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The Thirty-Second HoS Challenge

The Thirty-Second HoS Challenge

  • Fear Naught - Walpurgisnacht

    Votes: 11 52.4%
  • George Wallace and the American Dream - AnActualFam

    Votes: 5 23.8%
  • Untitled - theflyingmgoose

    Votes: 3 14.3%
  • PERSONAL STATEMENT - AH Layard

    Votes: 10 47.6%
  • Designated: the Return of Rockefeller Republicans - rosa

    Votes: 4 19.0%
  • Through A Hole In The Air - Steve Brinson

    Votes: 10 47.6%

  • Total voters
    21
  • Poll closed .

Walpurgisnacht

It was in the Year of Maximum Danger
Location
Banned from the forum
Pronouns
He/Him
It's time to go back to school! The school of HoS lists, where you learn about realignment in the American South and how it would affect Bryan Gould.

The rules are simple; I give a prompt, and you have until 4:00pm on the 28th (or whenever I remember to post the announcement on that day) to post a list related to the prompt. As for what constitutes a list? If you'd personally post it in Lists of Heads of Government and Heads of State rather than another thread, I think that's a good enough criterion. Writeups are preferred, please don't post a blank list, and I'd also appreciate it if you titled your list for polling purposes. Once the deadline hits, we will open up a multiple choice poll, and whoever receives the most votes after a week gets the entirely immaterial prize.

This September is marked by the most important event of the Jewish calendar--the High Holy Days, the most important among which is Yom Kippur. Unlike other major holidays I could mention, Yom Kippur is largely spent fasting and praying, asking G_d for forgiveness for sins against him and trying to make up for sins against fellow human beings. As such, this challenge's theme is Repentance. Turning back before you get to the cliff edge, healing wounds you inflicted, resolving to change your ways forever more--such things always make for good stories, and when done en masse they can make great political stories as well.

Good luck!
 

Fear Naught
1924-1926: Stanley Baldwin (Conservative)
1926-1926: A. J. Cook (MFGB leading General Strike Committee)
1926-1928: Admiral John Jellicoe (Emergency Administration)
1928-1934: Oliver Locker-Lampson (Imperial Sentinels)
def 1928: (Coalition with Conservatives) Neville Chamberlain (Constitutionalist), William Joynson-Hicks (Conservative), Havelock Wilson (British Worker's League)
1930: Second Instrument of Government passed; Parliament officially dissolved

1934-1941: Arthur Wellesley (Imperial Sentinels)
defeated in power struggle 1934: Oliver Locker-Lampson ("Hands Off Britain" Imperial Sentinels)
1941-1948: William Joyce (Imperial Sentinels)
1942: Monarchy abolished; official foundation of British Imperial State
1948-1948: Oliver Locker-Lampson (Free Britain)
1948-1948: de jure Arnold Leese (Imperial Sentinels), de facto collapsed authority
1948-0000: Gen. Harry Crerar, Gen. William H. Simpson, & Gen. Iona Yakir (Allied Powers Administration)

The radio microphone crackled to life in the old man's hands. It worked, of course. The scarred bastard wanted all the recievers in perfect condition, and all the aerials fixed up properly, because even as Red bombs fell and Yank troops landed and children wasted away in the streets for want of bread, everyone in the land had to hear Their Master's Voice every evening on the dot, even if very few people still tuned in, now that you could get a cheap American wireless smuggled all the way from Dundee.

"People of Britain..." His raspy voice blared out, first falteringly, then proudly. "People of Britain--good people of Britain--I am speaking to you, tonight..." Some great blast--artillery?--roared in the background, and he had to pause, scrabbling with one hand for his note-cards as they fell off the shaking table.

"Good people of Britain, this is the voice of liberty speaking."

"My name--you may remember it--my name is Oliver Locker-Lampson. I was--I still am, by law--the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, a state which has been destroyed by a band of decievers who claimed they only wished to protect it. I am speaking to those citizens that are still loyal to Britain, to what it stands for and should always stand for."

Some banked fire rose to life in the old man's eyes as he spoke. His voice, and his grip on the microphone, became firmer.

"You have been decieved, every last one of you! Decived by an army of liars and cheats, who should never have been let into the government into the first place! The primary goal, indeed, the only goal, of the Sentinels was to clear out the Red menace, an alien element in Britain, that sought to undermine British strength at home and abroad through economic parasitism and sowing division. It was never to scatter spies into every corner of a man's life, to ghettoise the most civilised of our citizens out of incomprehensible fear, or to wage war on half the world! Now, the Communist threat is stronger than ever, with Trotsky's forces in Calais salivating at the chance to ravage our women and plunder our cities!"

