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Lists of Heads of Government and Heads of State
- Thread starter Mumby
- Start date
- Location
- Albany, NY
- Pronouns
- She/Her
The explanation is less about you guys who would know and more about American Socialists who like to pretend that because Debs and Haywood said nice things and because Socialists supported MLK that there's some uninterrupted line of Woke Socialists going back to the start.
But thanks to everyone for liking it. It's not often that I'm able to write up a Red-Dixiecrat fusion.
- Location
- Sandford, Gloucestershire
- Pronouns
- She/They
- Location
- Albany, NY
- Pronouns
- She/Her
Admittedly I'm not the first person to use Du Bois as TRs VP.
- Location
- Balham
- Pronouns
- he/him
G L A S M A N
- Location
- Albany, NY
- Pronouns
- She/Her
- Location
- Balham
- Pronouns
- he/him
yes that was the
I like how even Turtledove seemed to make fun of that in TL-191. "Maybe we should run someone other than Senator Debs again"
- Location
- Albany, NY
- Pronouns
- She/Her
That was really the point that he started getting lazy.
I would specifically trace that to 'wait, the Socialists are in power in the 1920s, but I want to have the Wall Street Crash happen just the same because lazy writing in Confederacy = Nazis, so, um, the Socialists randomly decide that everyone owning lots of stocks is the same as socialism'.
That's when it reached the point of 'I am actually avoiding making things interestingly different to OTL'.
- Location
- Albany, NY
- Pronouns
- She/Her
That came up in literally the same segment of a chapter.
- Location
- Municipal Commune of Bourne
- Pronouns
- He/Him
he seemed to think they lived mostly on oil and garlic which just tells me that hardie had a bad sense of taste
- Location
- Albany, NY
- Pronouns
- She/Her
So he unfairly hated the Italians and righteously hated the Greeks too?
- Location
- Das Böse ist immer und überall
- Pronouns
- he/him
The Room Where it Happens
Their Excellencies, the Supreme Governors of the Republic of America
1787-1799: George Washington
1799-1832: John Marshall
1832-1850: John Quincy Adams
1850-1852: Daniel Webster
1852-1866: Lewis Cass
1866-1872: Theodore Frelinghuysen
1872-1881: Hamilton Fish
1881-1901: Benjamin Harrison
1901-1915: Adlai Stevenson
The Honorable, the Treasurers of the Republic of America
1787-1817: Alexander Hamilton (Federalist)
1788: Patrick Henry (Anti-Federalist) (abstentionist)
1791: George Clinton (Anti-Federalist) (abstentionist)
1794: scattered opposition
1797: scattered opposition
1800: scattered opposition
1803: Aaron Burr (Patriot)
1806: John Randolph of Roanoke (Patriot)
1809: John Randolph of Roanoke (Patriot)
1812: John Randolph of Roanoke (Patriot)
1815: John Randolph of Roanoke (Patriot)
Hamilton, the first and longest-serving Treasurer, was the man behind the Constitution and Washington's right-hand man in all matters political. Washington disdained day-to-day politics and preferred to remain a neutral figurehead, and this suited Hamilton just fine, as he strengthened his control over the government. He established the extremely restrictive franchise for electing the National Assembly and College of Electors, and ensured that sedition against the government would not be covered by the freedom of speech clause in the Constitution. When Washington died, John Marshall became Governor, and managed to strengthen the role against the Treasury ever so slightly, but Hamilton's role remained the more powerful of the two. In 1803, Aaron Burr pulled together the first organized opposition party, which he dubbed the Patriots, and while he managed to improve on the position of the opposition candidates three years before, the Federalists retained the grip on power. By the 1806 election, Burr had been tried and convicted for treason (allegedly having planned to seize Tejas and set himself up as King there), and the leadership fell to John Randolph of Roanoke, who turned it into an Anti-Federalist outfit in all but name. Hamilton finally retired in 1817, having run the country in fact if not in name for thirty years.
1817-1824: John Quincy Adams (Federalist)
1818: John Randolph of Roanoke (Patriot)
1821: Henry Clay (Patriot)
Adams was the son of John Adams, an ally-turned-enemy of Hamilton, and many considered him a surprising choice when Hamilton left office. But both Hamilton and Governor Marshall agreed that he was the man to unite the Federalist Party. He ended up doing the exact opposite, as his protectionist trade policy and personal opposition to slavery angered southern Federalists to no end. After a fairly unremarkable two terms in office, he would oversee the end of Federalist power at the 1824 elections. A committed believer in parliamentary government, Adams' peaceful transfer of power sealed the future of American democracy - it has been speculated that Hamilton would not have been as gracious in defeat.
1824-1828: Henry Clay (Patriot)
1824: John Quincy Adams (Federalist)
1827: John Quincy Adams (Federalist)
Dubbed the "Great Commoner", Clay rose to power promising work, land and the vote to the burgeoning middle class. This proved far more successful than Randolph's principled Anti-Federalist stands, and his election victory cemented the new nature of the Patriot Party. Clay supported the continued supremacy of the national government, but wanted it refocused to serve the interests of the growing West rather than the industrial East. He implemented a generous program of road, canal and (eventually) railroad subsidies, and set up branches of the National Bank in Chicago, Cincinnati and Nashville. In his second term, Clay turned to suffrage expansion, but his proposal was far too radical for the Federalist-controlled Senate, who overturned it with precious little debate. Clay, never a man to give up, asked Governor Marshall to dissolve the National Assembly - a reserve power never previously used, which many at the time associated with royal abuses of power. Marshall, however, accepted the request, setting the new precedent that the Assembly could be dissolved if the Treasurer and Governor both call for it.
1828-1831: John Quincy Adams (Federalist)
1828: Henry Clay (Patriot)
The unprecedented dissolution of the National Assembly failed to yield the result Clay had hoped for, but perhaps it was in line with Governor Marshall's hopes. In any case, Adams was able to return to power with a healthy Federalist majority, which he used to pass a franchise extension that was far more moderate than what Clay had proposed. This allowed him to claim the issue was settled and press on to the equally urgent issue of protecting Indian land rights in the Southwest. The Indian Relations Act 1830, which recognized the Five Civilized Tribes as sovereign nations and established resident commissionerships in their capitals, was passed by the Federalist majority in the Assembly, but died in the Senate after several western Federalists revolted. Their views were shared by a great many in the West and South, and Adams failed to win re-election. When Governor Marshall died the next year, Adams was nominated to succeed him and confirmed by the electors - including several Patriots, who presumably felt he'd be less useful to the Federalist cause in Hamilton Hall than in the Treasury.
