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Lists of Heads of Government and Heads of State

Can anyone see the link between this and the previous one?

Political career of Barack Obama

1979-1981: Student, Occidental College
1981-1983: Student, Columbia University
1983-1988: Private citizen, activist

- Director of the Developing Communities Project, Chicago, Coordinator of the Metropolitan Tenants Organisation for Altgeld Gardens, Chicago
1988-1991: Student, Northwestern University School of Law
1991: Harold Washington Party nominee for Mayor of Chicago

- out-primaried James R. Hutchinson
- lost to Richard M. Daley (Democratic), George S. Gottlieb (Republican),
James Warren (Socialist Workers)
1991-1993: Visiting Law and Government Fellow, University of Chicago Law School
1993-2002: Democratic Alderman of the Chicago City Council for the 23rd ward

- succeeding William Krystyniak (Democratic)
2002: Democratic Party candidate for Governor of Illinois
- out-primaried Paul Vallas, Rod Blagojevich
2002-2010: Democratic Governor of Illinois
(serving with Edwin Eisendrath)
- '02: defeated Jim Ryan (Republican), Cal Skinner (Libertarian), others
- '06: defeated Ronald Gidwitz (Republican), Rich Whitney (Green), others

2010-2012: Private citizen
2012: Democratic Party candidate for President of the United States

- out-primaried Howard Dean, Anthony Weiner, Joe Lieberman, others
2012-2021: President of the United States
(serving with Mike Beebe of Arkansas)
- '12: defeated Ron Paul (Republican)

- '16: defeated Sarah Palin (Republican), Lloyd Blankfein (Independent)
2021-present: Private Citizen

Obvs governor Obama, earlier too. Is he slightly to the left of OTL Obama?
 
Prime Ministers of Great Britain and Ireland

1922 - 1927: Ramsay Macdonald (Labour-Irish Parliamentary coalition)


The coalition narrowly edged out the Tories (wounded by the Home Rule squabbling, economic doldrums, and party infighting) and was born out of the promise that Macdonald would finally deliver the long-delayed Home Rule - other than this issue and on increased house building (because Parliamentary could get some built at home), Labour and Parliamentary were at odds and Dublin was allowed to have autonomy on whether new British law would come in. This working arrangement was harmed by the Campbell Case, where Parliamentary were split on backing Labour and felt this showed the party was too radical - even as Macdonald was criticised by Labour for not being radical enough!

Housing, state pension, disarmament, foreign works, and the beginning of state healthcare were all brought in but the weakness of the government proved more of an issue for voters than its alleged radicalism, and it was clear the Parliamentary's weren't going to back Labour any more. Tory revival seemed assured...


1927 - 1930: Austen Chamberlain (Conservative-Liberal coalition)

Well, good enough. At least Chamberlain could say he was back in power and also PM, eat it Stanley.

And both parties agreed on the economy to get reforms through, with a brief boom nicknamed "the Mewing Twenties" after the more glamorous, longer American period it was aping. The collapse of the Parliamentary party as the more radical Sinn Fein grabbed seats was to their benefit as well, turning a once-big powerblock of Irish seats into smaller rivals. Chamberlain also continued the general trend towards peace between 'civilised' nations and achieved the Bonn Treaties that was meant to finally secure peace between France and Germany.

All was going well until the Great Depression. The Tory-Liberal harmony was ripped asunder (as well as inter-Tory harmony) and the government fell hard.

1930 - 1934: Arthur Henderson (Labour)

Panicked British workers turned to Labour - and panicked Irish workers turned to Irish Labour, a sister party that had achieved meagre gains in the Dublin parliament. Even the British middle classes had people thinking Labour had been far more stable than the last year & maybe it'd keep the unions in line - and the Irish middle class thought that too. (Sinn Fein lost ground, independence seeming risky in the current climate)

Henderson threw money around on big projects and welfare and bribing unions, which ballooned the country's debt but nudged the country into recovery. He also grew concerned over the growing tensions in Europe and after Hitler became chancellor, Henderson flew to Berlin, Warsaw, Prague, Paris, and anywhere he needed to try and get Germany talking about its territorial interests rather than building up an arsenal. The stress of this may have contributed to "Uncle Arthur's" death in 1934.

1934 - 36: Arthur Greenwood (Labour)

The popular Secretary of State for Health won a party election and inherited a country just doing okay, and a European situation just on a knife-edge. "Arthur Junior" won Labour's third election on promise of Recovery, of Calm, of Jobs. What he got was Mussolini invading Abyssinia. Britain used its clout and contacts to get peace - at the cost of half the African country. This crisis made Greenwood's alcoholism worse as he realised Mussolini could try something again and so could Hitler, or Japan, or...

