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Lists of Heads of Government and Heads of State

Political Career of Henry George:
1887-1891: Mayor (Labor) of New York City
1886 def. Abram Hewitt (Democratic) and Theodore Roosevelt (Republican)
1891-1892: Private citizen
1892-1897: Governor (Democratic) of New York
1891 def. Jacob Sloat Fassett (Republican)
1897-1901: President (Democratic) of the United States
1896 (with William J. Bryan) def. William McKinley (Republican)
1901-1905: President (Commonwealth) of the United States
1900 (with William J. Bryan) def. Cushman K. Davis (Republican) and J. Hamilton Lewis (Democratic)
I dig it. Reminds me of one I did a while back
 
Political Career of Henry George:
1887-1891: Mayor (Labor) of New York City
1886 def. Abram Hewitt (Democratic) and Theodore Roosevelt (Republican)
1891-1892: Private citizen
1892-1897: Governor (Democratic) of New York
1891 def. Jacob Sloat Fassett (Republican)
1897-1901: President (Democratic) of the United States
1896 (with William J. Bryan) def. William McKinley (Republican)
1901-1905: President (Commonwealth) of the United States
1900 (with William J. Bryan) def. Cushman K. Davis (Republican) and J. Hamilton Lewis (Democratic)

Does Newton D. Baker and/or Paul Douglas end up as Commonwealth candidates for president?
 
1861-1862: Jefferson Davis (Nonpartisan) [Provisional]
1862-1868: Jefferson Davis (Nonpartisan)
1861 (with Alexander Stephens) def. scattered opposition
1868-1874: Alexander Stephens (Southern Rights)
1867 (with Thomas Bragg) def. Robert Toombs (Whig)
1874-1880: Thomas Bragg (Southern Rights)
1873 (with Isham G. Harris) def. Joseph E. Brown (Whig)
1880-1886: Lucius Lamar (Southern Rights)
1879 (with John H. Reagan) def. Robert M. Patton (Whig)
1886-1892: James Longstreet (Whig)
1885 (with Zebulon Vance) def. Judah P. Benjamin (Southern Rights)
1892-1898: Wade Hampton III (Southern Rights)
1891 (with Pendleton Murrah) def. Thomas H. Watts (Whig)
1898-1904: John Y. Brown (Southern Rights)
1897 (with Joseph Wheeler) def. John Brown Gordon (Whig)
1904-1910: Henry W. Grady (Whig)
1903 (with Jim Hogg) def. Stephen Mallory II (Southern Rights)
1910-1916: Thomas S. Martin (Conservative)
1909 (with John Sewell) def. Jeff Davis (Agrarian Labor)
1916-1922: Jefferson B. Snyder (Conservative)
1915 (with Lee Cruce) def. Benjamin Tillman (Agrarian Labor)
1921-1921: Charles Culberson¹ (Conservative) [As President-Elect]
1921 (with Locke Craig) def. James K. Vardaman (Agrarian Labor)

1921-1923: Confederate Civil War
Redneck militias def. National Government
1923-1924: James K. Vardaman² (Agrarian Labor)
Replaced Culbertson - 1923 Constitutional Convention held

¹ Overthrown by Rednecks.
² Presidency abolished.
List of Chiefs of the Confederacy:
1924-1930: James K. Vardaman¹ (Nonpartisan)
(De-facto Agrarian Labor)

1930-1939: William Joseph Simmons² (Nonpartisan)
(De-facto Agrarian Labor)

1939-1956: William H. Murray¹ (Nonpartisan)
(De-facto Agrarian Labor)

1956-1959: Gerald L. K. Smith³ (Nonpartisan)
(De-facto Agrarian Labor)

1959-1972: James K. Vardaman Jr.¹ (Nonpartisan)
(De-facto Agrarian Labor)

1972-1987: James Earl Carter² (Nonpartisan)
(De-facto People’s)

1987-1999: Mike Gillich Jr. (Nonpartisan)
(De-facto Agrarian Labor)

1999: Collapse of Confederacy

¹ Died of natural causes.
² Forced out of office.
³ Declared mentally unfit to serve as Chief.
⁴ Assassinated.
 
