Grand Masters of the Knights of Labor:
1. Terrence V. Powderly 1879-1890 (Pragmatist)
2. George A. Schilling 1890-1901 (Radical)
3. David C. Coates 1901-1913 (Radical)
4. Morris Hillquit 1913-1919 (Pragmatist)
5. Alexander Howat 1919-1927 (Radical)
6. Floyd B. Olson 1927-1931 (Radical)
7. Sidney Hillman 1932-1950 (Radical)
8. Walter Reuther 1950- (Pragmatist)
The K of L's history has been long and troubled but through the years they've held on through sheer will and determination. The years that were by far the most formative years for the K of L were undoubtedly the 1890s. First of all, George Schilling was elected Grand Master, leading the K of L to ally with the Populist Party. At first, the Populists were hesitant to ally with the urban organization but the young union leader, Eugene V. Debs managed to build connections between the poor farmers and the railroad workers who despised the large railroad monopolies. Furthermore, the Panic of 1893 brought the old system crashing down. President Grover Cleveland's harsh crackdown on the Pullman Strike of 1894 killed over a hundred people and doomed his re-election bid (which he would never see after he died from cancer in 1895). His successor, Isaac P. Gray was very unpopular and became Schilling's favorite target. Gray's wealth came under ruthless attacks as labor unions dodged bullets in the streets and Gray stood by as Pinkerton thugs killed dozens during the First Homeland Emergency. Furthermore, the Panic of 1893 plunged millions into poverty and the Democrats despised Gray, with the South viewing him as a traitor for his support for the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. Facing no support from his own party he decided to run for the nomination which blew up in his face. His eventual endorsement of William Vilas over Willian Jennings Bryan was instrumental in preventing the latter's nomination.
But this was the end of the Democratic Party. With the perceived savior of progressivism defeated the Populists and K of L finally decided to officially unite. Formerly imprisoned union leader and K of L member Eugene V. Debs was nominated with North Carolina Senator Marion Butler as his running mate. The K of L naturally came under increased attacks by Pinkertons and the federal government whose goal was to keep the left wing in check. Of course, the K of L resisted, continuing their patterns of strikes and protests. Come election day though, the K of L and the American left was victorious.
President Debs and the incoming Fusion Party majority in the House immediately set out to reform the economy on the basis of social democracy. But in the Senate, the Republican Party blocked almost any efforts to reign in monopolies or recognize Labor unions. Much to the shock of the Republicans, this backfired as the midterms were a wash for the Fusionist Alliance and the K of L sought to reform the nation without Congress. The K of L dramatically increased their membership and with their newfound popularity, they began to use their power to their advantage. In major cities, the city councils were swept by K of L endorsed candidates and in the slums of New York, the K of L organized cleanup crews and led food drives for the hungry. Most radical of all was their use of general strikes to force cities to recognize the K of L. Under normal circumstances, this would be crushed by the military, but Debs was more than happy to let the K of L do their thing.
This grassroots organizing was the final nail in the coffin for monopolies. Combined with Debs's landslide re-election in 1900 the ground was fertile for the seeds of a revolution. With a majority in both chambers of Congress and millions of people in the K of L ready to dismantle the old system, Debs went to work. First, the Disney-Tillman Act revamped the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to allow the government to break up monopolies for unethical behavior, stating that unions were different from monopolies and therefore not subject to the same rules as monopolies, and created the Interstate Commerce Bureau (ICB) to investigate monopolies. Second, The Tillman Act was passed that banned direct campaign contributions from businessmen, and third was the coveted LaFollette Act which recognized Labor Unions as legitimate organizations.
Debs's tenure is highly ranked by the K of L who views his term as the golden age of Laborism in America. the K of L during this time undertook its own reforms. Grand Master Coates instituted numerous reforms, including a National Ballot that allowed all members of the K of L to vote for the next leader of the K of L and instituted elections every six years. Finally, the K of L officially made a stance on something other than economic issues. On May 1st, 1901, the K of L announced their opposition to American intervention in the First Great War (which would only be eclipsed by the War of the Worlds and Seco) at a time when the Republicans pushed for the US to intervene in favor of the Axis of Iron in order to take Cuba and Puerto Rico. Instead, the K of L mobilized their members to protest in favor of peace, and despite the sinking of the USS Jefferson ocean liner in Normandy that killed 340 Americans Debs refused to intervene (eventually proving that the Jefferson was sunk due to an accidental explosion).