"All of this could have been prevented. It was a choice, an incorrect one, to align ourselves with the Axial powers of Germany and Italy. In Britain, we had our own way of doing things--we were fighting with the same danger, but not in the same deadly form. Our antidotes to the Communist peril were not the deadly scourges used on the Continent, that slowly wither away the user by their excesses, but subtler tonics that invigorated what did not need to be cut away. The wholesale importation of these systems--just as alien to the British race as Communism--by opportunistic, foreign-controlled mountebanks, was never inevitable!"

A few short, sharp bursts of gunfire echoed through the corridors of the broadcasting station. The old man, however, had thoroughly regained his momentum by this point, and could hardly make them out over his own words.

"Look at where they have led us! Our King, forced to abdicate for offending the sensibilities of the second Cromwell who now sits in Whitehall! Our church, disestablished and forced out of public life for the crime of upstaging the holy State! Our people, starving, cold, haunted, orphaned, blasted by bombs, not only abandoned, told to die by a government with a head and heart of stone. What began as national reawakening has been peverted into national suicide. We may have been battered down, but we're still Englishmen, and I trust that we will not go quietly into the night that is being prepared for us--I for one, am not."

"As I speak, thousands of secret patriots are rising up, ready to take control of key positions and seize power. They have already struck a vital blow to the very heart of the beast itself. Join them! It was not the Master who won the great battles of the last decade, from crushing the agents of Moscow to winning the Greater Ulster campaign. It was you, the ordinary citizen of Britain! I leave it in your hands to decide--do you want to live under the bloody banner of the swastika, or under the Union Jack?"

By now, the outside world had faded from view for the old man. The peeling plaster opposite, the rusting mic grating against his hand, the hammering and yelling from outside the door--all of these were out of sight.

"We are--we remain--a nation that is strong! A nation that can carve out the rot within it!"

He was back there, at the Albert Hall. Blue banners, snapping in the breeze, waving over hundreds of cheering faces...

"Do we need some ex-American, dancing to the tune of a mad piper in Berlin, to rule over us? Will we Britons ever be slaves?"

The blueshirted legions, marching on below the stage, hailing him, ready to wipe out the Red threat, to crush Cook, to dispense with that fool Chamberlain, to make a Britain the heroes of the War could be proud of, a leader that understood the fighting Tommy, enabled to do away with the old men with their old lies and old slowness...

"Together, we can break the chains holding us to Hitler, and work with the Americans to fight the real enemy of civilisation. All I am asking is for you to follow me again!"

Behind the stage, captains of industry, leaders of politics, great men, all backing what was right, all willing to help that inner cadre of experienced men, himself, and so many others, standing besides him on that day, that glorious day, Blakeney and Churchill and Agent Knight and Admiral Hall and Baron Queenborough and...

"All you need is to--"

...and the Duke of Wellington. And Joyce, behind him, always behind him.

The microphone slipped from his hands.

There had been photos. He wasn't meant to see them. He suspected no-one was. Webster, that bizarre woman, had bribed a guard to take them, and sent them around to her friends, secretly, as trophies. Look what we have done! This is it, our crowning glory!

It was in Donegal, perhaps, that camp. It could have been Scotland, with the mountains behind it, but it was probably Donegal, because the grass around it, in the photos, looked too lush. He remembered that--how wrong it seemed to have the fullness of nature outside the barbed wire, and inside it, watched over by grim-faced riflemen, these skeletal two-thirds-dead figures, each one with badges proclaiming them COMMUNIST, SABOTEUR, ALIEN...

There was a chimney, behind them, in one of the photos. The American wirelesses had said quite a few things about what the camps in Scotland used their chimneys for. The old man couldn't say if it was the same kind of chimney. It seemed likely, though. He couldn't be sure--he'd burned the photos already, out of--out of something--and the chimney wasn't quite the bit that had stuck with him.

What he remembered was the photo of the guard hut, sparsely appointed, with two portraits on the wall. Well, one portrait. It was a composite of two scenes. Joyce, and his own hand on Joyce's shoulder, gazing proudly down like a father at his son, at what they had both achieved.

The sounds of the corridor had gone from too loud to too quiet. The bangs were single, and regular, and accompanied by muffled noises.

Eventually, the old man found the microphone under the desk.

"People of Britain--Good people of Britain--if anyone, who is listening, deserves to be called that--"

"Good people of Britain--forget me. I never deserved your trust, and should never have recieved it. All of this is because of me, and the choices I made. Nothing of what comes next should involve me."

