fraud Commission to prevent corporate price gouging
July 2020: Passed massive expansion to port and air infrastructure to ensure supply chain reliability
August 2020: Lifted strictest lockdown protocols
November 2020: Vice President Joe Biden wins the presidential election
January 2021: Begins vaccine distribution with $500 benefit to everyone who takes it
March 2021: Accepted first annual SWF dividend over $25 Billion thanks to aggressive post-COVID investing
November 2022: Recall petition accepted
January 2022: Recall fails
May 2022: Established state insulin company
June 2022: Announced re-election campaign
US SENATORS:
Dianne Feinstein (D): November 4, 1992-January 3, 1995
1992: OTL
Michael Huffington (R): January 3, 1995-January 3, 2007
1994: def. Dianne Feinstein, 49.1%-48.8%
2000: def. Janice Hahn, 49.8%-46.4%
Jane Harman (D): January 3, 2007-Present
2006: def. Tim Donnelly, 60.9%-37.4%
2012: def. Kevin Faulconer, 62.4%-37.6%
2018: def. Condoleeza Rice; 54.7%-45.3%
Barbara Boxer (D): January 3, 1993-January 3, 1999
1992: OTL
Matt Fong (R): January 3, 1999-January 3, 2011
1998: def. Barbara Boxer, 47.8%-47.7%
2004: def. Matthew Gonzalez, 51.4%-46.9%
Tom Steyer (D): January 3, 2011-Present
2010: def. Matt Fong, 52.0%-46.9%
2016: def. Loretta Sanchez, 74.0%-26.0%
Blackentheborg
Dennis Skinner's molotov
- Location
- Grand Hotel Abyss
- Pronouns
- He/Him
It's great! I demand more!Any thoughts so far? My first time writing something 2000s-related so I need feedback.
TheKennedyMachine
Well-known member
- Pronouns
- she/her
THANKS!
- Pronouns
- He/Him
1981-1989: George H.W.Bush (Republican)
1980 (With Jack Kemp) def. Jimmy Carter (Democratic)
1984 (With Jack Kemp) def. Gary Hart (Democratic)
1989-1993: Dick Gephardt (Democratic)
1988 (With Pat Schroeder) def. William L. Armstrong (Republican)
1993-2001: Pete Wilson (Republican)
1992 (With Caroll Campbell) def. Dick Gephardt (Democratic), Jerry Brown (Independent)
1996 (With Caroll Campbell) def. Lawton Chiles (Democratic)
2001-: Henry Cisneros (Democratic)
2000 (With James Blanchard) def. Fred Thompson (Republican), Bob Smith (Constitution)
2004 (With James Blanchard) def. Jeb Bush (Republican)
For many in the Conservative movement, Reagan would end up being a disappointment. He had been seen as the front runner, but after a campaign that would flame out due to a mixture of apathy, Reagan’s eccentricities and just many mistakes and problems that dogged the man, he would finish second and lose the nomination the vigorous moderate George Bush. Some folks like Jesse Helm’s lamented possible independent runs but decided against it. There time would come, eventually.
In the end, Bush would certainly shift Rightward during his time as President, not to Reagan’s extremes certainly, but mentions of ‘Voodoo Economics’ disappeared and Bush would casually drop ‘taking a harder line against the Soviets’ whenever he could, though that rapidly was brushed aside when Gorbachev took over in 1984. But Bush did certainly cut a more moderate Conservative path than many of his strident Republican colleagues would have wanted.
Indeed, someone watching the slow brewing Conservative backlash towards Bush was a Californian Senator called Pete Wilson. Whilst like Bush, a Fiscal Conservative and Social Moderate, Wilson would make several high public statements on Welfare, Immigration and Deregulation that many saw as openly courting the Conservative Wing of the Republicans whilst also making a name for himself by being friendly with the Bush Administration on issues related to fiscal policies (indeed he would be dubbed the ‘Treasury’s Watchdog’ by some).
Easily beating the Flakey,
Technocratic, Centrist Populist Gary Hart, Bush had managed to cruise into a Second Term as the emerging financial situation began to stabilise and the Cold War began to simmer down. Bush policies were fairly popular, the Budget was fairly balanced, Socially he had struck a line between Social Conservatism on occasions (Abortion and Gay Rights he would tack rightward on several occasions) whilst on others stay incredibly moderate on (the passage of a watered down ERA can be posited on Bush’s indifference to the matter) and the economy seemed to be improving…until it wasn’t. Whilst the recession of 1987 wasn’t as extreme as previous it left a bad taste in people’s mouths. Bush would leave on a more positive note than expected but his policies and ideals would be re-examined by each side of the aisles.
For the Republicans the break would emerge between whether Bush had been let down by his lack of belief in Supply Side Economics or by his lack of beliefs in ‘Christian Values’.