Debs's term was ended with several proposed constitutional amendments. The first to pass was the 16th, which allowed a recall if 60% of the House and 55% of the Senate voted to recall the president. The second was the 17th Amendment which allowed the direct election of senators, the 18th Amendment allowed the government to regulate working conditions which passed mainly due to the K of L's organized effort, and the 19th Amendment, which was considered the magmas opus of the K of L recognized labor unions as a right (provided they weren't breaking the law). The last two Amendments were the Recall (20th) Amendment which allowed the recall of the president if approved by 60% of the House and Senate and the Referendum (21st) Amendment which required a referendum to approve a declaration of war (unless the US is attacked first).
With Debs's second term coming to an end the K of L was faced with a challenge that no one knew how to overcome: find a uniting successor.
The main problem with the K of L in 1904 was how broad their member's views were. You had radicals such as Daniel De Leon and moderates such as Robert LaFollette and even social conservatives such as William Jennings Bryan. In January of 1904, Grand Master Coates held an emergency ballot to decide who the K of L would endorse for President. The ballot was controversial, with anyone who had any influence in the K of L running. Originally, Eugene V. Debs was the front runner and in fact, in March he won the ballot on a write-in campaign, but he rejected the idea of running for an unprecedented third term. So, the first ballot was scratched. The second ballot was even worse, with William Jennings Bryan winning with 23.4% of the vote. The uproar led to Coates once again nullifying the ballot and holding a third with a second round for the top two, who was Vice President Butler and Secretary of State Bryan, which Butler won.
Coates once again got along well with President Butler, with Butler even offering Coates the position of Secretary of Commerce and Labor which Coates politely declined. During Butler's term, the twilight of the K of L came to an end. During Butler's nearly two terms the so-called "Golden Century Movement" came into fruition. Led by a coalition of imperialists, moderates, businessmen, and nationalists who wanted to partially return to the old days. In 1904 Butler easily defeated the new political party but in 1906 the fragility of the Solidarity Party (the official successor to the Fusion Party) was exposed when the Golden Century Party and National Party swept the Senate and Congress and managed to form an anti-progressive coalition. In 1908 the K of L faced its greatest opposition from NYC Mayor and imperialist Theodore Roosevelt who decried the power the K of L had over the nation, coming within 3,000 votes of winning the election against Butler, only being stopped by Butler's narrow win in New York.
During Butler's second term the K of L once again came under attack over a simple issue: racial discrimination. The K of L and the Solidarity Party had advanced civil rights to an impressive degree since the 1896 election. In North Carolina, the attempted Wilmington Coup was crushed when federal soldiers intervened and crushed the would-be mass murderers. Furthermore, the K of L refused to discriminate against black workers in the South and accepted any black man that wished to join. This became the perfect line of attack by the Golden Century Movement and the new National Party who blasted the K of L's acceptance of those perceived to be "un-American" (Jews, blacks, and Catholics). With the entrenchment of the Great Reforms of Debs and Butler, the focus turned to the issues of race. The Golden Century Movement was split on the issue. Senate Majority Leader Lodge was the man who wrote the federal anti-lynching bill, the Lodge Act that banned lynching, and was passed in 1901 with the help of the Fusion Party.
But now several members regrated the passage of the Lodge Act as the Golden Century Movement started to lose votes in the South to Thomas Watson's far-right National Party. Speaker of the House Champ Clark became the party's new standard-bearer, calling for states to be allowed to segregate the workplace and drumming up fears of interracial marriage. President Butler, who had been elected Senator in 1894 with the help of black Republicans refused to engage in such racism, refusing to segregate the armed forces of the United States government. Coates was less brave than Butler and decided to give ignore the increasingly racist state chapters that openly discriminated against black workers. This still wasn't enough for some K of L members who proceeded to form the White Workers Compact (WWC) which preached segregation and eugenics. Coates retaliated by expelling all members of the WWC but the walkout by reactionaries only gained steam.
Clashes between black and white workers in the South intensified, specifically in Louisiana where white dockworkers went on strike to prevent the hiring of 200 black workers, leading to the New Orleans Race Riots that killed nearly three hundred people by the time the military was sent in to crush the riots. It was no surprise that the K of L started to lose popularity in the 1910s as racial prejudice overcome the cause of economic democracy that was preached by President Butler.
As the K of L struggled to keep the status quo of a multi-religious, multi-racial, and broadly left-wing coalition in a time of terrible yet vast prejudice the Golden Century Movement finally won the Presidency in the first successful recall of a President. Moderate governor Oscar Underwood was elected in a landslide over President Butler in what also served as the second two-round system since the ratification of the 22nd Amendment in 1907.