The old man's hand gripped white around the microphone. Footsteps approached, just at the edge of his hearing.

"The Lord permitted the salvation of Sodom if ten righteous men could be found, and I sincerely hope that they exist among you, and act now, to prove it. For them, at least, it is not too late."

The door scraped across the floor.

"For me, it is."
 
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Fear Naught
Gosh, this is a realistically grim ‘Fascist Britain’ scenario. I am kind of a fan of ‘those upper crust Fascist wannabes get to take the reins of governance and oh god they’re fucking evil’ scenarios.

Using Locker-Lampson works incredibly well for the ‘founder of the new order turns the other cheek’ type figure. He is definitely someone who could lead a rather fumbled coup that leads to British Government collapsing.
 
George Wallace and the American Dream by Vice President John Lewis, New York Times Op-Ed, June 5, 1995

[….]

“Only five years after I forgave him, he had a chance to be forgiven wholesale by America. The fall of President Reagan with the October Surprise Scandal and the pardoning of another former president by President Ford led Democrats to search far and wide. Wallace pushed for his campaign as one in which he was a changed man and would help heal a broken America and save its’ soul, given direct parallels between him and Franklin Roosevelt.

He showed his change through his Vice President, the late Tom Bradley, who I became a personal friend of from when I entered office until his assassination last year. Bradley showed how much Wallace had changed and how just as I forgave him in 1979, Americans forgave him in 1984 and 1988, giving him landslide wins.

Some have questioned and asked me how much of his claims to be a changed man was just a persona to get elected. However, from my many meetings and discussions with him throughout his time as President, I fully believe he was a changed man.

He is the icon of the American Dream and shows the capacity for change for anyone and the need for compassion and understanding, but not forgiveness. Do I absolve him for his opportunist turn towards segregation? I don’t, but I forgive him because I believe in the capacity of everyone in this country and America itself to change for the better.

George Wallace was, in many ways, a mirror of America as a whole. In many ways, he was ambitious, an opportunist, a leader, and sometimes even idealistic. He has been a shadow in American political life from his first speech as Governor in 1963, saying ''Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever'' to his final moments in the spotlight describing his friendship with President Bradley during his funeral speech. There will never truly be another politician like George Wallace.

1981-1982 Ronald Reagan/Gerald Ford (Republican)**
1982-1985 Gerald Ford/Anne Armstrong (Republican)

1980 def. Jimmy Carter/Walter Mondale (Democratic)

1985-1993 George Wallace/Tom Bradley (Democratic)
1984 def. Anne Armstrong/George H.W. Bush (Republican), Ron Paul/Lewis Lehrman (Libertarian)
1988 def. Bob Dole/Kay Orr (Republican)


1993-1994 Tom Bradley/Jay Rockefeller (Democratic)*
1992 def. Jack Kemp/Marshall Coleman (Republican)

1994-??? Jay Rockefeller/John Lewis (Democratic)

*Assassinated
**Resigned
 
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Richard Nixon - 1969-1975
John Anderson - 1975-1977
Henry Jackson - 1977-1981
Ronald Reagan - 1981-1989
Pat Buchanan - 1989-1993
John Anderson - 1993-2001


The Democrats were in an excellent position in 1992, it was only a matter of who they would choose.

That candidate would end up being former Republican President John B. Anderson. Since leaving office, Anderson had shifted left, frequently criticizing Reagan and switching parties due to Buchanan. Ultimately, Anderson would prove to be a sensible pick for most, and he was nominated by the convention. He also ran a skilled campaign. But nothing would compare to what would happen in November.

On election night, the nation would watch in shock. Anderson would obviously sweep the northeast, but he was easily outperforming Dukakis (who had only lost by a whisker) by twenty points. Ultimately, Anderson would be swept (back?) into office, winning 45 states and over 500 electoral votes. Downballot, the Senate and House would both have progressive supermajorities ready to hit the ground running.

Almost immediately, a bill expanding Scoop Jackson's public option into a full universal healthcare system was passed and signed into law. The minimum wage was raised to ten dollars by the end of the decade. A national carbon and wealth tax system was established. Paid parental leave of up to a year was passed by Congress. Appropriations for a national high speed rail system were approved. Robert Bork was impeached. Roe was reinstated.

The Democrats suffered in the midterms, but their majority was unassailable. John B. Anderson had changed the country, for better or for worse.
 