1988 Republican Primaries would turn into Jack Kemp fighting as the champion of the Libertarian wing whilst William L. Armstrong fought as champion of the Christian Conservatives and Moral Crusaders. Armstrong would win, but only after a dirty campaign that smeared Kemp and insinuated he had engaged in a same sex escapade in a log cabin. This did a lot to overshadow the Republicans as the Presidential Campaign got underway.
For the Democrats, burnt out by promises of Technocracy, Centrism and Moderate looked for someone more angry.
Whilst Dick Gephardt was in several respects a member of the Democratic Establishment (down to being a member of the DLC) and had been friendly whilst campaigning with auto giants like Lee Iacocca for protectionist measures against Asian Car Manufacturers, in 1988 he would become a fire breathing dragon of Anti-Establishment Populism, castigating the economic downfall of recent times as being down to the work of Bush, Big Business and Free Trade.
Gephardt would gain massive ground on the back of Blue Collar support, though his initial Social Conservative beliefs angered Liberals who would support Pat Schroeder’s failed run. Gephardt for his part would repudiate some of his previous beliefs and would make Schroeder his running mate to appease the Liberal wing.
Gephardt would beat Armstrong who spent most of his time chiming in about moral issues than about the economy. And so Gephardt went to work…and floundered.
Whilst able to rip up the free trade agreements brought in under Bush and instituting protectionist measures, the end of the Cold War would hit a brick wall as Gorbachev was assassinated in 1989 and Gephardt had to deal with the more Conservative Nikolai Ryzhkov. Whilst the Warsaw Pact did dissolve over 1989 and 1990, the Hungarian-Romanian War and the Soviet’s mild support for Iraq would leave a bad taste in Americans mouths especially those who voted in Gephardt to withdraw from global affairs.
Whilst Gephardt would be well liked for his attempts to revive the American Welfare programs after the cuts instituted under Bush, his handling of riots in major American cities and drug gang related violence would dog his tenure. Additionally Gephardt’s policies often antagonised those who believed in Environmental struggles, who saw Gephardt’s support for Coal and Oil workers as tantamount to there beliefs.
In the vacuum that formed, Jerry Brown would step in. Back from exile, Brown pursued a quixotic primary run that did better than most expected in 1992, followed by an Independent Campaign that did well. Brown found that there was a place for a Left Wing, Fiscally Conservative Liberalism that he preached. Tacking Jesse Jackson as his running mate, a notable critic on Gephardt’s tenure on race issues, meant that Brown managed to gain support from those who thought that Gephardt was too moderate, or old fashioned, or too right wing, or too much of the same old Democrats.
Gephardt did better than expected all things given, the economy had begun improving certainly and personally he was still fairly popular. But it didn’t matter, the Conservative’s had found there man to bring them in.
Pete Wilson wasn’t a man who had converted whole heartedly to the Conservative cause, he still disagreed on Abortion for example. But it was fine, he preached points that they supported. Wilson campaigned on deregulation, fiscal Conservatism and especially on immigration and tougher policing, torpedoing a dull Dole campaign and the double act of Quayle and Robertson who spent most of there time being gaffe prone.
Wilson’s picking of Carroll Campbell, a one time potential rival for President and a man who had started his political career protesting integration and busing signalled to the Conservative’s that they would be safe with Wilson. Wilson would be supported by a stream of Businesses who saw Wilson as a man to work with. Sure Gephardt had the Man of America’s Past Iacocca on his side, but Wilson had the Man of America’s Future…Kenneth Lay.
Wilson’s victory signalled a Conservative shift in America, much more apparent than Bush had signalled. Yet again, cuts would be felt to welfare and Wilson signalled an aggressive overhaul of how the system work. Immigration, a factor that had allowed Wilson to win over wobbly Gephardt voters, would be clamped down upon and the mass deportations of illegal immigrants would hover over the rest of his Presidency.
Whilst Wilson avoided touching abortion, he did allow the Religious Right some victories over prayers in schools and against Gay Rights. Same Sex Marriage was declared illegal by a federal law and aggressive campaign against any potential gay soldiers would become some particular focal points.
The Democrats would regroup, and as the economy took it’s time to recover, the Democrats were able to regain the House in 1994. But many were willing to compromise with Wilson on various issues, tax cuts and welfare reform being supported by New Democrats, immigration and Social Conservative measures often by Blue Dogs. The Left were reeling and unable to offer much of a fight as the 90s wore on.
The 1996 election was conducted with a fairly popular Wilson still as President, a series of successful interventions in Yugoslavia, Iraq and Libya and the creation of a Free Trade deal with Canada were very much the go to of Wilson’s first term. The Democrats had a choice between dull moderation of Al Gore, the Progressive Populism of Paul Wellstone or the folksy charm of Lawton Chiles, in the end Gore dropping out and endorsing Chiles would clinch it for him.