During Underwood's term, the US experienced the Decade of Blood firsthand, even if the K of L once again kept America out of the war in Europe as the Second Great War encompassed Europe, Asia, and Latin America. During this time the Second Homeland Emergency broke out as a resurgent KKK lit the South on fire, attacking not only blacks, Jews, Catholics, and moderate southerners but also the K of L. At first, the K of L used the Second Homeland Emergency as evidence that the Underwood Administration was incapable of handling the violence and even sympathetic to the KKK, leading to Coates demanding a recall along with the far-right National Party. The recall effort succeeded but blew up in the K of L's face. First of all, David Coates was nominated for President by the Solidarity Party which made the recall look like dirty politics, and secondly Coates failed to make it to the second round, being edged out by the KKK-backed National Party. The ensuing election would see the K of L once again suffering from infighting as Coates resigned and Morris Hillquit was elected Grand Master, taking the K of L in a much more pragmatic direction. In fact, Hillquit managed to convince the K of L to support Underwood during the Second Homeland Emergency. With detente between Underwood and the K of L, the former focused his efforts less on deregulating the market and more on fighting the resurgent KKK, reducing tariffs, and reducing Asian immigration.
Come 1917 it was no surprise that Underwood won. This time Solidarity made it to the second round, with the Governor of Indiana and brother of former President Debs, Theodore Debs being nominated. Despite the loss, the K of L was still powerful. During this time the K of L focused less on Underwood and more on Chinese and Japanese immigration. With the advent of the Chinese Civil War and a recession in Japan, hundreds of thousands made their way to Canada, Hawaii, the Kingdom of the Philippines, and of course the United States. In the US clashes between white workers and Chinese workers became frequent. Soon enough, fears of immigrant workers taking high-paying union jobs gripped the K of L and the K of L took action. In one of the darkest moments in the K of L's history, Hillquit announced his support for a total ban on Asian immigrants and banned Asian workers from being members of the K of L. President Underwood gladly worked with the Solidarity Party and the K of L to drastically decrease Japanese and Chinese immigration by 98%. Still, this wasn't enough. Governor of California Hiram Johnson called for a 100% decrease in Asian immigrants and attacked them as willing tools of corporations. In response, the Solidarity majority in both the state senate and state house passed a bill banning all Chinese and Japanese immigrants, which was later found to be unconstitutional by the supreme court.
Unsurprisingly, Asian-Americans, whether Chinese, Japanese, or Manchurian have some of the lowest unionization rates in the entire nation with the K of L never repealing their nativist platform, only making it less explicitly racist.
But the Nativist backlash took a small break when a greater issue gripped the nation. The death of President Underwood.
It was a fateful day in Mobile Alabama when Underwood met his end. He was meeting with K of L members in one of the many munition factories that popped up during the First and Second Great Wars. He was negotiating with local workers about the progress of the fight against the Klan in his home state. He got his answer when a Klan member threw a bomb at him and the K of L members, killing fifteen people.
Immediately, the murder was met with outrage by the K of L and the rest of America. In the last major act of Hillquit's time as Grand Master of the K of L he added an anti-terrorism position to the K of L platform. Led by Massachusetts Senator Henry Lodge and former President Butler he put pressure on Congress to declare the Klan a terrorist organization. Incoming President, Harry Wallace bowed to public pressure and passed the Internal Securities Act of 1918, which gave the Justice Department the right to break up the Klan. Politics though were not Wallace's specialty. With the situation in the South requiring federal soldiers to crush the Klan once and for all as anti-Klan politicians faced assassination or even torture, he came to the conclusion he didn't want to be President. So, for the first time in American history, a President voluntarily recalled himself. On April 1st, 1919, Wallace asked for Congress to call a new election.
The request was granted but it was a disaster for the Golden Century Party. First of all, it crushed the belief that Wallace and the Golden Century Party would be able to handle the Klan, a belief that the K of L pounced on. The election was surprisingly tense as the K of L ran a grassroots campaign for former President Butler, who ran on crushing the Klan just like Debs and he did in North Carolina. Unsurprisingly, he defeated the disoriented Golden Century Party by a decent margin.