A cautious rearming plan went through parliament thanks to Tory votes, which didn't help Greenwood's mood much either. The Rhineland Crisis then finished him off: Hitler's bellicose demands and sabre-rattling was, in retrospect, more mouth than trousers, but it had Greenwood panicked and he got the French panicked and all ended in British troops fighting German ones. The humiliation threw Germany into chaos and saw Greenwood forced to resign.


1936: Herbert Morrison (Labour)

Greenwood's great rival, he shoved his way through and declared a snap election. He had big plans.

What he got was a massive Sinn Fein surge - "Irish Troops In Britain's Wars" ran the posters (four Irish soldiers had died in a battle in the Rhineland), and independence was back on. That combined with British losses knocked Labour out and brought back...


1936-8: Anthony Eden (Conservative minority)

Eden was looking set to get away from all that rotten socialism and to continue the slow buildup due to distrust of Mussolini & Japan. He had his cabinet bring in a period of social and economic conservatism as he focused on foreign affairs, hoping to isolate Italy and Japan with alliances overseas. And he was in China doing just this when Hitler tried to regain control with a wave of state terror against Jews and caused Germany to explode into violence.

With Eden absent, Britain was headless as the streetfighting ran rampant - Mussolini and Austrian allies moved in to "restore order". Emboldened, Mussolini did the very same when Spain's military attempted their coup, sending Italian forces to back up the nationalists; Eden told him to back off, seeing a threat to British control of the Med and access to Suez.

Britain won the war after a year of intense fighting. In the aftermath, the Dublin government - now majority Sinn Fein - condemned the loss of more Irish lives due to British foreign policy screwups. A general strike, Commons filibustering, protests, riots: Ireland was demanding out, and Britain didn't have the ability or will to force them to stay, and so a referendum was held in the hope Westminster could sway just enough people.

They could not. Eden became the Prime Minister of Great Britain by Easter 1938, the government was knocked off its axis, and everyone is left wondering what happens next...


Prime Ministers of Great Britain

1938: Anthony Eden (Conservative minority)


Eden attempted to keep governing despite the loss of Ireland but a large minority of his party blamed him, personally, for the referendum defeat and so did King Edward. Knives were out. His situation became untenable and he resigned...

1938: Samuel Hoare (Conservative minority)

He'd been a minister in three successive governments, most crucially Eden's Foreign Secretary in trying to isolate Italy and Japan, and seemed the safe pair of Tory hands. He was not. A chunk of Eden loyalists rebelled on principle at the "Judas" - hadn't Eden won them the Mediterranean War? - and a chunk of others defected to the Liberals. The government ground to a halt and Archibald Sinclair of the Liberals saw his chance:

1938-9: Archibald Sinclair (Liberal-headed coalition)

1939 - 1949: Archibald Sinclair (Liberal)


With the promise of some extra powers for the National Hospital Service, Sinclair got Labour to support his coalition of Liberals and ex-Tories and began an election in early 1939. With the Tories in disarray, he won.

Social liberties were in, big amounts of free trade and economic liberalisation were in (which meant thousands of redundancies were in), and a big focus on Asia was in: Japan's ambitions would be restricted and, squeezed between several European empires, America, and the USSR, it limited its (open) conquests to 'liberated' Manchuria. Technology was advancing in fits and starts worldwide, and British industry tried to keep up, being pioneers in jet engines and the development of television - not all of this was down to Sinclair but he kept the government involved, making televised speeches to the nation (filmed from Downing Street) to keep the Liberals associated with this progress.

Some lost out, others gained, and in 1944 a majority considered they'd gained. After the chaos of the 1930s, it seemed the Empire was back to stability. The biggest challenge was a move towards "Home Rule" in several of the more developed/controlled economies, including Cyprus, Malta, Singapore, Hong Kong, and India - and India was the supreme challenge here, with riots breaking out over the limited suffrage and the way it was designed to keep the British Governor in control. (However, most of the British electorate were fine with that!)

During Sinclair's time in office, Europe became a growing issue. Italy, Spain, Austria, and Germany had seen socialists take control post-war, and Germany would go communist in 1941. France was the main counterweight to this, waging a cold war of influence across Europe against the USSR, and Britain naturally gave support to France's alliance - but then in Sinclair's second term, socialists won the French election as well. Which in practice meant France was still opposing the USSR but meant Britain hurriedly had to switch a lot of its backing to new countries. The markets got spooked.