Many expected an easy victory for Wilson, but Chiles folksy charm endeared him to many humble Americans and the race became closer than expected with Wilson running a more aggressive than expected campaign. Indeed, Chiles’s running mate Bob Kerrey having to dodge accusations of war crimes for much of the campaign meant his war record quickly became useless as a positive tool for Chiles campaign. Chiles tried to fight back, attacking Wilson’s policies on the environment and energy but these would be lost in the swirl of coverage.
In the end, Wilson won against Chiles easily. But accusations that Chiles had brought up, would return back to haunt him. Whilst the ensuing Soviet collapse was welcome by Wilson, his reluctant to bother supporting the new seemingly democratic Russia quickly lead to it being taken back over by Conservative Socialist figures like Boris Gromov and Alexander Rutskoy before the beginning of the millennium.
Meanwhile, Wilson’s support for deregulation of business had lead to the rapid raise of the monopoly Enron who’s corrupt practices were starting to be revealed to disgruntled Americans.
And Wilson’s support for scrapping of environmental laws had lead to a series of disasters that angered and shocked Americans, whilst his intense policing of environmental activists lead to several high profile cases and several deaths which angered those who saw it as unfair.
Wilson would stay fairly okay, but the collapse of the Japanese Yen alongside the Asian Property Crash in the late 90s lead to a ripple that caused America to experience a recession in the late 90s. Wilson’s austerity measures would leave a sour taste in his mouth amongst many of his former supporters, now on often on welfare themselves due to the deregulation he had pursued.
The creaks in the Wilson coalition started to show as the Millennium approached. The raise of PaleoConservatism in response to Wilson’s beliefs in Free Trade and seen as being ‘insufficiently Conservative’ on certain issues would become a bugbear for the Republicans as 2000 Primaries happened.
Things would get messy, Bob Smith, the awkward candidate for the PaleoConservatives would do surprisingly well, besting William Weld’s Social Libertarian campaign and perceived champion of the Wilson wing, Tommy Thompson would rapidly burn out. In the end the party, awkwardly rallied around Fred Thompson, a relatively dull Conservative who would make waves by picking the controversial Alan Keyes as his running mate.
Bob Smith would take his campaign to the Constitution party, though his habit of fighting the party itself meant that his ensuing Presidential campaign would be incredibly chaotic.
Meanwhile for the Democrats, things would be relatively cordial in comparison. Henry Cisneros during the had returned from a series of scandals athat had sunk any chance of becoming HUD Secretary under Gephardt to rebuilding his political career by becoming a prominent voice of the Hispanic Community who felt preyed upon by Wilson’s policies.
As a moderate happy to work with Liberals and Conservatives and with a series of Populist policies around Housing, Welfare and Healthcare he would happily cruise to become the Democratic nominee after a fairly placid primary period in which he had battled Inslee, Garamendi and McCurdy. His choice of former Michigan Governor James Blanchard, endeared him to the Unions and the Gephardt wing of the Democrats and against a divided Conservative field, Cisneros would best the Republicans and go on to become the first Hispanic President of America.
It’s now 2008, Cisneros has proven to be a popular and well liked President, though the occasional series of scandals and a resurgent raise in Right Wing Militia violence certainly has dampened the mood a bit. Still Single Payer Healthcare exists in some form and Kenneth Lay is in jail so things aren’t too bad.
Within the Democrats, the primaries are occurring and there’s no clear front runner for many. Whilst Bill Ritter seemed initially popular as the last gasp of the Gephardt wing, he’s increasingly floundered as time as gone on, Joe Biden has come out of the woodwork yet again, Bill Campbell seems to be making himself into the new Cisneros but corruption scandals seem to be stalking his every move, Inslee’s second go around seems to be going better but his technocratic liberalism seems increasingly uninspiring and a surprisingly popular Brian Schweitzer seems to be feathering his nest for a future run when the time comes.
For the Republicans, the questions is who can rebuild the coalition that Wilson had created. Jeb Bush seemed to be the answer but his bland personality sunk that. Still he tries again and certainly has a strong core of supporters behind him. Senator Guiliani has crashed upon the shores of his own oddness and has flamed out dramatically. Michael Huffington is spending a lot of money on something that isn’t going to happen and keeps muttering about creating his own party. Jim DeMint is appealing to the former Smith supporters though is struggling to build a sustainable grouping behind him.
But for many, it’s becoming a question between two figures.
Rick Perry is deemed to be Wilson’s heir, indeed the man even endorsed him, he’s making a lot out of his Anti-Immigration, Fiscal Conservatism and Deregulation policies and is trying to appeal to the people that both voted for Wilson and Cisneros and the Social Conservative’s of America.