1831-1834: Henry Clay (Patriot)
1831: John Quincy Adams (Federalist)
Clay returned to power with the aid of southern expansionist interests, and acutely aware of the fact, he overturned the Indian Relations Act and, in its place, passed the Indian Relations Act 1832, which continued to recognize the Indian nations, but also established funding to buy out their land and resettle them west of the Mississippi. For this, Clay has been reviled by revisionist historians, except for a vocal minority who argue that the alternative to removal was genocide. In any case, Clay accomplished very little else in his second term, again coming into conflict with the Senate.
1834-1840: Daniel Webster (Federalist)
1834: Henry Clay (Patriot)
1837: Henry Clay (Patriot)
Adams had been followed by a fellow New Englander, and the two men agreed on much - including slavery, which made Webster somewhat controversial among southern Federalists, but he was able to shore up his party by supporting railroad subsidies as well as yielding on Indian removal. Overall, his six years in power were slow and prosperous, until the economy crashed in 1839. The election of the following year saw a lethargic Federalist Party decimated, and Clay's Patriots returned by a broad margin.
1840-1848: Henry Clay (Patriot)
1840: Daniel Webster (Federalist)
1843: Daniel Webster (Federalist)
1846: Daniel Webster (Federalist)
Back in power for the third and final time, Clay was now an aging man, but nevertheless resolved to put his policies into effect. To prevent the kind of situation that stymied him at every turn thus far, he actively campaigned for the collegiate election in 1842 to return a Patriot majority, which it did, and proceeded to buy off veteran Federalist senators with patronage positions in their home provinces. The result was that, by 1846, the Senate had a narrow but reliable Patriot majority, allowing Clay to pass a second voting reform bill, charter additional "pet banks" across the country and sponsor land grants for railroads across the West, as well as an Army Corps of Engineers expedition west into Oregon to determine the best route for a transcontinental line. The only remaining Federalist in power was Governor Adams, who outlasted his old rival by a year and a half - Clay retired in 1848, citing health issues, and died the next year, whereas Adams would continue well into 1850.
1848-1849: Thomas Hart Benton (Patriot)
The veteran Delegate was chosen to succeed Clay after a caucus ballot, but his advanced age and hard-money radicalism alienated him from his party, and the 1849 campaign was a disorganized mess. No one was particularly surprised when the Federalists, under a much younger leader and a party machine reinvigorated after nine years out of power, finally reclaimed their majority in the Assembly.
1849-1852: William Seward (Federalist)
1849: Thomas Hart Benton (Patriot)
Seward, the youngest Treasurer since Adams, was in a unique position when he came to power: he was the first Federalist Treasurer to be forced to work with a Patriot-controlled Senate. Unwilling to tolerate this situation for too long, he turned to Clay's old tactic of buying senators off and getting the electors to choose new men from his own party, but he sped the efforts up to such a degree that the packing became obvious to everyone. By 1852, he and his party were wildly unpopular, derided in Patriot newspapers as "King William I", and like Benton three years earlier, his loss at the polls had an air of inevitability to it.
1852-1860: Stephen Douglas (Patriot)
1852: William Seward (Federalist)
1855: William Seward (Federalist)
1858: Edward Everett (Federalist)
Douglas, the first Patriot leader to approach the magnetism of the young Clay in 1824, swept to power promising western expansion and "a new birth of freedom" - i.e. an expanded franchise. In addition to capturing the National Assembly, he was able to win a majority of electors, and when Webster inevitably died after less than two years as Governor, the Patriot electors were able to secure party grandee and Douglas ally Lewis Cass as his successor. For the first time ever, the Federalists controlled no body of national government. And with the fixed dollar amount required to vote dropping in value with every passing year, the Patriots were thought to grow stronger with every election. Douglas' main distinguishing policy was expansionism - he supported the annexation of California into the Republic, and sent envoys to Mexico City asking for purchase terms, but these met with no success. By the time California declared independence in 1865, the American government was back in Federalist hands, and annexation was refused.
1860-1861: John Parker Hale (Patriot)
Douglas left office after seven and a half years, citing a health scare, and the party narrowly elected Hale to succeed him. A New Hampshire lawyer by trade who staunchly opposed both expansion and the institution of slavery, Hale resembled no one so much as Daniel Webster, at least to the southern wing of the party. He struggled to keep his caucus under control, and this doomed his bid for re-election in 1861. It was not to be the end of the troubles of the Patriot Party...
1861-1865: Edward Everett (Federalist)
1861: John Parker Hale (Patriot)
1864: Alexander Stephens ("Southern" Patriot), Salmon Portland Chase ("Free-Soil" Patriot)
Everett's tenure as Treasurer marked the beginning of the end of the two-party system. The Patriots were fracturing over the issue of slavery, with Hale's succession in heavy dispute - Clay, Benton and the other grandees of the party had retired and died, and no one had Douglas' charisma. The caucus narrowly settled on Alexander Stephens of Georgia, an enthusiastic supporter of slavery, and in response, a northern contingent walked out and elected Salmon P. Chase of Ohio to lead them. The Federalists, far less divided in general, were able to profit from the chaos across the aisle, and the 1864 elections saw Everett re-elected by a wide margin, and he set about purging corrupt practices in the federal patronage machine so greatly expanded by the Patriots under Clay and Douglas. However, most of these efforts would not be conducted under Everett himself, because in February of 1865, he died after a brief struggle with pneumonia.
1865-1874: Charles Francis Adams (Federalist)
1867: Salmon Portland Chase (Free Soil), Alexander Stephens (Old Patriot)
1870: Benjamin Wade (Free Soil), Alexander Stephens (Old Patriot)
1873: Benjamin Wade (Free Soil), Alexander Stephens (Old Patriot)
The Federalists proceeded to elect the first Treasurer descended from a previous Treasurer. Adams, while his own man, was similar to his father in that he was a typical New England Federalist, and represented a fairly smooth transition from Everett - indeed, beside being the son of John Quincy Adams, he was Everett's brother-in-law. When California declared independence in May 1865, Adams declared that the Republic would remain neutral - this didn't stop American adventurers and industrialists from lending California unofficial support, but it did ensure that, with Mexico beaten back, California would become an independent state rather than a part of the Republic. Adams turned to domestic affairs, and with the southern Patriots split off and the southern Federalists a minority voice in the party, he was able to pass the monumental and highly controversial Emancipation Bill in 1869. The bill provided for gradual emancipation over ten years, with compensation for slaveholders. It fell far short of what Free Soil leader Ben Wade wanted, but Adams was pleased with the result, and the measure secured him enough of the northern vote to be re-elected twice more before finally resigning.