Richard Nixon - 1969-1975
John Anderson - 1975-1977
Henry Jackson - 1977-1981
Ronald Reagan - 1981-1989
Pat Buchanan - 1989-1993
John Anderson - 1993-2001


The Democrats were in an excellent position in 1992, it was only a matter of who they would choose.

That candidate would end up being former Republican President John B. Anderson. Since leaving office, Anderson had shifted left, frequently criticizing Reagan and switching parties due to Buchanan. Ultimately, Anderson would prove to be a sensible pick for most, and he was nominated by the convention. He also ran a skilled campaign. But nothing would compare to what would happen in November.

On election night, the nation would watch in shock. Anderson would obviously sweep the northeast, but he was easily outperforming Dukakis (who had only lost by a whisker) by twenty points. Ultimately, Anderson would be swept (back?) into office, winning 45 states and over 500 electoral votes. Downballot, the Senate and House would both have progressive supermajorities ready to hit the ground running.

Almost immediately, a bill expanding Scoop Jackson's public option into a full universal healthcare system was passed and signed into law. The minimum wage was raised to ten dollars by the end of the decade. A national carbon and wealth tax system was established. Paid parental leave of up to a year was passed by Congress. Appropriations for a national high speed rail system were approved. Robert Bork was impeached. Roe was reinstated.

The Democrats suffered in the midterms, but their majority was unassailable. John B. Anderson had changed the country, for better or for worse.
How big is the D majority congressionally?
 
PERSONAL STATEMENT, 24th February 1965.

Speaker (Sir Harry Hylton-Foster): Mr. Donald Maclean.

Mr. Donald Maclean (Midlothian): Thank you Mr. Speaker, it has been almost twenty years since I spoke from these benches, and not much longer since I was first elected to represent Midlothian, the same seat held by my father in this House during the Great War and the dark fallow years that followed. It was a great honour to serve this Government as Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, albeit for only five months. I would like to make a statement on my resignation from the Government.

In a statement to the press, I stated that I was resigning from the Government for family reasons. This is, in one sense, true. The last several years have taken their toll on my family and I, to the detriment of our health. No man can live a life of endless motion, of permanent performance, of sublimating oneself to abstract good. The strain, physical and spiritual, is simply too great.

I do not often speak of my father, a Free Churchman and a Liberal in the proudest tradition. He would often refer to scripture. ‘To be faithful in a little is to be faithful in very much’. I did not always follow my father’s commandments, but I can say at least that I have been faithful to some causes in my life. I have dedicated the best part of my life to the Labour Party. I still believe that our movement is the best hope for this country, and for the world in an age of fear and suspicion. I wish the Government all success in uplifting the material and moral condition of our country, and in acting as an honest broker on the world stage.

I have long admitted, without shame, that I once expressed faith in Marxist-Leninism during my years as a student. (Members: Shame!) As did other Members of this House, while other Members supported appeasement. I did so because I believed that fascism and rampant capitalism would lead Europe into the abyss. The rest is history, and the democratic nations found the resolve to fight. The success of democratic socialism was not always assured, and in those turbulent years, many of us searched for any tools at our disposal to defeat the fascist menace.

Above all, I have dedicated my life to the pursuit of Peace. At what price can we secure Peace? That is the question that has defined the past fifty years. How far would each of us go to secure Peace for ourselves, for our friends, for our children? For many of us who served in the last war, we were prepared to fight and kill for a lasting Peace. Sometimes in the pursuit of Peace we must betray our sympathy. We have to deceive ourselves and others that we can live without sympathy, leaving our humanity at the door.

I am afraid that in the pursuit of Peace, I have deceived many people. My family, my friends including in this House, my country. I suppose that one could say: ‘To be dishonest in little is to be dishonest in very much.’ I cannot carry the burden of accumulated dishonesty any longer and I must live in truth.

In 1934, while at Cambridge I was approached by a representative of the Soviet Union’s Department of Internal Affairs. From 1935 to 1939, while working as a civil servant at the Foreign Office in London and in Paris, I passed sensitive information to an associate of the Communist Party. (Members: Traitor! Disgrace!) This information included British diplomatic cables-

Speaker (Sir Harry Hylton-Foster): Order! Mr. Maclean’s statement is highly irregular, however, under the law and traditions of this House, he is entitled to speak on this matter with privilege and without interruptions of an unparliamentary nature. I do, however, suggest to the Member for Midlothian that he finishes his statement promptly in the interests of order in this House. It is regretful that he did not make this statement to the relevant authorities. Mr. Maclean.