But there’s another person, deemed a heir to the Bush legacy, even more than his son. John Kasich is being clambered upon by moderates as the only figure who could allow the Republicans a future beyond the Far-Right but he does seem happy to cost up the legacy of Bush and Wilson. Indeed, his endorsement from folks like Newt Gingrich seems to indicate that he’s happy to do whatever it takes to both secure his victory and the Republican victory when Presidential election hits…
Who knows what the future will bring…
1980 (With Jack Kemp) def. Jimmy Carter (Democratic)
1984 (With Jack Kemp) def. Gary Hart (Democratic)
1989-1993: Dick Gephardt (Democratic)
1988 (With Pat Schroeder) def. William L. Armstrong (Republican)
1993-2001: Pete Wilson (Republican)
1992 (With Caroll Campbell) def. Dick Gephardt (Democratic), Jerry Brown (Independent)
1996 (With Caroll Campbell) def. Lawton Chiles (Democratic)
2001-: Henry Cisneros (Democratic)
2000 (With James Blanchard) def. Fred Thompson (Republican), Bob Smith (Constitution)
2004 (With James Blanchard) def. Jeb Bush (Republican)
For many in the Conservative movement, Reagan would end up being a disappointment. He had been seen as the front runner, but after a campaign that would flame out due to a mixture of apathy, Reagan’s eccentricities and just many mistakes and problems that dogged the man, he would finish second and lose the nomination the vigorous moderate George Bush. Some folks like Jesse Helm’s lamented possible independent runs but decided against it. There time would come, eventually.
In the end, Bush would certainly shift Rightward during his time as President, not to Reagan’s extremes certainly, but mentions of ‘Voodoo Economics’ disappeared and Bush would casually drop ‘taking a harder line against the Soviets’ whenever he could, though that rapidly was brushed aside when Gorbachev took over in 1984. But Bush did certainly cut a more moderate Conservative path than many of his strident Republican colleagues would have wanted.
Indeed, someone watching the slow brewing Conservative backlash towards Bush was a Californian Senator called Pete Wilson. Whilst like Bush, a Fiscal Conservative and Social Moderate, Wilson would make several high public statements on Welfare, Immigration and Deregulation that many saw as openly courting the Conservative Wing of the Republicans whilst also making a name for himself by being friendly with the Bush Administration on issues related to fiscal policies (indeed he would be dubbed the ‘Treasury’s Watchdog’ by some).
Easily beating the Flakey,
Technocratic, Centrist Populist Gary Hart, Bush had managed to cruise into a Second Term as the emerging financial situation began to stabilise and the Cold War began to simmer down. Bush policies were fairly popular, the Budget was fairly balanced, Socially he had struck a line between Social Conservatism on occasions (Abortion and Gay Rights he would tack rightward on several occasions) whilst on others stay incredibly moderate on (the passage of a watered down ERA can be posited on Bush’s indifference to the matter) and the economy seemed to be improving…until it wasn’t. Whilst the recession of 1987 wasn’t as extreme as previous it left a bad taste in people’s mouths. Bush would leave on a more positive note than expected but his policies and ideals would be re-examined by each side of the aisles.
For the Republicans the break would emerge between whether Bush had been let down by his lack of belief in Supply Side Economics or by his lack of beliefs in ‘Christian Values’.
1988 Republican Primaries would turn into Jack Kemp fighting as the champion of the Libertarian wing whilst William L. Armstrong fought as champion of the Christian Conservatives and Moral Crusaders. Armstrong would win, but only after a dirty campaign that smeared Kemp and insinuated he had engaged in a same sex escapade in a log cabin. This did a lot to overshadow the Republicans as the Presidential Campaign got underway.
For the Democrats, burnt out by promises of Technocracy, Centrism and Moderate looked for someone more angry.
Whilst Dick Gephardt was in several respects a member of the Democratic Establishment (down to being a member of the DLC) and had been friendly whilst campaigning with auto giants like Lee Iacocca for protectionist measures against Asian Car Manufacturers, in 1988 he would become a fire breathing dragon of Anti-Establishment Populism, castigating the economic downfall of recent times as being down to the work of Bush, Big Business and Free Trade.
Gephardt would gain massive ground on the back of Blue Collar support, though his initial Social Conservative beliefs angered Liberals who would support Pat Schroeder’s failed run. Gephardt for his part would repudiate some of his previous beliefs and would make Schroeder his running mate to appease the Liberal wing.
Gephardt would beat Armstrong who spent most of his time chiming in about moral issues than about the economy. And so Gephardt went to work…and floundered.
Whilst able to rip up the free trade agreements brought in under Bush and instituting protectionist measures, the end of the Cold War would hit a brick wall as Gorbachev was assassinated in 1989 and Gephardt had to deal with the more Conservative Nikolai Ryzhkov. Whilst the Warsaw Pact did dissolve over 1989 and 1990, the Hungarian-Romanian War and the Soviet’s mild support for Iraq would leave a bad taste in Americans mouths especially those who voted in Gephardt to withdraw from global affairs.