1874-1881: Benjamin Harrison (Federalist)
1876: Benjamin Wade (Radical), Wade Hampton III (Old Patriot)
1879: Benjamin Wade (Radical), Wade Hampton III (Old Patriot)
The late 1870s have become known as "the time of the Two Bens and the Two Wades" - Benjamin Harrison, Benjamin Wade and Wade Hampton - and laid the foundation for the party system that would exist for the remainder of the century. The Free Soil Party had found itself somewhat directionless with their main goal now achieved, and for the 1876 elections, Wade ended up forming a new Radical Party out of most of the Free Soil caucus. A few other members either joined the Federalists or went independent. With the Patriots irretrievably gone, and the "Old Patriots" dead on arrival north of the Mason-Dixon line, the Federalists were able to secure a new dominance. Even when they lost their majority in the National Assembly, the Senate retained a compact Federalist majority and allowed the party to retain power indefinitely. As Treasurer, Harrison is best known for attempting to protect the rights of freed slaves, who were beginning to grow in number as gradual emancipation continued. This followed in the anti-slavery traditions of New England Federalism, but a growing current within the party felt that freedom in name was all the government should or could grant, and by 1880 he was thoroughly stymied. He spent most of his seven years in office trying and failing to combat the massive corruption accompanying the ravenous growth of the West, with several cabinet members falling victim to scandal, and on the death of Governor Fish, Harrison was elected and left the Treasury.
1881-1886: J. Donald Cameron (Federalist)
1882: Elihu B. Washburne (Radical), Wade Hampton III (Old Patriot)
1885: Elihu B. Washburne (Radical), Wade Hampton III (Old Patriot)
J. Donald Cameron is one of the more controversial Treasurers of a time that was already known for its lax attitude to corruption and morality. The son of Pennsylvania's dominant political boss, Cameron grew up in the shadow of the great political machine bearing his family name, and when his father was appointed to the Senate, it fell to the younger Cameron to lead the Federalist Party in his state. He learned politics in the rough-and-tumble school of Pennsylvania Federalism, and carried that tradition into the National Assembly starting in 1870. His appointment after Harrison's election as Governor was largely due to friends in positions of influence within the party, and as Treasurer he would scratch their backs in return. Favors, bribes, kickbacks and patronage jobs, all flowed from the Treasury into the provinces, where grateful machine bosses and railroad barons made sure their employees knew that electing their Federalist candidates to the Assembly and Electoral College would be the best thing for them if they wanted to see keep the goodwill flowing. This eventually reached the attention of the national press, and soon enough, Cameron's fellow Cabinet members were implicated. By 1886, it had reached the point where he was unable to keep claiming innocence, and he resigned immediately after Delegate Washburne opened debate on a no-confidence motion.
1886-1888: Thomas Platt (Federalist)
Platt was confirmed by the Federalist majorities in both chambers, and promptly set to work not clearing out the mess Cameron had made of the government. To the disappointment of those who had hoped that the end of Cameron would be the end of graft, it turned out that Platt was basically the same as him except less charismatic. He was embattled throughout his twenty months in power, and when election season came around, the Federalists found themselves with far less momentum than usual.
1888-1890: John Randolph Bell (Radical with Old Patriot support)
1888: Thomas Platt (Federalist), Wade Hampton III (Old Patriot)
The answer to the age-old question of what would break the Federalist monopoly on power turned out to be Thomas Platt. In the 1888 elections, the Federalists suffered enough losses to put an end to their quarter-century of majority rule in the National Assembly. They were still the largest party, but with the blessing of the Old Patriots (and in particular the populist faction led by Thomas B. Watson), the Radicals were able to sweep to power and secure Bell as Treasurer. Governor Harrison turned out to be surprisingly amenable to the prospect, but that was more than could be said for the Federalist-controlled Senate, and ultimately, Bell was forced out before his first term was up. The Federalists were given the chance to form a government, but this soon fell to a vote of no confidence, and new elections were called.
1890-1901: Adlai Stevenson (Federalist)
1890: John Randolph Bell (Radical), Wade Hampton III (Old Patriot)
1893: John Randolph Bell (Radical), Benjamin Tillman (Old Patriot)
1896: John Randolph Bell (Radical), Benjamin Tillman (Old Patriot)
1899: John Randolph Bell (Radical), Benjamin Tillman (Old Patriot)
After the turbulent years of Cameron and Platt, Stevenson did much to clean up the image of the Federalist Party. Seen as a relatively strait-laced and principled man, he'd been doing quite well as governor of Illinois Province, and the party chose him to lead them into the 1890 snap election. This returned a narrow Federalist majority, enough to secure him in government with the backing of the Senate, which by now was roughly 85% Federalist. In power, he proved an energetic reformer. He instituted a Civil Service Commission to organize appointments to the civil service, and comptroller positions for the National Assembly, Senate and provincial governments to be directly appointed by the Governor. Most crucial was the Stevenson Plan, otherwise known as the "wedding-cake plan", which still forms the basis for local government in the Republic to this day. The old system of unchanging and wildly unequal provinces with governors appointed at the pleasure of the Supreme Governor was replaced with departments of roughly equal size (smaller in the more populous East, larger on the frontier), subdivided into cities and districts which were further subdivided into townships. This system would be uniform throughout the Republic, and the departments and districts could be split at the national government's pleasure in order to make for effective administration (and, if need be, root out local patronage networks). He would continue in office longer than anyone since Hamilton himself, and when Governor Harrison died, Stevenson was the obvious choice to succeed him.