Mr. Donald Maclean (Midlothian): I will not tarry, Mr. Speaker. As I was saying, I passed a number of sensitive documents to an associate of the Communist Party between 1935 to 1939. This included documents in relation to Anglo-French relations where I aimed to influence Soviet thinking towards an alliance with the United Kingdom and the French. With the news of a pact between the Soviet Union and Germany, I resigned from the Foreign Office and ceased contact with said associate. Not long after, I signed up for military service following the commencement of war. I had no further contact with representatives of the Soviet Union until after my election to Parliament in 1945.

Upon appointment to a ministerial post in the Foreign Office, I was blackmailed- (Members: Judas!) I was blackmailed into continuing to provide high-level information to a Soviet associate on British diplomatic efforts. In 1961, I was interviewed by the security services following the defection of Mr. Kim Philby, but I was not truthful in my response. Following my appointment to the Cabinet last year, I was not prepared to continue the relationship and this is why I have resigned from the government.

Remembering my father, I also recall the preachers of my youth, installing us with fear about our coming Judgement by our Maker. I know I will be judged by the depths of my deception and my betrayal. I just hope that it will be remembered that, what I did, I did for Peace.

*

Donald Maclean
B: 1913, D: 1983

Student, Trinity Hall Cambridge: 1931 - 1934
British Diplomatic Service (London): 1935 - 1939
Second Lieutenant - Major, Royal Fusiliers (North Africa, Italy): 1939 - 1945
Awarded MBE: 1945
Labour MP for Peebles and Southern Midlothian / Midlothian: 1945 - 1965
Parliamentary Under-Secretary to the Foreign Office: 1946 - 1950
Minister of State for the Foreign Office: 1950 - 1951
Shadow Foreign Secretary: 1959 - 1962
Shadow Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs: 1962 - 1964
Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs: 1964 - 1965
HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs (20 year sentence): 1965 - 1980
Release and retirement: 1980 - 1983

*
NB: There is some phraseology and inspiration from John Le Carré’s A Perfect Spy and The Spy Who Came In From the Cold I must credit here.
 
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Designated: the Return of Rockefeller Republicans

Contingencies are put in place as a last resort. Most of them are never or rarely used. In the two decades between the World Wars, the United States had a plan for war with the British Empire that went to waste. The nuclear deterrent was only used twice in Hiroshima and Nagasaki decades, ago, and the House picked the President just twice in hundreds of years of American history.

The Designated Survivor plan was another once of these contingency plans that was never expected to be used. A Cabinet official chosen to succeed the President and all others within the Line of Succession in the event of absolute chaos. It was a circumstance so far fetched that the position was almost entirely a ceremonial honor.

Almost.

Margaret Heckler was one of the last Rockefeller Republicans. Voting almost evenly for and against President Reagan during her time in the House, she shifted her position slightly to the right in order to gain her current position, Secretary of Health and Human Services, in 1983. Though disliked by much of Reagan's inner circle, she was chosen to be the first female designated survivor, a footnote in history, a trivia night question, an interesting "what-if" of American politics. She treated her job in the same light, casually watching the inauguration with her family in an undisclosed location. She was almost dozing off to sleep when she was woken by a loud "boom" from the television and greeted by a burst of static that came on. It took her several hours to realize that the hell had just happened in Washington.

An unknown culprit had planted a series of bombs at President Reagan's second inaugural ceremony, which went off, as he was giving his address. He was cut off while delivering the line, "Well, with heart and hand, let us stand as one today." Him, the entire Cabinet and dozens of members of the United States House and Senate were cut down in an act of terror, worst than any that America had witnessed in its years. Thousands would be included in the body count, many more would be listed as missing, and many, many more were injured in the blast. Vice President Bush, to the surprise and happiness of most appeared to be in the latter camp, miraculously rising from the rubble. He was inaugurated in a hospital bed. However, not all good things are made to last. He died just five hours later, having received fatal injuries. America now had its third President inaugurated on that day.

Not all contingencies happen, but the ones that do tend to have the most severe realignments.