Whilst Gephardt would be well liked for his attempts to revive the American Welfare programs after the cuts instituted under Bush, his handling of riots in major American cities and drug gang related violence would dog his tenure. Additionally Gephardt’s policies often antagonised those who believed in Environmental struggles, who saw Gephardt’s support for Coal and Oil workers as tantamount to there beliefs.
In the vacuum that formed, Jerry Brown would step in. Back from exile, Brown pursued a quixotic primary run that did better than most expected in 1992, followed by an Independent Campaign that did well. Brown found that there was a place for a Left Wing, Fiscally Conservative Liberalism that he preached. Tacking Jesse Jackson as his running mate, a notable critic on Gephardt’s tenure on race issues, meant that Brown managed to gain support from those who thought that Gephardt was too moderate, or old fashioned, or too right wing, or too much of the same old Democrats.
Gephardt did better than expected all things given, the economy had begun improving certainly and personally he was still fairly popular. But it didn’t matter, the Conservative’s had found there man to bring them in.
Pete Wilson wasn’t a man who had converted whole heartedly to the Conservative cause, he still disagreed on Abortion for example. But it was fine, he preached points that they supported. Wilson campaigned on deregulation, fiscal Conservatism and especially on immigration and tougher policing, torpedoing a dull Dole campaign and the double act of Quayle and Robertson who spent most of there time being gaffe prone.
Wilson’s picking of Carroll Campbell, a one time potential rival for President and a man who had started his political career protesting integration and busing signalled to the Conservative’s that they would be safe with Wilson. Wilson would be supported by a stream of Businesses who saw Wilson as a man to work with. Sure Gephardt had the Man of America’s Past Iacocca on his side, but Wilson had the Man of America’s Future…Kenneth Lay.
Wilson’s victory signalled a Conservative shift in America, much more apparent than Bush had signalled. Yet again, cuts would be felt to welfare and Wilson signalled an aggressive overhaul of how the system work. Immigration, a factor that had allowed Wilson to win over wobbly Gephardt voters, would be clamped down upon and the mass deportations of illegal immigrants would hover over the rest of his Presidency.
Whilst Wilson avoided touching abortion, he did allow the Religious Right some victories over prayers in schools and against Gay Rights. Same Sex Marriage was declared illegal by a federal law and aggressive campaign against any potential gay soldiers would become some particular focal points.
The Democrats would regroup, and as the economy took it’s time to recover, the Democrats were able to regain the House in 1994. But many were willing to compromise with Wilson on various issues, tax cuts and welfare reform being supported by New Democrats, immigration and Social Conservative measures often by Blue Dogs. The Left were reeling and unable to offer much of a fight as the 90s wore on.
The 1996 election was conducted with a fairly popular Wilson still as President, a series of successful interventions in Yugoslavia, Iraq and Libya and the creation of a Free Trade deal with Canada were very much the go to of Wilson’s first term. The Democrats had a choice between dull moderation of Al Gore, the Progressive Populism of Paul Wellstone or the folksy charm of Lawton Chiles, in the end Gore dropping out and endorsing Chiles would clinch it for him.
Many expected an easy victory for Wilson, but Chiles folksy charm endeared him to many humble Americans and the race became closer than expected with Wilson running a more aggressive than expected campaign. Indeed, Chiles’s running mate Bob Kerrey having to dodge accusations of war crimes for much of the campaign meant his war record quickly became useless as a positive tool for Chiles campaign. Chiles tried to fight back, attacking Wilson’s policies on the environment and energy but these would be lost in the swirl of coverage.
In the end, Wilson won against Chiles easily. But accusations that Chiles had brought up, would return back to haunt him. Whilst the ensuing Soviet collapse was welcome by Wilson, his reluctant to bother supporting the new seemingly democratic Russia quickly lead to it being taken back over by Conservative Socialist figures like Boris Gromov and Alexander Rutskoy before the beginning of the millennium.
Meanwhile, Wilson’s support for deregulation of business had lead to the rapid raise of the monopoly Enron who’s corrupt practices were starting to be revealed to disgruntled Americans.
And Wilson’s support for scrapping of environmental laws had lead to a series of disasters that angered and shocked Americans, whilst his intense policing of environmental activists lead to several high profile cases and several deaths which angered those who saw it as unfair.
Wilson would stay fairly okay, but the collapse of the Japanese Yen alongside the Asian Property Crash in the late 90s lead to a ripple that caused America to experience a recession in the late 90s. Wilson’s austerity measures would leave a sour taste in his mouth amongst many of his former supporters, now on often on welfare themselves due to the deregulation he had pursued.