To be continued (possibly)
Their Excellencies, the Supreme Governors of the Republic of America
1787-1799: George Washington
1799-1832: John Marshall
1832-1850: John Quincy Adams
1850-1852: Daniel Webster
1852-1866: Lewis Cass
1866-1872: Theodore Frelinghuysen
1872-1881: Hamilton Fish
1881-1901: Benjamin Harrison
1901-1915: Adlai Stevenson
The Honorable, the Treasurers of the Republic of America
1787-1817: Alexander Hamilton (Federalist)
1788: Patrick Henry (Anti-Federalist) (abstentionist)
1791: George Clinton (Anti-Federalist) (abstentionist)
1794: scattered opposition
1797: scattered opposition
1800: scattered opposition
1803: Aaron Burr (Patriot)
1806: John Randolph of Roanoke (Patriot)
1809: John Randolph of Roanoke (Patriot)
1812: John Randolph of Roanoke (Patriot)
1815: John Randolph of Roanoke (Patriot)
Hamilton, the first and longest-serving Treasurer, was the man behind the Constitution and Washington's right-hand man in all matters political. Washington disdained day-to-day politics and preferred to remain a neutral figurehead, and this suited Hamilton just fine, as he strengthened his control over the government. He established the extremely restrictive franchise for electing the National Assembly and College of Electors, and ensured that sedition against the government would not be covered by the freedom of speech clause in the Constitution. When Washington died, John Marshall became Governor, and managed to strengthen the role against the Treasury ever so slightly, but Hamilton's role remained the more powerful of the two. In 1803, Aaron Burr pulled together the first organized opposition party, which he dubbed the Patriots, and while he managed to improve on the position of the opposition candidates three years before, the Federalists retained the grip on power. By the 1806 election, Burr had been tried and convicted for treason (allegedly having planned to seize Tejas and set himself up as King there), and the leadership fell to John Randolph of Roanoke, who turned it into an Anti-Federalist outfit in all but name. Hamilton finally retired in 1817, having run the country in fact if not in name for thirty years.
1817-1824: John Quincy Adams (Federalist)
1818: John Randolph of Roanoke (Patriot)
1821: Henry Clay (Patriot)
Adams was the son of John Adams, an ally-turned-enemy of Hamilton, and many considered him a surprising choice when Hamilton left office. But both Hamilton and Governor Marshall agreed that he was the man to unite the Federalist Party. He ended up doing the exact opposite, as his protectionist trade policy and personal opposition to slavery angered southern Federalists to no end. After a fairly unremarkable two terms in office, he would oversee the end of Federalist power at the 1824 elections. A committed believer in parliamentary government, Adams' peaceful transfer of power sealed the future of American democracy - it has been speculated that Hamilton would not have been as gracious in defeat.
1824-1828: Henry Clay (Patriot)
1824: John Quincy Adams (Federalist)
1827: John Quincy Adams (Federalist)
Dubbed the "Great Commoner", Clay rose to power promising work, land and the vote to the burgeoning middle class. This proved far more successful than Randolph's principled Anti-Federalist stands, and his election victory cemented the new nature of the Patriot Party. Clay supported the continued supremacy of the national government, but wanted it refocused to serve the interests of the growing West rather than the industrial East. He implemented a generous program of road, canal and (eventually) railroad subsidies, and set up branches of the National Bank in Chicago, Cincinnati and Nashville. In his second term, Clay turned to suffrage expansion, but his proposal was far too radical for the Federalist-controlled Senate, who overturned it with precious little debate. Clay, never a man to give up, asked Governor Marshall to dissolve the National Assembly - a reserve power never previously used, which many at the time associated with royal abuses of power. Marshall, however, accepted the request, setting the new precedent that the Assembly could be dissolved if the Treasurer and Governor both call for it.
1828-1831: John Quincy Adams (Federalist)
1828: Henry Clay (Patriot)
The unprecedented dissolution of the National Assembly failed to yield the result Clay had hoped for, but perhaps it was in line with Governor Marshall's hopes. In any case, Adams was able to return to power with a healthy Federalist majority, which he used to pass a franchise extension that was far more moderate than what Clay had proposed. This allowed him to claim the issue was settled and press on to the equally urgent issue of protecting Indian land rights in the Southwest. The Indian Relations Act 1830, which recognized the Five Civilized Tribes as sovereign nations and established resident commissionerships in their capitals, was passed by the Federalist majority in the Assembly, but died in the Senate after several western Federalists revolted. Their views were shared by a great many in the West and South, and Adams failed to win re-election. When Governor Marshall died the next year, Adams was nominated to succeed him and confirmed by the electors - including several Patriots, who presumably felt he'd be less useful to the Federalist cause in Hamilton Hall than in the Treasury.
1831-1834: Henry Clay (Patriot)
1831: John Quincy Adams (Federalist)
Clay returned to power with the aid of southern expansionist interests, and acutely aware of the fact, he overturned the Indian Relations Act and, in its place, passed the Indian Relations Act 1832, which continued to recognize the Indian nations, but also established funding to buy out their land and resettle them west of the Mississippi. For this, Clay has been reviled by revisionist historians, except for a vocal minority who argue that the alternative to removal was genocide. In any case, Clay accomplished very little else in his second term, again coming into conflict with the Senate.
1834-1840: Daniel Webster (Federalist)
1834: Henry Clay (Patriot)
1837: Henry Clay (Patriot)
Adams had been followed by a fellow New Englander, and the two men agreed on much - including slavery, which made Webster somewhat controversial among southern Federalists, but he was able to shore up his party by supporting railroad subsidies as well as yielding on Indian removal. Overall, his six years in power were slow and prosperous, until the economy crashed in 1839. The election of the following year saw a lethargic Federalist Party decimated, and Clay's Patriots returned by a broad margin.
1840-1848: Henry Clay (Patriot)
1840: Daniel Webster (Federalist)
1843: Daniel Webster (Federalist)
1846: Daniel Webster (Federalist)
Back in power for the third and final time, Clay was now an aging man, but nevertheless resolved to put his policies into effect. To prevent the kind of situation that stymied him at every turn thus far, he actively campaigned for the collegiate election in 1842 to return a Patriot majority, which it did, and proceeded to buy off veteran Federalist senators with patronage positions in their home provinces. The result was that, by 1846, the Senate had a narrow but reliable Patriot majority, allowing Clay to pass a second voting reform bill, charter additional "pet banks" across the country and sponsor land grants for railroads across the West, as well as an Army Corps of Engineers expedition west into Oregon to determine the best route for a transcontinental line. The only remaining Federalist in power was Governor Adams, who outlasted his old rival by a year and a half - Clay retired in 1848, citing health issues, and died the next year, whereas Adams would continue well into 1850.
1848-1849: Thomas Hart Benton (Patriot)
The veteran Delegate was chosen to succeed Clay after a caucus ballot, but his advanced age and hard-money radicalism alienated him from his party, and the 1849 campaign was a disorganized mess. No one was particularly surprised when the Federalists, under a much younger leader and a party machine reinvigorated after nine years out of power, finally reclaimed their majority in the Assembly.
1849-1852: William Seward (Federalist)
1849: Thomas Hart Benton (Patriot)
Seward, the youngest Treasurer since Adams, was in a unique position when he came to power: he was the first Federalist Treasurer to be forced to work with a Patriot-controlled Senate. Unwilling to tolerate this situation for too long, he turned to Clay's old tactic of buying senators off and getting the electors to choose new men from his own party, but he sped the efforts up to such a degree that the packing became obvious to everyone. By 1852, he and his party were wildly unpopular, derided in Patriot newspapers as "King William I", and like Benton three years earlier, his loss at the polls had an air of inevitability to it.