And meanwhile:

Taoiseachs of the Kingdom of Ireland



1938 - 1943: John J. O'Kelly (Sinn Fein)


O'Kelly had deposed the former leader, Michael O'Flanagan, after the latter was caught between support for the Spanish republicans and the fact this would mean supporting a British war. O'Kelly thought little of the republicans and so it was him & his allies that used the war to gain the referendum, and then won that referendum, and then won the immediate election. He would've liked to declare a republic as well but the King had married a woman from the north & duly visited the country a lot, and it wasn't worth the fight with monarchists and the fractious northern Protestants.

With the new powers of independence, O'Kelly continued his conservative nationalist reforms of the country and the establishment of a new Irish Army (to save money it did not have an independent air force) & Navy, with national conscription brought in for this in the face of the socialist uprisings on the continent. Ironically, despite his views of Britain and his distaste for the liberal social order there, he and Sinclair would work closely together on trade & worked with Paris against the 'reds'.

Problem for him as the Irish voters were increasingly fed up of pious conservatism and a stagnating economy (and dark talk from the north of gunmen preparing for "imminent conflict"), and the result was:


1943 - 1948: Dan Spring (Labour)

While still more socially conservative than its British counterpart had drifted to, especially under the safe hand of Spring, it wasn't as dour as O'Kelly's brand of nationalism, and it promised an expansion of worker's pay & power, and furthermore it was a deliberately non-sectarian party and Spring was from a rural background & could calm those voters.

To Sinclair's shock and dismay, Spring pivoted Ireland towards Paris once that elected a socialist government. Both countries became uneasy with each other, even as trade and family ties and the King kept them bonded; and in practice, a lot of the new worker's rights and union powers Spring was bringing in was reversing O'Kelly and getting Ireland back to what Britain had as an ongoing legacy of the "Two Arthurs". We can say all that but now the Taoiseach was in Paris, the Taoiseach was in Madrid, the Taoiseach was being listened to in foreign lands more than the Irish believed he was in Dublin, and boats & planes from the socialists countries would come in more and bring 'exotic' culture with them.

But not everyone liked the socialist turn, and some thought the country needed more 'modern' reforms to keep up with the world, and some didn't think much of Spring as a person. But Sinn Fein was starting to look 'old', and more and more people wanted a non-sectarian politics.

One figure in one party promised exciting new changes, and charisma, and a lack of sectarian ties, but c'mon, it couldn't be, obviously they wouldn't--

1948 - : Oswald Mosley (Cumann na nGaedheal)

He'd moved to Ireland in the late 1920s, his political career seemingly stunted after 1927, but fallen back into politics in his new country - one that remembered his fiery condemnation of brutal police-militia action against pro-Home Rule agitators in the early 1920s and his equally fiery support for Home Rule. He'd already flipped Tory to Labour, and his political evolution saw him end up in CnG and, thanks to his work ethic and charisma and sneaky acts, climb up to power. He promised corporatism and a country that was great, and when his national origin came up, said he wasn't living there but in Ireland: "a man must behave himself as a fit member of the State, in his every action he must conform to the welfare of the nation."

And so in 1948, to global bemusement, he stood for photos outside the Dail in his smart blue shirt...
 
The Bastard of Owen:
1990-1992: Michael Heseltine (Conservative)
1991 (Coalition with *SDP) def: Neil Kinnock (Labour), Alan Beith (Liberal Democrats), David Owen (*SDP)
1992-1994: John Smith (Labour)
1992 (Majority) def: Michael Heseltine (Conservative), Paddy Ashdown (Liberal Democrats), David Owen-Alan Sked (*SDP-AFL)
1994-2005: Gordon Brown (Labour)
1996 (Majority) def: Michael Howard (Conservative), Paddy Ashdown (Liberal Democrats), Alan Sked (SDP)
2000 (Majority) def: Michael Portillo (Conservative), Charles Kennedy (Liberal Democrats), Alan Sked (SDP)

2005-2010: Ken Clarke (Conservative)
2005 (Majority) def: Gordon Brown (Labour), Charles Kennedy (Liberal Democrats), Robert Kilroy-Silk (SDP), Collective Leadership (RESPECT-Green)
2010-2018: David Miliband (Labour)
2010 (Majority) def: Ken Clarke (Conservative), Vince Cable (Liberal Democrats), Chris Grayling (SDP), Caroline Lucas-George Monbiot (RESPECT-Green)
2014 (Coalition with Lib Dems) def: William Hague (Conservative), John Leech (Liberal Democrats), Chris Grayling (SDP), Natalie Bennett-Richard Leonard (RESPECT-Green)
2016 Euro Referendum: Yes 32%, No 68%

2018-: Nicky Morgan (Conservative)
2018 (Coalition with SDP) def: David Miliband (Labour), John Leech (Liberal Democrats), Jason Zadrozny (SDP), Sîan Berry-Clive Lewis (Left Alternative)
2018 Brexit Referendum: 53% Leave, 47% Remain


The SDP-Liberal merger would go...poorly. Whilst it would occur, Owen was able to take enough of the party machine to keep the group afloat during council elections and the like. Heseltine won in 1990, but it turns out that his patronising One Nation Conservatism wasn’t the vote winner he thought it could be, with a few voters going to the SDP, now leaning into a weird Eurosceptic, Workerist angle.

