Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,
With conquering limbs astride from land to land;
Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand
A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame
Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name
Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand
Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command
The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.
"Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she
With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,
I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"
- Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus
"What country before ever existed a century and half without a rebellion? And what country can preserve it’s liberties if their rulers are not warned from time to time that their people preserve the spirit of resistance? Let them take arms. The remedy is to set them right as to facts, pardon and pacify them. What signify a few lives lost in a century or two? The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants."
- Thomas Jefferson, Letter to William Stephens Smith, 13 Nov. 1787
Prologue - 1876-1912 “The Brazen Giant”
Act I - 1912-1920 “Gates of Sunset”
Act II - 1920-1922 “Blood of Tyrants”
Act III - 1922-1924 “Yearning to Breathe Free”
Act IV - 1924-1928 “The Tempest-Tost”
Act V - 1928-1934 “Lifting the Lamp”
Epilogue - 1934-present “The Golden Door”
1877-1881: Gov. Samuel Tilden of New York / Gov. Thomas Hendricks of Indiana (Democratic)
Defeated, 1876: Gov. Rutherford Hayes of Ohio / Rep. William Wheeler of New York (Republican) 1881-1884: Fmr. Pres. Ulysses S Grant of Illinois / Fmr. Gov. John Hartranft of Pennsylvania (Republican)*died in office
Defeated, 1880: Vice Pres. Thomas Hendricks of Indiana / Sen. Thomas Bayard of Delaware (Democratic), Rep. Hendrick B Wright of Pennsylvania / Fmr. State Rep. Solon Chase of Maine (Workingmen's) 1884-1885: Vice Pres. John Hartranft of Pennsylvania / none (Republican) 1885-1889: Gen. William Rosecrans of California / Rep. Samuel Randall of Pennsylvania (Democratic)
Defeated, 1884: Pres. John Hartranft of Pennsylvania / Rep. James Garfield of Ohio ("Liberal" Republican), Sen. John A Logan of Illinois / Treasury Sec. Chester Alan Arthur of New York ("National" Republican), Activist Albert Parsons of Illinois / Fmr. Mayor Edward Cooper of New York (Workingmen's) 1889-1893: Sen. Roscoe Conkling of New York / Fmr. Gov. Russell A Alger of Michigan (“National” Republican)
Defeated, 1888: Sen. Thomas Bayard of Delaware / Gen. John C Black of Illinois (Democratic), Rep. William Walter Phelps of New Jersey / Lawyer John W Noble of Missouri (“Liberal” Republican), Rep. James Weaver of Iowa / Activist J Edward Hall of New York (Farmer-Labor) 1893-1897: Gov. David Hill of New York / Rep. John L Mitchell of Wisconsin (Democratic)
Defeated, 1892: Pres. Roscoe Conkling of New York / Fmr. Rep. Benjamin F Marsh of Illinois (“National” Republican), Vice Pres. Russell A Alger of Michigan / Railroad Pres. Charles Francis Adams Jr of Massachusetts (“Liberal” Republican), Judge Walter Q Gresham of Indiana / Fmr. Mayor Terence Powderly of Pennsylvania (Farmer-Labor) 1897-1901: Sen. J Donald Cameron of Pennsylvania / Fmr. Gov. Joseph Foraker of Ohio (Republican)
Defeated, 1896: Vice Pres. John L Mitchell of Wisconsin / Fmr. Gov. Robert Pattison of Pennsylvania (Democratic), Fmr. Gov. Sylvester Pennoyer of Washington / Fmr. Rep. John Sergeant Wise of Virginia (People's-Farmer-Labor) 1901-1901: Fmr. Gov. William Eustis Russell of Massachusetts / Gov. John W Smith of Maryland (Democratic)*died in office
Defeated, 1900: Vice Pres. Joseph Foraker of Ohio / Navy Sec. John D Long of Massachusetts (Republican), Rep. John J Lentz of Ohio / Financier Wharton Barker of Pennsylvania (People's-Farmer-Labor) 1901-1905: Vice Pres. John W Smith of Maryland / none (Democratic)
1905-1905: Rep. Benjamin F Marsh of Illinois / Gov. Franklin Murphy of New Jersey (Republican)*died in office
Defeated, 1904: Pres. John W Smith of Maryland / Fmr. Sen. George Turner of Washington (Democratic), Activist Jacob Coxey of Ohio / Fmr. Sen. William V Allen of Nebraska (People's-Farmer-Labor) 1905-1913: Vice Pres. Franklin Murphy of New Jersey /none, thenNewsman John Graves of Georgia (Republican, then "Liberal" Republican/Independence fusion)
Defeated, 1908: Judge Alton B Parker of New York / Fmr. Interior Sec. David R Francis of Missouri (Democratic), Rep. James S Sherman of New York / Fmr. Gov. Leslie M Shaw of Iowa ("National" Republican), Mayor Brand Whitlock of Ohio / Attorney Job Harriman of California (People's-Farmer-Labor) 1913-1917: Speaker Champ Clark of Missouri / Gov. Simeon Baldwin of Connecticut (Democratic)
Defeated, 1912: Attorney Gen. Charles Joseph Bonaparte of Maryland / Gov. Herbert Hadley of Missouri ("Coalition" Republican/Popular Alliance fusion), Pres. Franklin Murphy of New Jersey / Vice Pres. John Graves of Georgia("Dissident" Republican/Independence fusion), Attorney Gen. Charles Joseph Bonaparte of Maryland / Fmr. Mayor John C Chase of Massachusetts (Popular Alliance/"Coalition" Republican fusion) 1917-1918: Fmr. Pres. Franklin Murphy of New Jersey / Sen. James H Brady of Idaho ("Unity" Republican/Popular Alliance fusion)*Brady died in office
Defeated, 1916: Vice Pres. Simeon Baldwin of Connecticut / Attorney Gen. James Clark McReynolds of Tennessee (Democratic), Fmr. Pres. Franklin Murphy of New Jersey /Activist Max Hayes of Ohio (Popular Alliance/"Unity" Republican fusion) 1918-1920: Pres. Franklin Murphy of New Jersey / none ("Unity" Republican)*died in office 1920-1921: State Sec. Elihu Root of New York /none ("National" Republican)*former Secretary of State 1921-1921: Sen. Philander Knox of Pennsylvania / Judge Jeter Pritchard of North Carolina ("National" Republican)*Pritchard died in office
Defeated, 1920: Rep. Alexander Mitchell Palmer of Pennsylvania / Oilman Edward Doheny of California (Democratic), Mayor Daniel Hoan of Wisconsin / Ag. Sec. Gifford Pinchot of Pennsylvania (Popular Alliance/"Liberal" Republican fusion) 1921-1921: Pres. Philander Knox of Pennsylvania / none ("National" Republican)*died in office 1921-1921: State Sec. Elihu Root of New York / none ("National" Republican)*former Secretary of State 1921-19??: War Sec. Leonard Wood of New Hampshire / Treasury Sec. Andrew Mellon of Pennsylvania ("National" Republican)*former Secretary of War (coup)
American Emergency, 1921-1922
Second American Civil War, 1922-19??
FNQ New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, MarylandNew
A Fire Not To Be Quenched - A Balkanized Parliamentary United States
There is an opinion that parties in free countries are useful checks upon the administration of the government and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This within certain limits is probably true; and in governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose. And there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be by force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume.
- George Washington, Farewell Address
States completed: New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, New York, Utah, West Virginia
States in progress: DC