1852-1860: Stephen Douglas (Patriot)
1852: William Seward (Federalist)
1855: William Seward (Federalist)
1858: Edward Everett (Federalist)
Douglas, the first Patriot leader to approach the magnetism of the young Clay in 1824, swept to power promising western expansion and "a new birth of freedom" - i.e. an expanded franchise. In addition to capturing the National Assembly, he was able to win a majority of electors, and when Webster inevitably died after less than two years as Governor, the Patriot electors were able to secure party grandee and Douglas ally Lewis Cass as his successor. For the first time ever, the Federalists controlled no body of national government. And with the fixed dollar amount required to vote dropping in value with every passing year, the Patriots were thought to grow stronger with every election. Douglas' main distinguishing policy was expansionism - he supported the annexation of California into the Republic, and sent envoys to Mexico City asking for purchase terms, but these met with no success. By the time California declared independence in 1865, the American government was back in Federalist hands, and annexation was refused.
1860-1861: John Parker Hale (Patriot)
Douglas left office after seven and a half years, citing a health scare, and the party narrowly elected Hale to succeed him. A New Hampshire lawyer by trade who staunchly opposed both expansion and the institution of slavery, Hale resembled no one so much as Daniel Webster, at least to the southern wing of the party. He struggled to keep his caucus under control, and this doomed his bid for re-election in 1861. It was not to be the end of the troubles of the Patriot Party...
1861-1865: Edward Everett (Federalist)
1861: John Parker Hale (Patriot)
1864: Alexander Stephens ("Southern" Patriot), Salmon Portland Chase ("Free-Soil" Patriot)
Everett's tenure as Treasurer marked the beginning of the end of the two-party system. The Patriots were fracturing over the issue of slavery, with Hale's succession in heavy dispute - Clay, Benton and the other grandees of the party had retired and died, and no one had Douglas' charisma. The caucus narrowly settled on Alexander Stephens of Georgia, an enthusiastic supporter of slavery, and in response, a northern contingent walked out and elected Salmon P. Chase of Ohio to lead them. The Federalists, far less divided in general, were able to profit from the chaos across the aisle, and the 1864 elections saw Everett re-elected by a wide margin, and he set about purging corrupt practices in the federal patronage machine so greatly expanded by the Patriots under Clay and Douglas. However, most of these efforts would not be conducted under Everett himself, because in February of 1865, he died after a brief struggle with pneumonia.
1865-1874: Charles Francis Adams (Federalist)
1867: Salmon Portland Chase (Free Soil), Alexander Stephens (Old Patriot)
1870: Benjamin Wade (Free Soil), Alexander Stephens (Old Patriot)
1873: Benjamin Wade (Free Soil), Alexander Stephens (Old Patriot)
The Federalists proceeded to elect the first Treasurer descended from a previous Treasurer. Adams, while his own man, was similar to his father in that he was a typical New England Federalist, and represented a fairly smooth transition from Everett - indeed, beside being the son of John Quincy Adams, he was Everett's brother-in-law. When California declared independence in May 1865, Adams declared that the Republic would remain neutral - this didn't stop American adventurers and industrialists from lending California unofficial support, but it did ensure that, with Mexico beaten back, California would become an independent state rather than a part of the Republic. Adams turned to domestic affairs, and with the southern Patriots split off and the southern Federalists a minority voice in the party, he was able to pass the monumental and highly controversial Emancipation Bill in 1869. The bill provided for gradual emancipation over ten years, with compensation for slaveholders. It fell far short of what Free Soil leader Ben Wade wanted, but Adams was pleased with the result, and the measure secured him enough of the northern vote to be re-elected twice more before finally resigning.
1874-1881: Benjamin Harrison (Federalist)
1876: Benjamin Wade (Radical), Wade Hampton III (Old Patriot)
1879: Benjamin Wade (Radical), Wade Hampton III (Old Patriot)
The late 1870s have become known as "the time of the Two Bens and the Two Wades" - Benjamin Harrison, Benjamin Wade and Wade Hampton - and laid the foundation for the party system that would exist for the remainder of the century. The Free Soil Party had found itself somewhat directionless with their main goal now achieved, and for the 1876 elections, Wade ended up forming a new Radical Party out of most of the Free Soil caucus. A few other members either joined the Federalists or went independent. With the Patriots irretrievably gone, and the "Old Patriots" dead on arrival north of the Mason-Dixon line, the Federalists were able to secure a new dominance. Even when they lost their majority in the National Assembly, the Senate retained a compact Federalist majority and allowed the party to retain power indefinitely. As Treasurer, Harrison is best known for attempting to protect the rights of freed slaves, who were beginning to grow in number as gradual emancipation continued. This followed in the anti-slavery traditions of New England Federalism, but a growing current within the party felt that freedom in name was all the government should or could grant, and by 1880 he was thoroughly stymied. He spent most of his seven years in office trying and failing to combat the massive corruption accompanying the ravenous growth of the West, with several cabinet members falling victim to scandal, and on the death of Governor Fish, Harrison was elected and left the Treasury.
1881-1886: J. Donald Cameron (Federalist)
1882: Elihu B. Washburne (Radical), Wade Hampton III (Old Patriot)
1885: Elihu B. Washburne (Radical), Wade Hampton III (Old Patriot)
J. Donald Cameron is one of the more controversial Treasurers of a time that was already known for its lax attitude to corruption and morality. The son of Pennsylvania's dominant political boss, Cameron grew up in the shadow of the great political machine bearing his family name, and when his father was appointed to the Senate, it fell to the younger Cameron to lead the Federalist Party in his state. He learned politics in the rough-and-tumble school of Pennsylvania Federalism, and carried that tradition into the National Assembly starting in 1870. His appointment after Harrison's election as Governor was largely due to friends in positions of influence within the party, and as Treasurer he would scratch their backs in return. Favors, bribes, kickbacks and patronage jobs, all flowed from the Treasury into the provinces, where grateful machine bosses and railroad barons made sure their employees knew that electing their Federalist candidates to the Assembly and Electoral College would be the best thing for them if they wanted to see keep the goodwill flowing. This eventually reached the attention of the national press, and soon enough, Cameron's fellow Cabinet members were implicated. By 1886, it had reached the point where he was unable to keep claiming innocence, and he resigned immediately after Delegate Washburne opened debate on a no-confidence motion.