Labour and the Lib Dem’s couldn’t hash out a deal so Heseltine went with the SDP, smugly believing he could control the smaller party. The arrangement lasted less than a year. In the meantime, Owen hashed out a deal with Alan Sked and the AFL. Those who didn’t like it would join the emerging NoToEurope group which lasted about a year before it collapsed after BNP entryism.

1992, another election occurred and John Smith easily got in on significant majority. Whilst Smith would have problems over ERM (which would lead Margaret Beckett being replaced by Gordon Brown) it could have gone worse. Still heart problems would cause John to step down towards the end of 1994. Brown would take over due Blair being caught in a card accident and Mandelson wanting to avoid a Beckett victory. Brownism would dominate British politics for the next ten years.

By now David Owen had abandoned his pet project as Alan Sked took over in 1993. The SDP would lose it’s one MP, Stephen Miligan in 1994 to an autoerotic asphyxiation accident causing the group to become a laughing stock. Sked would have to resist a coup attempt by Mike Hancock, an attempt by Nigel Farage and some of his friends to just buy out the party as well as BNP entryists within a year. Things weren’t looking good.

Sked was saved by James Goldsmith, a late convert to Protectionism and the horrors of Free Market Capitalism. Goldsmith would fund the SDP and allow it to get through it’s dark spot. This would be repaid with SDP up and comer Chris Grayling becoming an MP in the 1996 election as the Conservatives crashed hard due to mismanagement and political squabbles.

The SDP managed to worm it’s through the Brown Years, though Economically Centrist, it’s Anti-Establishment Populism and Euroscepticism kept it going as a choice for disaffected voter (similar to Kennedy’s Liberal Democrat’s). In the meantime Robert Kilroy-Silk would manage to become leader of the party, stating his similar beliefs.

2005, the SDP would gain 3 MPs on top of Chris Grayling as the Brown machine finally collapsed due to hammerings on all side (Lib Dems, SDP from the Centre and RESPECT-Green Alliance on the Left) in the aftermath of the Iraq War and Apathy. Ken Clarke would come into officer on a small but substantial majority and...mainly keep the same consensus as Brown. Neoliberal Labourism has been replaced by Neoliberal One Nationism.

Speaking of things being replaced, Kilroy-Silk would be dumped in 2008 when he started getting really Right Wing and his Islamphobia didn’t jibe with the Centrist Populists. Chris Grayling would become leader and he became leader at the best time possible. Recession hit, nearly as bad as the depression and Grayling’s SDP’s new policy of ‘Communitarianism’ (a mix of Localism, Decentralisation, Euroscepticism and Centrist Populism) began to work on the voters who felt left behind by the various systems when the next election came.

David Miliband came in to power using the methods created by his political gurus Blair and Mandelson. The Tories spasmed as it seemed like the 21st Century would be Labour’s Century. So it surprised many when Miliband took his majority and spent four years grinding it into powder with austerity policies. The SDP blossomed as it promised it wouldn’t support austerity (secretly it supported them, but knew it was a stick to hit Labour with) and blamed the EU for these unpopular policies.

2014 came and Labour’s majority collapsed. The SDP managed to gain 10 MPs and the Conservatives under David Cameron fell limply as a result. Miliband managed to hobble together a coalition with the Liberal Democrat’s in support for Alternative Voting bill. The bill would easily pass through parliament as the SDP, Liberal Democrat’s and RESPECT-Green Alliance pushed Labour into accepting it.

Meanwhile Chris Grayling would step down from his successful time as leader (the SDP survived 2014 despite William Hague’s awkward attempts at Right Wing Populism) and was replaced by the SDP’s bright young thing, Jason Zadrozny. One of the masterminds of ‘Communitarianism’ he would hammer it hard, gaining a multitude of council seats and more in the years to come.

Austerity would dampened in Miliband’s second term but the damage was done. The rot has set. His attempts to bring Britain into the EU further would be rebuffed in 2016 and much of the dreams of Third Wayers died with it. In 2018, Miliband went to the polls but Labour sank as Left Alternative and the SDP ate up there vote.