During Butler's third and final term the K of L found itself once again using its power to radically alter the United States. Grand Master Howat used his influence to get former K of L Grand Master David Hillquit appointed to the Supreme Court, replacing Chief Justice Robert Todd Lincoln. Otherwise, the K of L launched the Dixie Plan, which aimed to fill the power vacuum that the crushing of the KKK left. For the first time in a long time, black citizens held some political power. Howat immediately got to work by pushing for the unionization of black farmers and workers, aiming to build a multi-racial coalition just like they had in the North. The still racist South of course tried to crush this effort, but the Butler Administration was backing the effort to their best ability, sending in federal marshals to protect union leaders from anti-black and anti-union mobs.
Of course, as history often goes the Dixie Plan was a failure. Ever since 1897, every President had been progressive. Even Underwood was fairly progressive considering he signed a bill banning child labor and led the crusade against the Klan. Something had to give and that came with Bloody West Virginia. On March 4th, 1921, coal companies raised the rent in company towns but didn't raise wages. So, the K of L predictably declared a strike that spread throughout the Appalachian Mountains. Butler naturally supported the strike but it quickly turned bloody as scabs were brought in and riots broke out. The bloodshed would kill over fifty people and fears of a Marxist-Engelist Revolution in America spread like wildfire. The nation, just like during the First French Revolution was divided. Secretary of State Robert Owen supported the Second French Revolution and was a proponent of allying with the Pact of Florence, which was composed of Italy, Portugal, France, and Illyria. But as the French Revolution took a more radical turn, openly devolving into executing moderates such as Jean Jaures Owen the US, and most of the Pact of Florence left (minus Illyria), especially when Jacques Doriot began to blame Jews, Germans, and Englishmen for the problems of France. Despite condemnations from Owen and Butler the Second French Revolution gave credence to the rising right-wing in America, culminating in General John J. Pershing defeating Butler in 1923.
Pershing's Presidency was harsh for the K of L. During this time Pershing pushed an anti-union, pro-business, and militarist agenda that was propped up by the Golden Decade. The Southern Renaissance saw the rapid expansion of black culture and Southern industry. Businesses flocked to the South as the little unionization and low taxes made the region great for business. In Memphis Tennessee, the influx of immigrants from France, Belgium, and Puerto Rico caused an unparalleled expansion of industry, so much that Memphis was nicknamed "Warm Chicago." Even more important than Memphis was Houston Texas which became a hub for not only industry but major corporations, becoming known as "Southern Wall St." The pro-business state governments, combined with Pershing's hostility towards unions prevented the South from becoming unionized during the Golden Decade. In fact, attempts were often violently dealt with, with the national guard often being deployed to break up strikes and escort scabs. But under the golden sun that engulfed the decade, it all came crashing down when the Panic of 1930 hit like an F-5 tornado.
Within a day the deregulated and consumerist economy collapsed and 20% of Americans were jobless by the end of the year. Unsurprisingly, Pershing was recalled once the Solidarity Party took control of Congress and the Senate. Pershing would lose in a landslide to New York Governor Norman Thomas whose pacifism and a radical agenda that promised the nationalization of healthcare, strict regulations on Wall St, the temporary nationalization of banks, the nationalization of railroads, and a 6-hour workday.
Pershing denounced Thomas's platform as Marxist and compared his election to the Second French Revolution. Thomas ignored him but unfortunately, that was his biggest mistake as soldiers led by Pershing launched a coup on March 4th, 1931. Stemmed from fears of a possible Marxist takeover, thirty thousand militiamen, veterans, and rogue soldiers. The coup was supported by the National Party and factions of the Red, White, and Blue Party. The coup saw Thomas and Vice President Bryan jailed and Washington D.C turned into a warzone as the Secret Service and anti-coup militiamen fought the traitors. K of L leader Floyd Olson managed to escape and declared a general strike which even ununionized workers joined in. The strike in a matter of days swept the entire country and Pershing was forced out when 150,000 soldiers surrounded DC and Pershing was arrested trying to escape DC.