1886-1888: Thomas Platt (Federalist)
Platt was confirmed by the Federalist majorities in both chambers, and promptly set to work not clearing out the mess Cameron had made of the government. To the disappointment of those who had hoped that the end of Cameron would be the end of graft, it turned out that Platt was basically the same as him except less charismatic. He was embattled throughout his twenty months in power, and when election season came around, the Federalists found themselves with far less momentum than usual.
1888-1890: John Randolph Bell (Radical with Old Patriot support)
1888: Thomas Platt (Federalist), Wade Hampton III (Old Patriot)
The answer to the age-old question of what would break the Federalist monopoly on power turned out to be Thomas Platt. In the 1888 elections, the Federalists suffered enough losses to put an end to their quarter-century of majority rule in the National Assembly. They were still the largest party, but with the blessing of the Old Patriots (and in particular the populist faction led by Thomas B. Watson), the Radicals were able to sweep to power and secure Bell as Treasurer. Governor Harrison turned out to be surprisingly amenable to the prospect, but that was more than could be said for the Federalist-controlled Senate, and ultimately, Bell was forced out before his first term was up. The Federalists were given the chance to form a government, but this soon fell to a vote of no confidence, and new elections were called.
1890-1901: Adlai Stevenson (Federalist)
1890: John Randolph Bell (Radical), Wade Hampton III (Old Patriot)
1893: John Randolph Bell (Radical), Benjamin Tillman (Old Patriot)
1896: John Randolph Bell (Radical), Benjamin Tillman (Old Patriot)
1899: John Randolph Bell (Radical), Benjamin Tillman (Old Patriot)
After the turbulent years of Cameron and Platt, Stevenson did much to clean up the image of the Federalist Party. Seen as a relatively strait-laced and principled man, he'd been doing quite well as governor of Illinois Province, and the party chose him to lead them into the 1890 snap election. This returned a narrow Federalist majority, enough to secure him in government with the backing of the Senate, which by now was roughly 85% Federalist. In power, he proved an energetic reformer. He instituted a Civil Service Commission to organize appointments to the civil service, and comptroller positions for the National Assembly, Senate and provincial governments to be directly appointed by the Governor. Most crucial was the Stevenson Plan, otherwise known as the "wedding-cake plan", which still forms the basis for local government in the Republic to this day. The old system of unchanging and wildly unequal provinces with governors appointed at the pleasure of the Supreme Governor was replaced with departments of roughly equal size (smaller in the more populous East, larger on the frontier), subdivided into cities and districts which were further subdivided into townships. This system would be uniform throughout the Republic, and the departments and districts could be split at the national government's pleasure in order to make for effective administration (and, if need be, root out local patronage networks). He would continue in office longer than anyone since Hamilton himself, and when Governor Harrison died, Stevenson was the obvious choice to succeed him.
To be continued (possibly)
- Location
- Albany, NY
- Pronouns
- She/Her
That's actually brilliant and I enjoy it a lot. Goes to show how much room there was at the start for various offices to gain much more power vs the President. Reminds me of what Adams wanted the VP to be and how that went for him.
- Location
- Das Böse ist immer und überall
- Pronouns
- he/him
The government here is based on the Hamilton Plan, which called for a Governor (President) and Senate serving for life, a standing Electoral College to choose replacements as they retired, and a centralist system where the state governors (I call the states provinces here, but I'm not sure if Hamilton wanted to call them provinces or states) were appointed by the national Governor.
Obviously would've been difficult to make fly in OTL's political climate, and I have only a very vague idea of how it happens ITTL, but it's a fun idea that I've turned out to be completely unable to let go of.
Yossarian
a man whose allegiance is ruled by expedience
- Location
- surrounded by Treasury Brians
- Pronouns
- He/him/his
A list of NZ Prime Ministers related to a TLIAF I did on AH.com:
Prime Ministers of New Zealand since 1935
1935 - 1941: Michael Joseph Savage† (Labour)
1935 (Majority) def. George Forbes (United-Reform Coalition); Harold Rushworth (Country); Eruera Tirikatene (Ratana); Albert Davy (New Zealand Democratic Party)
1938 (Majority) def. Gordon Coates (National);
1941 - 1947: Walter Nash (Labour)
1941 (Majority) def. Charles Wilkinson (National); John A. Lee (Democratic Labour)
1944 (Majority) def. Sidney Holland (National); John A. Lee (Democratic Labour); Rowland Marks (True Democracy)
1947 - 1951: Adam Hamilton† (National)
1947 (Majority) def. Walter Nash (Labour)
1950 (Majority) def. Walter Nash (Labour)
1951 - 1953: Keith Holyoake (National)
1953 - 1959: Arnold Nordmeyer (Labour)
1953 (Majority) def. Keith Holyoake (National); Wilfrid Owen (Social Credit Electoral League)
1956 (Majority) def. Keith Holyoake (National); Wilfrid Owen (Social Credit Party)
1959 - 1968: Jack Marshall (National)
1959 (Majority) def. Arnold Nordmeyer (Labour); Pressly Matthews (Social Credit)
1962 (Majority) def. Arnold Nordmeyer (Labour); Pressly Matthews (Social Credit)
1965 (Majority) def. Norman Douglas (Labour); Vernon Cracknell (Social Credit)
1968 - 1971: Norman Douglas (Labour)
1968 (Majority) def. Jack Marshall (National); Vernon Cracknell (Social Credit)