The creaks in the Wilson coalition started to show as the Millennium approached. The raise of PaleoConservatism in response to Wilson’s beliefs in Free Trade and seen as being ‘insufficiently Conservative’ on certain issues would become a bugbear for the Republicans as 2000 Primaries happened.
Things would get messy, Bob Smith, the awkward candidate for the PaleoConservatives would do surprisingly well, besting William Weld’s Social Libertarian campaign and perceived champion of the Wilson wing, Tommy Thompson would rapidly burn out. In the end the party, awkwardly rallied around Fred Thompson, a relatively dull Conservative who would make waves by picking the controversial Alan Keyes as his running mate.
Bob Smith would take his campaign to the Constitution party, though his habit of fighting the party itself meant that his ensuing Presidential campaign would be incredibly chaotic.
Meanwhile for the Democrats, things would be relatively cordial in comparison. Henry Cisneros during the had returned from a series of scandals athat had sunk any chance of becoming HUD Secretary under Gephardt to rebuilding his political career by becoming a prominent voice of the Hispanic Community who felt preyed upon by Wilson’s policies.
As a moderate happy to work with Liberals and Conservatives and with a series of Populist policies around Housing, Welfare and Healthcare he would happily cruise to become the Democratic nominee after a fairly placid primary period in which he had battled Inslee, Garamendi and McCurdy. His choice of former Michigan Governor James Blanchard, endeared him to the Unions and the Gephardt wing of the Democrats and against a divided Conservative field, Cisneros would best the Republicans and go on to become the first Hispanic President of America.
It’s now 2008, Cisneros has proven to be a popular and well liked President, though the occasional series of scandals and a resurgent raise in Right Wing Militia violence certainly has dampened the mood a bit. Still Single Payer Healthcare exists in some form and Kenneth Lay is in jail so things aren’t too bad.
Within the Democrats, the primaries are occurring and there’s no clear front runner for many. Whilst Bill Ritter seemed initially popular as the last gasp of the Gephardt wing, he’s increasingly floundered as time as gone on, Joe Biden has come out of the woodwork yet again, Bill Campbell seems to be making himself into the new Cisneros but corruption scandals seem to be stalking his every move, Inslee’s second go around seems to be going better but his technocratic liberalism seems increasingly uninspiring and a surprisingly popular Brian Schweitzer seems to be feathering his nest for a future run when the time comes.
For the Republicans, the questions is who can rebuild the coalition that Wilson had created. Jeb Bush seemed to be the answer but his bland personality sunk that. Still he tries again and certainly has a strong core of supporters behind him. Senator Guiliani has crashed upon the shores of his own oddness and has flamed out dramatically. Michael Huffington is spending a lot of money on something that isn’t going to happen and keeps muttering about creating his own party. Jim DeMint is appealing to the former Smith supporters though is struggling to build a sustainable grouping behind him.
But for many, it’s becoming a question between two figures.
Rick Perry is deemed to be Wilson’s heir, indeed the man even endorsed him, he’s making a lot out of his Anti-Immigration, Fiscal Conservatism and Deregulation policies and is trying to appeal to the people that both voted for Wilson and Cisneros and the Social Conservative’s of America.
But there’s another person, deemed a heir to the Bush legacy, even more than his son. John Kasich is being clambered upon by moderates as the only figure who could allow the Republicans a future beyond the Far-Right but he does seem happy to cost up the legacy of Bush and Wilson. Indeed, his endorsement from folks like Newt Gingrich seems to indicate that he’s happy to do whatever it takes to both secure his victory and the Republican victory when Presidential election hits…
Who knows what the future will bring…
TheKennedyMachine
Well-known member
- Pronouns
- she/her
Thinking of removing the Sudan aspect — want to avoid doing an Iraq analogue ITTL.
TheKennedyMachine
Well-known member
- Pronouns
- she/her
”At the end of the Clinton administration, the United States opened a dialogue with Sudan on counterterrorism, and Sudan was receptive. The George W. Bush administration generally continued a tough policy toward Sudan, but the events of September 11, 2001, had a dramatic impact on the relationship. The United States moved counterterrorism to the highest foreign-policy priority, and Sudan, taking advantage of this new situation, stepped up its counterterrorism cooperation with the United States.” - Wikipedia
Sudan seems like a no-no. Any suggestions?