1981 - 1985: Fmr. Gov. Ronald W. Reagan (Republican)
1980 (with George Bush) def. Pres. Jimmy Carter (Democratic), Rep. John B. Anderson (Independent)
1984 (with George Bush) def. Fmr. Vice Pres. Walter Mondale (Democratic)
1985 - 1985: Vice Pres. George Bush (Republican)
1985 - 1989: Secretary Margaret Heckler (Republican)

1989 - 1993: Fmr. Senator Gary Hart (Democratic)

1988 (with Joe Biden) def. Pres. Margaret Heckler (Republican), Minister Pat Robertson (Conservative Values)

1993 - 19XX: Fmr. Gov. Thomas Kean (Republican)
1992 (with Donald Rumsfeld) def. Pres. Gary Hart (Democratic), Minister Pat Robertson (Conservative Values)
 
Through A Hole In The Air

Presidents of the Republic of Texas

1836-1836: David G. Burnet (non-partisan, interim)
1836-1838: Sam Houston (non-partisan)

'36 def. Henry Smith, Stephen F. Austin
1838-1841: Mirabeau B. Lamar (non-partisan, Nationalist faction)
'38 def. Peter W. Grayson
1841-1844: Sam Houston (non-partisan, Houston faction)
'41 def. David G. Burnet
1844-1847: Edward Burleson (non-partisan, Nationalist faction)
'44 def. Barnard Bee
1847-1850: Mirabeau B. Lamar (non-partisan, Nationalist faction)
'47 def. Sam Houston
1850-1851: Felix Huston (non-partisan, Ultranationalist faction)
'50 def. Albert Sidney Johnston
impeached 1851 for conspiracy with American filibusters in Honduras
1851-1853: Thomas Jefferson Rusk (interim, consensus nominee)
1853-1856: Memucan Hunt Jr. (non-partisan, Nationalist faction)

'53 def. Thomas Saltus Lubbock, Herman Ehrenburg
resigned 1856 due to health issues
1856-1856: Napoleon Bonaparte Giddings (interim, Nationalist faction)
1856-1859: Benjamin Franklin Terry (non-partisan, Bushwhacker faction)

'56 def. Samuel Maverick
1859-1862: Thomas Saltus Lubbock (non-partisan, Bushwhacker faction)
'59 def. Sam Houston
1862-1864: Philip N. Luckett (non-partisan, Bushwhacker faction)
election postponed indefinitely
resigned 1864 as part of Treaty of Chapultepec
1864-1871: Gail Borden (Whig)
'65 def. Gustav Schleicher (Democratic), Elijah Sterling Clack Robertson (Independence)
1871-1877: John H. Reagan (Democratic)
'71 def. Pleasant Tackitt ("Western" Whig), William Marsh Rice ("Eastern" Whig), Wilhelm Thielepape (Humanist Democratic)
1877-1883: Barzillai J. Chambers (People's)
'77 def. Logan Vandeveer (Liberal)
1883-1885: William Wirt Adams (People's)
'83 def. Noah Smithwick (National Liberal), Jacob Kuechler (Humanist)
died 1885 in duel
1885-1886: James A. Baker (interim, National Liberal)
1886-1892: Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross (National Progressive)

'86 def. George Washington Jones (People's), Oran Roberts (Liberal-Conservative), Carl G. von Iwonski (Humanist)
1892-1894: James "Jim" Hogg (People's)
'92 def. Bethel Coopwood (National Progressive)
impeached 1894 on unclear grounds
1894-1895: William H. Crain (interim, Liberal-Conservative)
deposed 1895 in coup
1895-1895: Felix Huston Robertson (Military)
1895-1907: Felix Huston Robertson (National)

'95 no effective opposition
'01 def. Martin McNulty Crane (Constitutionalist)
1907-1913: J. Morris Sheppard (People's)
'07 def. Felix Huston Robertson (National)
1913-1919: Thomas Connally (People's)
'13 def. Andrew Jackson Houston (National), James B. Wells (Republican)
1919-1925: J. Morris Sheppard (People's)
'19 def. W. Sloan Simpson (National), George Peddy (Constitutionalist)
1925-1926: James R. Ferguson (People's)
deposed 1926 in 'memorandum coup'
1926-1927: Claude Pollard (Constitutionalist)
deposed 1927 in coup
1927-1928: Edward M. House (interim, Military)
1928-1928: Maury Maverick (National Democratic Alliance)

impeached 1928 for collusion with American government
1928-1929: H. P. "Roy" Miller (interim, Anti-Revolutionary)
1929-1935: Martin Dies II (Anti-Revolutionary)

'29 no effective opposition
1935-1941: Frank Hamer (Anti-Revolutionary)
'35 no effective opposition
1941-1942: H. P. "Roy" Miller (Anti-Revolutionary)
'41 def. George Peddy (Citizens)
impeached 1942 for bribery
1942-1944: Sam Rayburn (interim, People's)
1944-1955: Lyndon Johnson (People's)