1971 - 1979: Brian Talboys (National)
1971 (Majority) def. Norman Douglas (Labour); John O'Brien (Social Credit)
1974 (Majority) def. Hugh Watt (Labour); John O'Brien (Social Credit); Tony Brunt (Values)
1977 (Majority) def. Hugh Watt (Labour); Bruce Beetham (Social Credit); Timothy Shadbolt (Values)
1979 - 1983: Bill Birch (National)
1980 (Majority) def. Bob Tizard (Labour); Bruce Beetham (Social Credit); Timothy Shadbolt (Ecology)
1983 - 1989: Bill Rowling (Labour)
1983 (Majority) def. Bill Birch (National); Bruce Beetham (Social Credit); Robert Jones (Reform); Tony Kunowski (Ecology); Mat Rata (Mana)
1986 (Majority) def. Jim McLay (National); Stephen Greenfield (Reform); Mat Rata (Mana), Bruce Beetham (Social Credit); Mike Ward (Ecology)
1989 - 1992: Winston Peters (National)
1989 (Majority) def. Bill Rowling (Labour); Mike Ward (Natural Law); Titewhai Harawira (Maori); Stephen Greenfield (Reform); Mat Rata (Mana); Derek Quigley and Mike Minogue (Liberal)
1992: Jim McLay (National)
1992 - 1995: Margaret Wilson (Labour)
1992 (Majority) def. Jim McLay (National); Winston Peters (Democratic); Derek Quigley and Mike Minogue (Liberal); Sue Bradford (Green); Eva Rickard (Maori); Sandra Lee-Vercoe (Mana)
1995 - 1998: Margaret Wilson (Labour)
1995 (MMP introduced) (Minority, with Green confidence and supply) def. Jim Bolger (National); Winston Peters (Democratic); Roger Douglas (Freedom); Jeanette Fitzsimons (Green); Tau Henare (Mana); Eva Rickard (Maori); Graham Capill (Christian Commonsense Coalition); Graeme Lee (One Nation)
1998 - 2001: Margaret Wilson (Labour)
1998 (Minority, with Green and Unity confidence and supply) def. Jim Bolger (National); Winston Peters (Democratic); Roger Douglas (Freedom); Jeanette Fitzsimons (Green); Graeme Lee and Peter Dunne (Unity); Angeline Greensill (Maori); Tau Henare (Mana)
2001 - 2004: Donald Brash (National)
2001 (Minority, with Freedom and Democratic confidence and supply) def. Margaret Wilson (Labour); Heather Roy (Freedom); Jeanette Fitzsimons (Green); Winston Peters (Democratic); Willie Jackson and Hekia Parata (Kotahitanga) [1]; Peter Dunne (Unity);
2004 - 2007: Donald Brash (National)
2004 (National - Freedom coalition) def. Steve Maharey (Labour); Heather Roy (Freedom); Rod Donald (Green); Pita Sharples and Nanaia Mahuta (Kotahitanga); Peter Dunne (Unity); Winston Peters (Democratic)
2007 - 2010: Michael Cullen (Labour)
2007 (Minority, with Green and Kotahitanga confidence and supply) def. Donald Brash (National), Heather Roy (Freedom); Kennedy Graham (Green); Tariana Turia and Pita Sharples (Kotahitanga); Peter Dunne (Unity); Winston Peters (Democratic)
2010 - 2015: Judith Collins (National)
2010 (National - Freedom coalition) def. Michael Cullen (Labour); David Garrett (Freedom); Kennedy Graham (Green); Tariana Turia and Parekura Horomia (Kotahitanga); Peter Dunne (Unity); Winston Peters (Democratic);
2013 (National - Freedom coalition) def. David Parker (Labour); Steven Joyce (Freedom); Russell Norman (Green); Nanaia Mahuta and Hone Harawira (Kotahitanga); Peter Dunne (Christian Democratic)
2015 - 2016: Gerard "Gerry" Brownlee (National)
2016 - present: Grant Robertson (Labour)
2016 (Labour - Green coalition, with Kotahitanga confidence and supply) def. Gerry Brownlee (National); Melissa Lee (Freedom); Metiria Turei (Green); Tamati Coffey and Marama Fox (Kotahitanga); Damian Light (Christian Democratic); Raf Manji (Independent)
[1] Kotahitanga has two co-leaders, a legacy of the merger of the Mana Movement and Maori Party in 1999. Originally intended as a temporary measure while a suitable compromise candidate was found, it has since become customary for there to be one male and one female co-leader, though this was not the case for most of 2015, when Hone Harawira led the party alone.
Prime Ministers of New Zealand since 1935
1935 - 1941: Michael Joseph Savage† (Labour)
1935 (Majority) def. George Forbes (United-Reform Coalition); Harold Rushworth (Country); Eruera Tirikatene (Ratana); Albert Davy (New Zealand Democratic Party)
1938 (Majority) def. Gordon Coates (National);
1941 - 1947: Walter Nash (Labour)
1941 (Majority) def. Charles Wilkinson (National); John A. Lee (Democratic Labour)
1944 (Majority) def. Sidney Holland (National); John A. Lee (Democratic Labour); Rowland Marks (True Democracy)
1947 - 1951: Adam Hamilton† (National)
1947 (Majority) def. Walter Nash (Labour)
1950 (Majority) def. Walter Nash (Labour)
1951 - 1953: Keith Holyoake (National)
1953 - 1959: Arnold Nordmeyer (Labour)
1953 (Majority) def. Keith Holyoake (National); Wilfrid Owen (Social Credit Electoral League)
1956 (Majority) def. Keith Holyoake (National); Wilfrid Owen (Social Credit Party)
1959 - 1968: Jack Marshall (National)
1959 (Majority) def. Arnold Nordmeyer (Labour); Pressly Matthews (Social Credit)
1962 (Majority) def. Arnold Nordmeyer (Labour); Pressly Matthews (Social Credit)
1965 (Majority) def. Norman Douglas (Labour); Vernon Cracknell (Social Credit)
1968 - 1971: Norman Douglas (Labour)
1968 (Majority) def. Jack Marshall (National); Vernon Cracknell (Social Credit)
1971 - 1979: Brian Talboys (National)
1971 (Majority) def. Norman Douglas (Labour); John O'Brien (Social Credit)
1974 (Majority) def. Hugh Watt (Labour); John O'Brien (Social Credit); Tony Brunt (Values)
1977 (Majority) def. Hugh Watt (Labour); Bruce Beetham (Social Credit); Timothy Shadbolt (Values)
1979 - 1983: Bill Birch (National)
1980 (Majority) def. Bob Tizard (Labour); Bruce Beetham (Social Credit); Timothy Shadbolt (Ecology)
1983 - 1989: Bill Rowling (Labour)
1983 (Majority) def. Bill Birch (National); Bruce Beetham (Social Credit); Robert Jones (Reform); Tony Kunowski (Ecology); Mat Rata (Mana)
1986 (Majority) def. Jim McLay (National); Stephen Greenfield (Reform); Mat Rata (Mana), Bruce Beetham (Social Credit); Mike Ward (Ecology)