In the aftermath of Pershing's arrest, both Thomas and Bryan were executed by the putschists leaving the line of succession up in the air considering Pershing's appointed "cabinet" was either in jail or dead. It was in this confusion the K of L came to the rescue. with there being no Speaker of the House, Minnesota Representative Henrik Shipstead put K of L put forward his friend and K of L leader Floyd Bjørnstjerne Olson as a candidate for President. Olson had earned an unprecedented level of respect for leading the general strike that prevented Pershing and his supporters amongst the upper class from seizing power. Furthermore, he was a founder of the Popular Democratic Front which united multiple parties of vastly different ideologies, from the conservative Flame of the Nation to the far-left Workers Party. Soon after Olson was elected Speaker, ascending to the Presidency, creating the Popular Democratic Front as a political entity. After securing his power Olson enacted his plan to radically redistribute the balance of power in America from the government to unions and the working class. First, he temporarily nationalized the banks and instituted a 30-hour workweek, with the ladder to try and stimulate the economy by allowing more of the jobless to work for the same pay. Furthermore, the oil industry, hydroelectric industry, healthcare system, and numerous electrical grids were nationalized permanently. Within a year the economy would rebound as global trade restabilized and the sheer amount of money the Olson Administration put into the economy through public work programs and direct relief managed to cut unemployment from 20% to 10%.
Olson's popularity would be unmatched, only comparable to Washington, Lincoln, or Debs but like Lincoln he would never see a full second term, dying from stomach cancer in 1934. His successor though would continue his legacy farther than anyone thought.
President Dyer was someone everyone knew in St. Louis and knew that he'd go far. At first, he was a lawyer for the K of L who fought big business head-on. His first major case would be defending K of L member Joe Hill from charges of inciting a riot, which he successfully did and would later bring a case against the logging company for anti-union practices which he also won. Soon after in 1920, he joined the Justice Department and by 1921 he was Solicitor General. In 1923 with Chief Justice Lincoln's retirement he was on Butler's shortlist to become Chief Justice but was passed over due to the K of L's influence in the Butler Administration. In 1924 he was elected Governor of Missouri and in 1930 he was the runner-up at the 1932 SNC, losing by only 100 delegates to Norman Thomas. In 1931 his staunch opposition to Pershing landed him the Vice Presidency and with Olson's death the Presidency. During his term, he was hell-bent on destroying the power of big business and imperialism, supporting the Cuban War of Independence by sending guns and artillery to rebels in Havana. Furthermore, he passed the 27th amendment that banned hard labor as a punishment and signed the Wagner-Roosevelt Act that capped bank loans at 10% interest.
Of course, Dyer's term cannot be talked about without his cooperation with the K of L and Grandmaster Sidney Hillman that saw federal soldiers intervene in West Virginia, Oregon, and Colorado to protect striking workers from Pinkertons and intimidation. Another moment of cooperation came in 1937 when in Kansas a drought threatened to bankrupt farmers and the K of L led the nation in a money drive to keep over a thousand farms afloat as Dyer attempted to push through a bill that provided $500 million in relief for farmers affected by the Great Drought of 1937.
Dyer's term at home was put on hold with the outbreak of the War of the Worlds which saw several anti-status quo reactionary governments attempt to destroy the status quo by attacking Germany and the UK. France was joined by Spain, Hungary, Illyria, China, Two Sicilies, the Sultanate of Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, Russia, and the Nordic League. The US along with the Democratic Front, composed of the Democratic Republic of Italy, Portugal, Cuba, El Salvador, and Brazil joined the war when French soldiers landed on Sardinia and the Two Sicilies attempted to seize Rome. After a hastily prepared referendum, the US was at war and a week later US soldiers arrived in Portugal. The War of Worlds lasted from 1942 to 1947 and saw over a million US soldiers die before Moscow fell after the deployment of tactical Atomic Bombs on Russian forces. After the war's conclusion Dyer announced he would not run for a fourth term, keeping in line with the Butler precedent.
Ammon Hennacy's election as President of the United States could not have come at a worse time. The man was popular amongst the K of L due to his dedication to organizing workers in Utah but his goals were puritan, to say the least, being much less inclined to compromise compared to Hillman or Dyer. Despite this, he rode Dyer's popularity to victory in 1947. That's where his success stopped domestically. On the homefront, he refused to compromise with Congress on issues such as decreasing military spending or dismantling the nation's atomic weapons. This caused a backlash not only from the Flame of the Nation Party but also the Popular Democratic Front and the K of L itself who supported nuclear proliferation to deter German and British aggression in the Americas and Europe. Soon after Hennacy ordered the the nuclear arsenal dismantled he was recalled and wasn't even renominated, with dissident Vice President Rexford Tugwell being nominated on a pro-nuclear and arming anti-colonialist uprisings in the Kongo, Katanga, Kenya, Philippines, Poland, and India. Hennacy reteliated by running an independent campaign which ensured that the PDF's reign would come to an end. In the second round the fervent anti-British and (by proxy) anti-German Senator Joseph P. Kennedy Sr won against the moderate Christian Democrat John Swift.