The Conservatives under Nicky Morgan managed to scrap enough to enter talks with the different parties. The SDP were the most amicable and Jason Zadrozny’s charm and ‘local boy made good’ energy made him a charismatic foil to the awkward Morgan (still better than William ‘Hurt a Hoodie’ Hague). So a Conservative-SDP coalition would be formed.

In return a Referendum on Britain’s place in the EU began. No one really thought that Britain would leave, Zadrozny was all bluster they said.

And then Britain voted to Leave.

Zadrozny smiled as the SDP prepared to change Britain forever, David Owen stared at his bastard offspring in disbelief at what it had become.
 
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Mayors of San Francisco
1979-1981: Jello Biafra (Nonpartisan)
defeated Dianne Feinstein, Quentin L. Kopp, others
1981 Recall election results = 81.69% yes, 18.31% no

1981-1983: Dianne Feinstein (Nonpartisan-Democratic)
'81 special: defeated Jello Biafra
'83: defeated David Scott, Cesar Ascarrunz, Warren Hinckle (San Fran Über Alles), others
1987-1991: Gloria La Riva (Peace and Freedom Party)
defeated Dianne Feinstein, John Molinari, others
1991-1995: Nancy Pelosi (Democratic)
defeated Gloria La Riva, Carol Ruth Silver, others
1995-2003: Willie Brown (Democratic)
'95: defeated Nancy Pelosi, John Doolittle, others
'99: defeated Tom Ammiano, others
2003-2015: Peter Camejo (Association of State Green Parties-Peace and Freedom Party fusion)
'03: defeated Ralph Inzunza, Joanna Rees, others
'07: defeated Tony Ribera, Kevin Shelley, others
'11: defeated Dianne Feinstein, others

2015-present: Susan Leal (California Green Party)
'15: defeated Michela Alioto, Stuart Schuffman (Rent Is Too Damn High! Party)
'19: defeated David Campos, Richie Greenberg, Josh Wolf (Peace and Freedom Party)


Governors of California
1980-1990:
George Deukmejian (Republican)

'82: defeated Tom Bradley (Democratic)
'86: defeated Dianne Feinstein, Jello Biafra (Truth Jihad), Philip Toelkes (Neo-Sannyas Party),
others
1990-1998: Frank Riggs
'90: defeated John Van de Kamp
'95: defeated Gil Garcetti, Art Olivier (Reform/Independents for California! Coupon), Maria Elizabeth Muñoz (Peace and Freedom Party)
1998-2003: Richard Pombo
'98: defeated Dianne Feinstein, Jello Biafra (Independent)
'02: defeated James Hahn, Steve Kubby (Association of State Green Parties)
2003 Recall election results: 55.39% yes, 44.61% no
2003-2010: Willie Brown
'03: defeated Elton Gallegly, Sal Russo (Reform)
'06: defeated Howard Kaloogian

2010-2014: Peter Thiel (Republican/Independents for California! Fusion)
defeated Akinyemi Agbede, Doug Ose, Matt Gonzalez (California Green Party)
2014-present: Ron Dellums
'14: defeated Peter Thiel, Dianne Feinstein, Jello Biafra (Fuck Feinstein Party)
'18: Kevin Faulconer, others
 
How is this the first time this glorious tidbit has made itself known in one of these lists?
See usually I have him life, but this time I thought it would incredibly amusing if Stephen Miligan was there last remaining MP.

And he still celebrates events...in the same manner. I imagine Alan Sked and co being like “He did fucking what?!”
index.php
Mayors of San Francisco
8/10, No Jerry Brown running for Governor as a Reform/Libertarian candidate. Excellent all the same.
 
Taoiseachs of Ireland (During the FPTP era):
1959-1966: Seán Lemass (Fianna Fáil)

1961 (Majority) def: James Dillon (Fine Gael), Brendan Corish (Labour)
1965 (Majority) def: James Dillon (Fine Gael), Brendan Corish (Labour)

1966-1976: Jack Lynch (Fianna Fáil)
1969 (Majority) def: Liam Cosgrave (Fine Gael), Brendan Corish (Labour)
1973 (Majority) def: Liam Cosgrave-Barry Desmond (Fine Gael-Labour Alliance), Noël Browne-Michael D. Higgins (National Progressive Democrats-'Left' Labour)

1976-1985: Charles Haughey (Fianna Fáil)
1977 (Majority) def: Michael O'Leary (Fine Gael), Noël Browne (Progressive Democrats)
1981 (Majority) def: Michael O'Leary (Fine Gael), Tomás Mac Giolla-Emmett Stagg ('Left Alliance')