Puget Sound
o-one giant weap fow mankind (≧◡≦)
- Location
- Cascadia, USA
Fear The Moon 2.0
Presidents of the United States (2009-2020)
2009-2017: Barack Obama/Joe Biden (Democratic)
2008: Def. John McCain/Sarah Palin (Republican)
2012: Def. Mitt Romney/Paul Ryan (Republican)
2017-2020: Donald Trump/Mike Pence (Republican)
2016: Def. Hillary Clinton/Tim Kaine (Democratic)
President-Elect; Was not able to take office: Joe Biden/Kamala Harris
2020: Def. Donald Trump/Mike Pence (Republican)
Presidents of the United States (Washington DC Pseudolegitimist Collaborator Pro-Nightmare Moon Government)
2020-????: Donald Trump/Mike Pence (Republican)
Presidents of the United States (Minneapolis Legitimist Government)
2020-????: Mark Pocan/Val Demings (Democratic)
2020: (House election) Def. Matt Gaetz (Loyalist Republican), Justin Amash (Libertarian)
Presidents of the United States (Mobile Legitimist Government)
2020-????: Dan Crenshaw/Corey Stewart (True Republican)
2020: (House election) No effective opposition
Maximum Leaders of the Scientific Union of America (San Francisco Revolutionary Transhumanist Government)
2020-????: Rick Perry (Technocratic)
Presidents of the United States (2009-2020)
2009-2017: Barack Obama/Joe Biden (Democratic)
2008: Def. John McCain/Sarah Palin (Republican)
2012: Def. Mitt Romney/Paul Ryan (Republican)
2017-2020: Donald Trump/Mike Pence (Republican)
2016: Def. Hillary Clinton/Tim Kaine (Democratic)
President-Elect; Was not able to take office: Joe Biden/Kamala Harris
2020: Def. Donald Trump/Mike Pence (Republican)
Presidents of the United States (Washington DC Pseudolegitimist Collaborator Pro-Nightmare Moon Government)
2020-????: Donald Trump/Mike Pence (Republican)
Presidents of the United States (Minneapolis Legitimist Government)
2020-????: Mark Pocan/Val Demings (Democratic)
2020: (House election) Def. Matt Gaetz (Loyalist Republican), Justin Amash (Libertarian)
Presidents of the United States (Mobile Legitimist Government)
2020-????: Dan Crenshaw/Corey Stewart (True Republican)
2020: (House election) No effective opposition
Maximum Leaders of the Scientific Union of America (San Francisco Revolutionary Transhumanist Government)
2020-????: Rick Perry (Technocratic)
Blackentheborg
Dennis Skinner's molotov
- Location
- Grand Hotel Abyss
- Pronouns
- He/Him
Brainwashed! Part 2
1973-1974: Tom Eagleton† (Democratic)
(with Richard J. Daley, then Henry M. Jackson) defeated Pete McCloskey/Mike Gravel (Justice), John Ashbrook/David Cargo (Republican)
- elected following voter fatigue, promises "pragmatic" American intervention
- Syrian/Egyptian victory during the Yom Kippur War results in the Treaty of Aqaba and the surrender of the occupied Sinai Peninsula, alarming NATO and American anti-communists
- President Eagleton refuses to consider congressional alliance with the Justice party for Universal Healthcare, calling them the party of "amnesty, abortion, and acid"
- End of federal subsidies for tobacco producers lead to farm labour strike supported by Cesar Chavez
- "Cienfuegos crisis" ends peacefully after reaffirmation of the American/Soviet Agreement made in 1962
- Federal investigation into Pacific Gas and Electric Company wastewater pollution in California launched following the passing of the 1973 Water Quality Act
- East Timor, under control of the Fretilin, successfully repel an invasion by Indonesia
- Vice President Daley resigns after his links to the 1968 assassination of Black Panther leader Fred Hampton are made public, replaced by war hawk Senator Henry M. Jackson
- Greek forces carry out a coup d'état in Cyprus, Turkish President Cemal Madanoğlu implores for Greece to be expelled from NATO
- Washington Post reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward uncover President Eagleton's history of depression, electroshock therapy
- Found dead at Camp David from barbiturate (sleeping pill) overdose, true cause of death not disclosed to public until 2002
1974-1977: Henry M. Jackson (Democratic)
(vacant, then with John Connally)
- "Nobody voted for Jackson" t-shirts and buttons become popular despite initial favourability with the American public
- Khmer Rouge forces seized an American ship in international waters, President Jackson meets with King Norodom Sihanouk
- General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev dies of a heart attack, is replaced by Mikhail Suslov
- American economy enters period of stagflation, leading to rollback of popular social programmes
- Saudi King Faisal, citing interests in Cambodia, threatens an oil embargo by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) against America
- Soviet-backed militias in South Africa depose the Afrikaner government, Steve Biko elected interim State President
- Refusal to negotiate with municipal labor unions lead to NYC defaulting on its debts, Mayor Mario Biaggi declares bankruptcy
- Following "alarming" increase in inflation, Shah Mohammad Reza dies of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, leading to a power vacuum
- Vice President Connally not renominated, citing "disagreements with policy"
- New York conservative James Buckley nominated by acclaim for the Republican candidacy
1977-19??: Ed Brooke (Justice)
(with Henry Howell) defeated James Buckley/Alan Steelman (Republican), Henry M. Jackson/Walter Huddleston (Democratic)
- Surprise Brooke victory leads to uptick in white supremacist violence, subsequent crackdown by federal authorities
- Lin Biao, Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, defects to the USSR, exacerbating the already worsening Sino-Soviet split
- Appointment of circuit judge William Canby to the supreme court helps codify McCorvey v. Lader, upholding federal protection for abortion rights
- The USSR boycotts Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) over Brooke refusal to extradite author and exile Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
- Texas congressman George H.W. Bush assassinated by mentally unwell family friend John Hinckley Jr.