'44 def. Coke R. Stevenson (Citizens), Claire Lee Chennault (Anti-Revolutionary)
'50 def. Alvin M. Owsley (Citizens), Creekmore Fath (New Democracy)
died 1955 of heart attack
1955-1956: Jack Brooks (interim, People's)
1956-1958: R. Allan Shivers (Citizens)

'56 def. Tom C. Clark (People's), Jack Brooks (Labor)
assassinated 1958 by National Liberation Front
1958-1959: Will Wilson (interim, Citizens)
1959-1965: Edwin Walker (Military)

'59 annulled: Ralph Yarborough (People's) def. Jerry Sadler (Citizens), Dolph Briscoe (Country)
1965-1971: Preston Smith (Citizens)
'65 def. Dolph Briscoe (Country)
1971-1977: Ben Barnes (Citizens)
'71 def. John Dowdy (Country)
1977-1979: Charles Wilson (Citizens)
'77 def. Hilmar Moore (Country)
died 1979 under controversial circumstances
1979-1980: Bob Bullock (interim, Citizens)
1980-1986: Bob Bullock (People's)

'80 def. Jack Ogg ('Moderate' Citizens), Ron Paul (Taxpayers), Carl Hampton (Socialist), Bill Hollowell ('Stalwart' Citizens)
1986-1989: Ron Paul (Taxpayers-Citizens)
'86 (with Jack Heard) def. John Wiley Bryant (People's), John Whitmire (Liberal), Carl Hampton (Socialist), John Sharp (Country)
resigned 1989 due to response to Market Square protests
1989-1994: Jack Heard (Citizens)
'90 (with Clayton Williams) def. Robert Strauss (People's), John Whitmire (Liberal), John Wiley Price (Human Rights)
1994-2002: Ben Barnes (People's)
'94 (with Sylvester Turner) def. Dan Goeb (Taxpayers), John Montford (Liberal), Jack Hightower (Country), John Wiley Price (Human Rights)
'98 (with Sylvester Turner) def. Michael Lind (Liberal), Rick Perry (Country), James N. Rowe (Taxpayers), Carole Keeton (Millennium), Jim Hightower (Grassroots), Harold Dutton (Human Rights)
2002-2006: Wayne Christian (Anti-Revolutionary)
'02 (with Paul Bettencourt) def. John Whitmire (Liberal), Sylvester Turner (Reform), Jim Hightower (Grassroots)
2006-2007: Carole Keeton (Liberal)
'06 (with Phil Hardberger) def. Wayne Christian (Anti-Revolutionary), John Wiley Price (Reform)
impeached 2007 due to allegations of campaign finance violations
2007-2007: Phil Hardberger (Liberal)
deposed 2007 in coup
2007-2012: Sid Miller (Anti-Revolutionary)
'10 (with Bobby Ray Inman) no effective opposition
deposed 2012 in coup
2012-2014: Bobby Ray Inman (Military)
2014-2018: John Culberson (Anti-Revolutionary)

'14 (with Kenny Marchant) def. Chris Bell (Liberal), Jim McIngvale (National)
2018-2019: Jim McIngvale (National)
'18 (with Beth Van Duyne) def. Elizabeth Herring (Liberal), John Culberson (Anti-Revolutionary)
died 2019 of heart attack
2019-2023: Beth Van Duyne (National)
'22 (with Troy Nehls) no effective opposition
resigned 2023 under duress
2023-2023: Sir John de Chastelain (Inter-American Congress Provisional Authority)
resigned 2023 in favor of civilianized government
2023-: Sylvester Turner (United Democratic)

"Around a quarter to midnight on the evening of 29 September 2023, the New York Post - closely followed by El Mercurio and La Azteca - reported that the Inter-American Congress had begun a collective military operation in Texas. Within the hour, they were corroborated by social media reports of landings at Galveston and airstrikes on key locations across the nation; by two o'clock, it was reported that paratroopers of the 2nd Georgia Airborne had begun to secure the areas around Bayou Bend and Allen's Landing, with token resistance at best from the Texian military that had shown such vigor opposing the protestors of 1989, 2007, 2012, and 2018, and for that matter the human rights of Afro- and Hispano-Texians since independence. Shortly thereafter, it was reported that President Van Duyne had been arrested at the Presidential hacienda north of Houston, and that the Inter-American Congress would be occupying the nation 'to foster a transition to majority-rule liberal democracy'.