1985-1989: Alan Dukes (Fine Gael)
1985 (Coalition with 'Left Alliance') def: Charles Haughey (Fianna Fáil), Proinsias De Rossa-Emmett Stagg ('Left Alliance')
1985 Referendum: Yes 75%, No 25%

1989-: Emmett Stagg (Progressive Democrats)
1989 (Coalition with Workers Party & Greens) def: Alan Dukes (Fine Gael), Proinsias De Rossa (Workers Party), Charles Haughey (Fianna Fáil), Desmond O'Malley-Mary O'Rourke (Aontú), Collective Leadership (Greens)

An Idea of what if First Past The Post was implemented in 1959, the result is nearly forty years of One Party Fianna Fáil rule as the opposition experiences numerous crisis from Fine Gael and Labour having a merger in the mid 70s (with Michael D. Higgins and his Left Labour lot joining the still chugging National Progressive Democrats), meanwhile the Workers Party still emerges but is more militant in it's activism and is a combination of a few more Left Wing groups alongside SF. In the 1980s the Fianna Fáil machine starts to collapse, corruption during the Lynch-Haughey years comes ahead and attempts by Charles Haughey doing his usual antics causes the Irish people to take a punt and vote Fine Gael/Left Alliance to get rid of Fianna Fáil. Fine Gael whilst implementing reforms, is still seen as too Market Driven for many to stomach which allows the Progressive Democrats to form a Left Wing Coalition in the late 80s, with an inspirational vision for the post FPTP era...
 
Trust Charlie to ruin a good thing (for FF).
Given old Charlie nearly lead to an Irish Labour Minority Government, yeah.

Aontú is made as a “We’re FF without the Haughey and Monetarism” which does rather well too. Also originally I was going to have Dick Spring join the NPD but Emmett Stagg made more sense (I guess Spring follows his dad to this ATL Fine Gael).
 