1989 - 1992: Winston Peters (National)
1989 (Majority) def. Bill Rowling (Labour); Mike Ward (Natural Law); Titewhai Harawira (Maori); Stephen Greenfield (Reform); Mat Rata (Mana); Derek Quigley and Mike Minogue (Liberal)
1992: Jim McLay (National)
1992 - 1995: Margaret Wilson (Labour)
1992 (Majority) def. Jim McLay (National); Winston Peters (Democratic); Derek Quigley and Mike Minogue (Liberal); Sue Bradford (Green); Eva Rickard (Maori); Sandra Lee-Vercoe (Mana)
1995 - 1998: Margaret Wilson (Labour)
1995 (MMP introduced) (Minority, with Green confidence and supply) def. Jim Bolger (National); Winston Peters (Democratic); Roger Douglas (Freedom); Jeanette Fitzsimons (Green); Tau Henare (Mana); Eva Rickard (Maori); Graham Capill (Christian Commonsense Coalition); Graeme Lee (One Nation)
1998 - 2001: Margaret Wilson (Labour)
1998 (Minority, with Green and Unity confidence and supply) def. Jim Bolger (National); Winston Peters (Democratic); Roger Douglas (Freedom); Jeanette Fitzsimons (Green); Graeme Lee and Peter Dunne (Unity); Angeline Greensill (Maori); Tau Henare (Mana)
2001 - 2004: Donald Brash (National)
2001 (Minority, with Freedom and Democratic confidence and supply) def. Margaret Wilson (Labour); Heather Roy (Freedom); Jeanette Fitzsimons (Green); Winston Peters (Democratic); Willie Jackson and Hekia Parata (Kotahitanga) [1]; Peter Dunne (Unity);
2004 - 2007: Donald Brash (National)
2004 (National - Freedom coalition) def. Steve Maharey (Labour); Heather Roy (Freedom); Rod Donald (Green); Pita Sharples and Nanaia Mahuta (Kotahitanga); Peter Dunne (Unity); Winston Peters (Democratic)
2007 - 2010: Michael Cullen (Labour)
2007 (Minority, with Green and Kotahitanga confidence and supply) def. Donald Brash (National), Heather Roy (Freedom); Kennedy Graham (Green); Tariana Turia and Pita Sharples (Kotahitanga); Peter Dunne (Unity); Winston Peters (Democratic)
2010 - 2015: Judith Collins (National)
2010 (National - Freedom coalition) def. Michael Cullen (Labour); David Garrett (Freedom); Kennedy Graham (Green); Tariana Turia and Parekura Horomia (Kotahitanga); Peter Dunne (Unity); Winston Peters (Democratic);
2013 (National - Freedom coalition) def. David Parker (Labour); Steven Joyce (Freedom); Russell Norman (Green); Nanaia Mahuta and Hone Harawira (Kotahitanga); Peter Dunne (Christian Democratic)
2015 - 2016: Gerard "Gerry" Brownlee (National)
2016 - present: Grant Robertson (Labour)
2016 (Labour - Green coalition, with Kotahitanga confidence and supply) def. Gerry Brownlee (National); Melissa Lee (Freedom); Metiria Turei (Green); Tamati Coffey and Marama Fox (Kotahitanga); Damian Light (Christian Democratic); Raf Manji (Independent)
[1] Kotahitanga has two co-leaders, a legacy of the merger of the Mana Movement and Maori Party in 1999. Originally intended as a temporary measure while a suitable compromise candidate was found, it has since become customary for there to be one male and one female co-leader, though this was not the case for most of 2015, when Hone Harawira led the party alone.
- Location
- Toronto, ON, CA
D u l l p u n k (footnotes to come)
1969-1973: Richard Nixon / Spiro Agnew (Republican)
1968: Hubert Humphrey / Edmund Muskie (Democratic), George Wallace / Curtis LeMay (American Independent)
1972: George McGovern / Sergeant Shriver (Democratic)
1973: Richard Nixon / Vacant (Republican)
1973-1977: Richard Nixon / John Connally (Republican)[1]
1977-1981: Walter Mondale / Terry Sanford (Democratic)[2]
1976: John Connally / Charles Percy (Republican)
1981-1989: Howard Baker / Jack Kemp (Republican)[3]
1980: Walter Mondale / Terry Sanford (Democratic)
1984: Terry Sanford / Joe Biden (Democratic)
1989-1997: Mario Cuomo / Henry Cisneros (Democratic)[4]
1988: Jack Kemp / Pete Wilson (Republican)
1992: Guy Vander Gaht / Elizabeth Dole (Republican)
1997-1998: Henry Cisneros / Jim Blanchard (Democratic)[5]
1996: Lamar Alexander / Dick Cheney (Republican)
1998: Jim Blanchard / Vacant (Democratic)
1998-2001: Jim Blanchard / Jeanne Shaheen (Democratic)[6]
2001-2005: Tommy Thompson / Chuck Hagel (Republican)[7]
2000: Jim Blanchard / Jeanne Shaheen (Democratic)
2005-2013: Jeanne Shaheen / Ron Wyden (Democratic)[8]
2004: Tommy Thompson / Chuck Hagel (Republican)
2008: Jeb Bush / Dino Rossi (Republican)
2013-: Jim Gilmore / John Thune (Republican)[9]
2012: Kathleen Sibelius / Tim Ryan (Democratic)
2016: Evan Bayh / Alison Lundergan Grimes (Democratic)
1969-1973: Richard Nixon / Spiro Agnew (Republican)
1968: Hubert Humphrey / Edmund Muskie (Democratic), George Wallace / Curtis LeMay (American Independent)
1972: George McGovern / Sergeant Shriver (Democratic)
1973: Richard Nixon / Vacant (Republican)
1973-1977: Richard Nixon / John Connally (Republican)[1]
1977-1981: Walter Mondale / Terry Sanford (Democratic)[2]
1976: John Connally / Charles Percy (Republican)
1981-1989: Howard Baker / Jack Kemp (Republican)[3]
1980: Walter Mondale / Terry Sanford (Democratic)
1984: Terry Sanford / Joe Biden (Democratic)
1989-1997: Mario Cuomo / Henry Cisneros (Democratic)[4]
1988: Jack Kemp / Pete Wilson (Republican)
1992: Guy Vander Gaht / Elizabeth Dole (Republican)
1997-1998: Henry Cisneros / Jim Blanchard (Democratic)[5]
1996: Lamar Alexander / Dick Cheney (Republican)
1998: Jim Blanchard / Vacant (Democratic)
1998-2001: Jim Blanchard / Jeanne Shaheen (Democratic)[6]
2001-2005: Tommy Thompson / Chuck Hagel (Republican)[7]
2000: Jim Blanchard / Jeanne Shaheen (Democratic)
2005-2013: Jeanne Shaheen / Ron Wyden (Democratic)[8]
2004: Tommy Thompson / Chuck Hagel (Republican)
2008: Jeb Bush / Dino Rossi (Republican)
2013-: Jim Gilmore / John Thune (Republican)[9]
2012: Kathleen Sibelius / Tim Ryan (Democratic)
2016: Evan Bayh / Alison Lundergan Grimes (Democratic)