"Three months later and a month after Sir John de Chastelain, the Canadian general appointed to lead the occupation, handed over power to longtime opposition leader Sylvester Turner, Houston looks much as it did in 2022 - or, indeed, in 1979, when longtime insider Bob Bullock unexpectedly began Texas' modern political era by using the memory of Charles Wilson to open up elections to reformist candidates and enter talks with opposition groups previously banned as 'threats to public order'. Though oil revenue and, increasingly, high-tech industry have made Texas fabulously wealthy (Houston alone has, according to a Global Center for Distributive Justice report, more billionaires than the rest of Anglo-America outside Philadelphia combined), that wealth is not reflected in the built environment, where Arbat-style skyscrapers are less common than plantation-style mansions and low-rise office buildings. More to the point, Texian political culture has long been, in Emily Apter's term, 'submerged'. 'Drowned' would be, perhaps, an even apter term.

"In North American political discourse, Texas has long been synonymous with the coup - both the ambitious coup de main, grand acts of political boldness presented to the world as faits accomplis, and the coup d'état, where (as Eduard Luttwak documents in his The Modern Science of Politics) Texian figures have iteratively created most of the modern doctrine. Sam Houston's 1842 efforts to move the capital from Austin, on what was then the frontier, to more settled Houston arguably represented a self-coup, but it was the 1851 effort to overthrow ultranationalist President Felix Huston, ostensibly due to his efforts to support American mercenaries in Honduras with government funds but de facto due to his irresponsibility with the public fisc, that represented the first of eighteen successful military coups - an average of nearly one per decade of Texas' history. By the 1920s, coups had become so regularized that the army no longer even had to leave barracks - in 1926, when General Chester Nimitz delivered a note to then-President Ferguson stating that his resignation was required, Ferguson complied immediately.

"Both kinds of coup have led to a rather quietist Texian political culture. The executive, whether elected or not, does what he or she will - perhaps, like Sheppard's support for eugenics or Johnson's abolition of slavery, they will have free rein to act, or perhaps, as with Maury Maverick's support of labor organizing or Carole Keeton's efforts to open the Texian economy to foreign capital, their hand will be stayed by the forces of the Army. Either way, there is no sense in sticking your neck out; better to be in the middle, where the President might serve your interests out of genuine belief or at least political calculation, than to run the risk of being penalized for support of a faction on its way down. Unlike the coffee shops of Damascus or the teahouses of Shanghai, conversations in the cafés of University Park and Shepherd Heights are about just about anything but politics - and have been since at least the Fifties, when Horton Foote and Alan Lomax both condemned the head-in-the-sand vision of Houston's elite class.

"Interventionists like former European Foreign Minister Samantha Power have praised Inter-American intervention, referring to it as 'a welcome step beyond the apathy of the 1980s' and 'a declaration of American seriousness on issues of global human rights'. But behind the scenes, there is a great deal of uncertainty on the next steps. Within and without Texas, many are skeptical of President Turner; those of the left often think of him as a Spargo whose radical credentials are undermined by his willingness to serve as Ben Barnes' enforcer and to deal with reactionaries like Heard and Miller, while the right points out that he has never won more than eighteen percent of the national vote on his own, that few in the Anglo-Texian majority actively support him, and that most regard him as a figurehead for a foreign government with little love for Texas.

"Perhaps even more importantly, there is no guarantee that Turner's successor will not be of the same stripe as Van Duyne. As Sino-Californian academic Wang Shao-kuang points out, 'in order to ensure that neither the domestic human rights abuses nor the foreign economic warfare of the Nationalists - or, indeed, the public discontent of 1989 - are repeated, it may be necessary to institutionalize Inter-American ability to tip the scales on Texian commandement.' After all, the Nationalists initially came to power with 53% of the vote in an election regarded as 'free and fair' by international observers, as did Wayne Christian in 2002 and Ron Paul in 1986. Though Texian politics lacks the visceral nastiness of California's personalistic feuds, Cuba's gleeful scandal-mongering, or Greece's street violence, the Texian public is clearly not averse to listening to its aspirant Presidents discuss their plans to brutalize political opponents and ethnic minorities - or willfully ignoring those plans - and pulling the lever for them anyway.

"It is not impossible that, as Texians claim, their recent political outcomes are an artifact of military and police involvement in politics, and that given the chance to decide for themselves the Texian people will demonstrate their learning of the lessons of the past, whether out of moral revulsion or practical awareness of consequences. But it is also possible that this year's intervention will prove to be ill-planned and ill-fated. The Texian people have not sought repentance, and it is hard to say whether they have demonstrated it. It has, nevertheless, been thrust upon them. Only time will tell whether that will be enough."

-anonymous essayist, 2023
 
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