List of Prime Ministers of Alaska
1. Mikhail Kedrov (1918-1920)
Kedrov was the first Prime Minister appointed by Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, the pretender to the Russian throne, when he arrived in Alaska. Kedrov attained this position by virtue of being the last colonial Governor of Alaska, having been appointed by Nicholas II in 1913 and holding the position through the duration of the Great War. Emperor Vladimir disliked Kedrov because of his inability to communicate and coordinate with White forces fighting in Russia, and replaced him as soon as he was able.
2. Alexander Krivoshein (1920-1922)
Krivoshein arrived in Alaska in the second wave of White emigres. He had been sent by Pyotr Wrangel, who was still fighting in Russia. Krivoshein's primary responsibility as Prime Minister was to coordinate the evacuation of White forces and other loyalists from Russia, while his predecessor managed day to day governance in Alaska. Krivoshein, in increasingly ill health throughout his tenure, resigned as soon as Wrangel arrived in Alaska with his fleet. His most lasting achievement was the Protection Treaty signed with Canada and the United States, that obligated both nations to defend Alaska from any potential Soviet invasion.
3. Pyotr Wrangel (1922-1923)
Wrangel was appointed Prime Minister upon his arrival, having been the most visible White leader in Russia during the Civil War. However, he was already disdained for his military failure. Although the difficult of the task he had faced was understood, many, including the new Emperor Cyril Vladimirovich, felt that he was no longer a suitable candidate for high office. Wrangel's brief tenure ended due to his inability to stop conflict between the Russian refugees and the endemic population of Alaska, particularly the wealthy English speaking settlers who had dominated Alaska up to this point.
4. Sergey Taskin (1923-1933)
Wrangel was replaced with his Deputy, Sergey Taskin, who was ingratiated with old settler families and not the recent refugees, having been part of the first wave that arrived with Emperor Vladimir. Taskin pressed Emperor Cyril to grant the 1924 constitution, which provided for the creation of the Alaskan Duma and granted representation for refugees, Russian settlers, and Anglo settlers. Taskin pursued friendlier economic treaties with the United States and Canada in order to reduce prices of foreign goods entering Alaska. This was vital to continue providing for Alaska's suddenly large population. Taskin also restricted civil liberties due to fears of communist insurgency in Alaska. He invited American troops to Alaska in order to protect against any such movement. Taskin was ousted at the onset of the Great Depression and his inability to handle the crisis.
5. Paul Ignatieff (1933-1942)
Taskin was replaced with the well-liked Prince Paul Ignatieff, who had served as his Foreign Minister. Ignatieff also struggled with the Great Depression, as Alaska's economy suffered greatly from the lack of American trade. Facing threats of revolution from Russian veterans and the thousands of unemployed Alaskans, Ignatieff greatly increased government spending in order to provide assistance to all Alaskans and starting public works projects to put Alaskans back to work. He also sought aid from the United States and United Kingdom, which he did not receive much of. During Ignatieff's term, Emperor Cyril died and was succeeded by his son, Vladimir II. Ignatieff soon had new problems as the threat of war began looming across the world. Already Japan was fighting a war of conquest in Asia, and Europe stood on the precipice. Many in Alaska were advocating to join any nation that would go to war against the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, Ignatieff resisted pressures to join war. Thus, when Germany declared war on the Soviet Union, thousands of Alaskans formed the Iron Legion and travelled to Europe to fight alongside the Nazis. After the attack on Pearl Harbor and American entry into the war, Ignatieff was pressured by the State Department to resign after he wavered on allowing the U.S. to use Alaska as a base in the war against Japan.
6. Vasily Maklakov (1942-1948)
Ignatieff was replaced by the pro-American and pro-Allied Vasily Maklakov. He immediately announced Alaskan entry into World War II on the side of the Allies, allowing the United States to being operating out of Alaska. He also invited American advisors to Alaska to train the inexperienced Alaskan military and supply them with weapons, planes, ships, and other materials. Many Alaskans began working for the nascent defence industry as Alaska built new shipyards and factories. Additionally, the United States began purchasing Alaskan oil to fuel the war effort. The U.S. also gained a land connection to Alaska by building a highway through Canada. Maklakov was criticized by the last survivors of old Russia for being on the same side of a war as the Soviet Union, but for the most part, Alaskans approved of the war. Although Maklakov was a successful wartime leader, his tenure after the war was rife with civil unrest. Alaskan veterans returned from the war and sought jobs, pensions, and democracy. The North Star movement began protesting in Alaska's cities and encouraged workers of all industries to go on strike until they were granted full democratic rights. In 1948, Maklakov advised the emperor to hold free and open elections to the Duma and agree to any proposed changes to the constitution. Maklakov declined to stand in the elections and subsequently left office.
7. Vladimir Havryliak (1948-1956) Democratic
Major Vladimir Havryliak of the 7th Infantry Regiment, a highly decorated veteran of the Western Front, spent time after the war in the United Kingdom and the United States, and returned to his homeland convinced of the need for Alaskan democracy. At home, he and likeminded individuals formed the North Star movement to advocate for reform to great success. When elections were announced in 1948, Havryliak formed the Democratic Party and stood for election in Sitka. He was victorious, as was his party, and he became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of Alaska. Upon taking office, Havryliak and his party drafted a new constitution, which was approved by the emperor in short order, granting all Alaskans the right to vote and making the Duma an entirely elected body. An upper house for the nobility was created similar to the British House of Lords, but with no powers. Havryliak focused on maintaining the highly popular social programs enacted by Ignatieff during the Depression, which Maklakov had cut back on during the war. Additionally, the discovery of more oil in Kenai was a boon to the economy, increasing wealth and employment. The Democratic Party was re-elected in the 1952 elections. Havryliak stepped down as leader for the 1956 elections and was succeeded by Railroads Minister Mikhail Starchewsky.
8. Mikhail Starchewsky (1956-1960) Democratic