Under Kennedy, incoming Grand Master Walter Reuther has had a more pragmatic approach, partially due to Kennedy's anti-trade union stances and as a reaction against the uncompromising and puritan Ammon Hennacy. During Kennedy's two terms he has been careful to declare massive strikes that were seen during the Debs and Dyer years but when Kennedy attempted to pass a bill that allowed the President to end strikes via executive order Reuther knew that he needed to fight. And so on June 30th, 1955 the K of L declared a general strike.
Presidents of the US:
22. James G. Blaine 1885-1889
23. Grover Cleveland 1889-1895 (Democratic) ✞
(With Isaac Gray) 1888 Def: James G. Blaine/John Sherman
(With Isaac Gray) 1892 Def: William McKinley/Matthew Quay James Weaver/Terence Powderly
24. Isaac P. Gray 1895-1897 (Democratic)
25. Eugene V. Debs 1897-1905 (Fusion)
(With Marion Butler) 1896 Def: Thomas Platt/William Day William Vilas/Thomas Bayard
(With Marion Butler) 1900 Def: Mark Hanna/Henry Adams Ben Tillman/William Goebel
26. Marion Butler 1905-1911 (Solidarity)
(With Robert LaFollette) 1904 Def: Henry Lodge/Alton Parker (Golden Century) Alfred Waddell/Joseph Bailey Daniel De Leon/Various
(With Robert LaFollette) 1908 Def: Theodore Roosevelt/George Dewey Thomas Watson/Woodrow Wilson (National) Bill Haywood/Lucy Parsons (Workers)
27. Oscar Underwood 1911-1918 (Golden Century) ✞
(With Charles Fairbanks) 1911 Def: Marion Butler/Robert LaFollette Thomas Watson/Edward Jackson Jacob Coxey/Robert Minor
(With Charles Fairbanks) 1913 Def: Edward Jackson/Carter Glass David Coates/Hiram Johnson Robert Minor/Parley Christensen
(With Harry Wallace) 1917 Def: Theodore Debs/Seymour Stedman Carter Glass/Theodore Bilbo Jeanette Rankin/Jane Addams (Suffrage) Jack Reed/Elizabeth Flynn
28. Harry Wallace 1918-1919 (Golden Century)
29. Marion Butler 1919-1923 (Solidarity)
(With Clarence Darrow) 1919 Def: Charles Hughes/Franklin Roosevelt William Foster/Jack Reed
30. John J. Pershing 1923-1931 (Red, White, and Blue)
(With Blair Lee) 1923 Def: Marion Butler/Clarence Darrow Theodore Bilbo/James Ferguson Leonard Wood/Warren Harding
(With Blair Lee) 1927 Def: Jacob Coxey/Gustav Strebel George Norris/Newton Baker James Ferguson/William McAdoo
31. Norman Thomas 1931-1931 (Solidarity) ✞
(With Charles Bryan) 1931 Def: John Pershing/Hamilton Fish III Elizabeth Flynn/Joe Hill James Byrnes/Joseph Robinson Al Smith/Quintin Roosevelt (Christian Democratic)
32. John J. Pershing 1931-1931 (Red, White, and Blue)
33. Floyd B. Olson 1931-1934 (Popular Democratic Front) ✞
34. Leonidas C. Dyer 1934-1947 (Popular Democratic Front)
(With Fiorella LaGuardia) 1935 Def: Kasper Kubli/Josiah Bailey
(With Fiorella LaGuardia) 1939 Def: John Gardner/Nathan Miller
(With Ammon Hennacy) 1943 Def: Rush Holt/Charles McNary John Benard/Earl Browder Quintin Roosevelt/Leo Bozell
35. Ammon Hennacy 1947-1948 (Popular Democratic Front)
(With Rexford Tugwell) 1947 Def: Dwight Green/Earl Warren Earl Browder/Glen Taylor Howard Buffett/Reinhold Niebuhr
36. Joseph P. Kennedy 1948- (Flame of the Nation)
(With Millard Tydings) 1948 Def: John Swift/Howard Buffett Rexford Tugwell/Henrik Shipstead Ammon Hennacy/Elmer Benson Earl Browder/Oliver Law
(With Millard Tydings) 1952 Def: Walt Disney/Robert Kenny John Swift/James Curly Culbert Olson/Benjamin Davis Jr
Composition of the Popular Democratic Front, 1931-1937:
Solidarity
Christian Democracy
Workers
Flame of the Nation
Suffrage