- President Brooke announces and end to American economic involvement in Nicaragua, echoes President Romney while arguing "We must get our own home in order."
- Iran erupts into a three-way civil war, between Shah Reza Pahlavi, Ayatollah Khomeini and the People's Mojahedin (backed by the USSR)
- War on Drugs launches, leading to criticism to the Brooke administrations interest in Marijuana law reform
- The Afghanistan Mujahedin Freedom Fighters Front overthrow the Soviet-backed Khalq government
1973-1974: Tom Eagleton† (Democratic)
(with Richard J. Daley, then Henry M. Jackson) defeated Pete McCloskey/Mike Gravel (Justice), John Ashbrook/David Cargo (Republican)
- elected following voter fatigue, promises "pragmatic" American intervention
- Syrian/Egyptian victory during the Yom Kippur War results in the Treaty of Aqaba and the surrender of the occupied Sinai Peninsula, alarming NATO and American anti-communists
- President Eagleton refuses to consider congressional alliance with the Justice party for Universal Healthcare, calling them the party of "amnesty, abortion, and acid"
- End of federal subsidies for tobacco producers lead to farm labour strike supported by Cesar Chavez
- "Cienfuegos crisis" ends peacefully after reaffirmation of the American/Soviet Agreement made in 1962
- Federal investigation into Pacific Gas and Electric Company wastewater pollution in California launched following the passing of the 1973 Water Quality Act
- East Timor, under control of the Fretilin, successfully repel an invasion by Indonesia
- Vice President Daley resigns after his links to the 1968 assassination of Black Panther leader Fred Hampton are made public, replaced by war hawk Senator Henry M. Jackson
- Greek forces carry out a coup d'état in Cyprus, Turkish President Cemal Madanoğlu implores for Greece to be expelled from NATO
- Washington Post reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward uncover President Eagleton's history of depression, electroshock therapy
- Found dead at Camp David from barbiturate (sleeping pill) overdose, true cause of death not disclosed to public until 2002
1974-1977: Henry M. Jackson (Democratic)
(vacant, then with John Connally)
- "Nobody voted for Jackson" t-shirts and buttons become popular despite initial favourability with the American public
- Khmer Rouge forces seized an American ship in international waters, President Jackson meets with King Norodom Sihanouk
- General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev dies of a heart attack, is replaced by Mikhail Suslov
- American economy enters period of stagflation, leading to rollback of popular social programmes
- Saudi King Faisal, citing interests in Cambodia, threatens an oil embargo by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) against America
- Soviet-backed militias in South Africa depose the Afrikaner government, Steve Biko elected interim State President
- Refusal to negotiate with municipal labor unions lead to NYC defaulting on its debts, Mayor Mario Biaggi declares bankruptcy
- Following "alarming" increase in inflation, Shah Mohammad Reza dies of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, leading to a power vacuum
- Vice President Connally not renominated, citing "disagreements with policy"
- New York conservative James Buckley nominated by acclaim for the Republican candidacy
1977-19??: Ed Brooke (Justice)
(with Henry Howell) defeated James Buckley/Alan Steelman (Republican), Henry M. Jackson/Walter Huddleston (Democratic)
- Surprise Brooke victory leads to uptick in white supremacist violence, subsequent crackdown by federal authorities
- Lin Biao, Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, defects to the USSR, exacerbating the already worsening Sino-Soviet split
- Appointment of circuit judge William Canby to the supreme court helps codify McCorvey v. Lader, upholding federal protection for abortion rights
- The USSR boycotts Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) over Brooke refusal to extradite author and exile Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
- Texas congressman George H.W. Bush assassinated by mentally unwell family friend John Hinckley Jr.
- President Brooke announces and end to American economic involvement in Nicaragua, echoes President Romney while arguing "We must get our own home in order."
- Iran erupts into a three-way civil war, between Shah Reza Pahlavi, Ayatollah Khomeini and the People's Mojahedin (backed by the USSR)
- War on Drugs launches, leading to criticism to the Brooke administrations interest in Marijuana law reform
- The Afghanistan Mujahedin Freedom Fighters Front overthrow the Soviet-backed Khalq government
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