Starchewsky was Prime Minister for four years. The Democratic Party lost the 1960 elections due to a recession. In case you can't tell, I ran out of things to write because the important part of the story, how Alaska found its feet as an independent country, is over. From now on, Alaska will do normal country stuff, which is boring.
9. Mikhail Stepovich (1960-1964) Conservative
Stepovich was Prime Minister for four years. He cut spending. Then he was forced to resign due to poor management of the 1964 earthquake response and replaced by Defence Minister Waino Hendrickson.
10. Waino Hendrickson (1964-1969) Conservative
Hendrickson took over from Stepovich and managed the recovery much better. The Conservatives were re-elected in 1968. During Hendrickson's tenure, oil was discovered in the North Slope, which Alaska would proceed to drain to hell and back over the following decades. However, Hendrickson was forced to resign due to a major corruption scandal in the Cabinet which began under Stepovich.
11. Prince George Ignatieff (1969-1972) no party
Due to the corruption scandal, the Conservative Party's frontbench was wiped out. They prevailed upon Prince George Ignatieff, who was not an elected member of the State Duma, to serve as a caretaker Prime Minister. Under Ignatieff, the oil industry expanded to unprecedented levels.
12. Nikolai Begic (1972-1973) Democratic
Nikolai Begic led the Democratic Party to victory after 12 years out of power. However, he died in a plane crash because that's what happened to him in OTL. He is remembered as a lost visionary who could have done great things for Alaska.
13. William Egan (1973-1976) Democratic
William Egan was the first Anglophone Prime Minister of Alaska, taking over for the late Begic. In 1973, the international oil crisis began due to things you already know about. Alaska profited from this since it was not part of OPEC, and sold lots and lots of oil. However, Alaska was unable to keep up with international demand. The Democratic Party lost re-election due to splitting from a left wing faction.
14. Jack "Ivan" Coghill (1976-1978) National Conservative
Jack Coghill formed the first minority government in Alaskan history after narrowly emerging on top in the 1976 elections. He was the second Anglophone Prime Minister, which he tried to compensate for by using the name "Ivan" in public life. Coghill's tenure was marred by political instability due to the minority status of his government and he was forced out of office in a vote of no confidence.
15. Ivan Butrovic (1978-1980) National Conservative
Butrovic succeeded Coghill but did not fare much better than him.
16. Katerina Torkelsen (1980-1984) Democratic
Torkelsen brought the splitters back into the party and won the 1980 election with a majority. She was Alaska's first female Prime Minister. She secretly pursued rapprochement with the Soviet Union, a fact which ruined her when it was revealed. This cost the party the 1984 elections.
17. Roman Hnatyshyn (1984-1992) Reform
After the failure of the Two Ivans, the Reform Party became the dominant right wing party in Alaska. The party had been created after the 1969 scandal but was second behind the National Conservative Party for years. During the Torkelsen ministry, many National Conservative representatives flocked to the Reform Party due to the weak leadership of Ivan Butrovic and his support of Torkelsen's talks with the Soviets. The Reform Party won the 1988 elections again, completely wiping out the National Conservatives. Ironically, by this time, attitude towards the Soviets had softened as the United States also pursued normalization of relations with them. As such, Hnatyshyn was able to sign peace treaties with the Soviet Union, formally ending the Russian Civil War, ending the Emperor's claim to the Russian throne, and opening economic relations between the two countries. Hnatyshyn stepped down ahead of the 1992 elections, and the subsequent leadership contest divided the party and weakened them.
18. Roy Romanow (1992-2000) Democratic
One of Romanow's first major events as Prime Minister was the death of Vladimir II and ascension of Cyril II. Not long after, Romanow led Alaska into NAFTA with the four other major North American nations. During Romanow's tenure, the environmental movement in Alaska began to grow, and there was great concern about Alaska's ecosystems and wildlife being threatened by rampant oil drilling and pollution, particularly after a major oil spill in 1995. Romanow acted to protect the environment and restrict oil, despite the fear that this would harm Alaska's economy. As such, he focused on diversifying Alaska's economy beyond oil.
19. Kiki Bader (2000-2004) Democratic
Kiki Bader, Romanow's Justice Minister, was his favored successor. She took over unopposed and led the party to victory in the 2000 election. However, the environmental policies pursued by Romanow and continued by Bader did negatively impact the Alaskan economy and was a major factor in the 2004 election. Alaska's relationship with the United States deteriorated as Alaska declined to join the United States invasion of Iraq as part of the War on Terror.
20. Igor Murkowski (2004-2009) Reform
Igor Murkowski was Prime Minister for five years before everything blew up in his face. A big corruption scandal combined with the onset of the Great Recession led to his disgraceful exit from office.
21. Loren Leman (2009-2012) Reform
Loren Leman, Alaska's first Prime Minister of indigenous descent, tried but failed to drag Alaska out of the recession. His austerity measures failed to restore the power of the Alaskan ruble and unemployment worsened.
22. Marko Begic (2012-2016) Democratic
The failure of the Leman industry brought Marko Begic, son of the deceased Nikolai, into office. Coming into office with high hopes, he turned out to be a disappointment, perhaps due to too high expectations. Economic recovery continued to be lethargic and his government struggled to achieve any of the key parts of their platform.
23. Prince Mikhail Ignatieff (2016-2020) North Star coalition
The chaotic 2016 election returned the most divided Duma in Alaskan history. Six parties had seats and none of them came close to a majority. With no party able to form a majority or even minority government, the Emperor prevailed upon his schoolmate, Prince Mikhail Ignatieff, to lead a "ministry of all the talents" as his father once did. Ignatieff became the third generation of his family to serve as Prime Minister. Under Ignatieff, the economy continued to grow, although still slowly, and political tensions declined. Ignatieff rejected the new USMACH Agrement, which was supposed to replace NAFTA, thus preventing it from taking effect.
24. Borys Wrzesnewskyj (2020-present) Democratic
Wrzesnewskyj succeeded Begic as leader and served as Chancellor in the Ignatieff ministry, finding himself in a unique position, as Reform Party leader Yelizaveta Murkowski was also serving as Defence Minister. The two led their respective parties in the 2020 election, and the Democratic Party prevailed, winning a majority of seats. Nothing of note has happened yet.
 
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