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1964-1969: Harold Wilson (Labour)
1964 (Majority) def: Alec-Douglas Home (Conservative), Jo Grimond (Liberal)
1969-1975: Peter Thorneycroft (Conservative)
1969 (Majority) def: Harold Wilson (Labour), Emlyn Hooson (Liberal)
1973 (Majority) def: Anthony Crosland (Labour), Emlyn Hooson (Liberal)

1975-1976: Maurice Macmillan (Conservative)
1976-1983: Airey Neave (Conservative)

1977 (Majority) def: Anthony Crosland (Labour), Emlyn Hooson (Liberal)
1981 (Majority) def: Jack Dormand (Labour), David Penhaligon (Liberal), Jim Sillars (SLP), Dick Marquand (New Democratic)

1983-1985: Jack Dormand (Labour)
1983 (Liberal Confidence & Supply) def: Airey Neave (Conservative), David Penhaligon (Liberal), Jim Sillars (SNLA)
1985-1990: Peter Walker (Conservative)
1985 (Majority) def: Jack Dormand (Labour), David Penhaligon (Liberal), Jim Sillars (SNLA)
1990-: Ken Coates (Labour)
1990 (Majority) def: Peter Walker (Conservative), Malcolm Bruce (Liberal), Maria Fyfe (SNLA)
1994 (Majority) def: Edwina Currie (Conservative), Malcolm Bruce (Liberal), Maria Fyfe-Alex Salmond (SNLA)


“Switching on the telly you will see a slew of Cool Britannia programs right now. From reruns of Shane Meadows This Is England 90’ to Rave! to new Phoebe Waller-Bridge show World In My Eyes a slew of bright, neon coloured, amphetamine fuelled and slightly gaudy shows about life in Britain at the turn of 1990 is all the rage it seems.

But the constant theme in all these shows is the appearance of Ken Coates in the background, especially in This Is England where veteran actor David Haig plays a brief part as the former PM on the campaign trail in the run up to the election. It could be said that nothing defined the year 1990 than the idea of the hope that Coates presented.

Whilst it’s easy to explain his appearances away as just nostalgia, it would also be mentioned that Coates captured the zeitgeist of 1990 more than Peter Walker did. Whilst Walker was shaking hands with King Charles III and standing awkwardly around with Conservative candidates in Leeds, Coates was laughing it up with Alfred Molina and Ian MacKellan or speaking to a packed stadiums on the road of Red Wedge. Ken, a man turning 60 spoke to the Youth Culture and the Homeowners in there 30s and 40s with equal enthusiasm.

It wasn’t surprising when Ken became the symbol of the young rave culture. A combination of anti-conformism and hedonism dominated the culture but as Ken went on the war path the culture changed from the celebration of individualism to more collective aspirations, which whilst eventually leading to the embarrassing 93’ Rave for Peace group did also lead to the eventual victory of Norman Cook for Labour Deputy Leadership in 2020 with the support of another prominent ‘Acid Trot’ called Gear Stomper.

Ken embodied a change in the mood of Britain from dower grimness to something more colourful, something which Television is keen to play up...”

-An Excerpt from Coates Culture; Ken Coates, Cool Britannia and it’s lasting impact, Robert Barry, 2021, Tribune
 
The idea of Ken Coates being the not shite Corbyn of the Acid House Generation works too well I realise and is a stupidly fun idea.

Also I like the idea of David Haig as Ken Coates more and more.
 
List of Chiefs of the Confederacy:
1924-1930: James K. Vardaman¹ (Nonpartisan)
(De-facto Agrarian Labor)

1930-1939: William Joseph Simmons² (Nonpartisan)
(De-facto Agrarian Labor)

1939-1956: William H. Murray¹ (Nonpartisan)
(De-facto Agrarian Labor)

1956-1959: Gerald L. K. Smith³ (Nonpartisan)
(De-facto Agrarian Labor)

1959-1972: James K. Vardaman Jr.¹ (Nonpartisan)
(De-facto Agrarian Labor)

1972-1987: James Earl Carter² (Nonpartisan)
(De-facto People’s)

1987-1999: Mike Gillich Jr. (Nonpartisan)
(De-facto Agrarian Labor)

1999: Collapse of Confederacy

¹ Died of natural causes.
² Forced out of office.
³ Declared mentally unfit to serve as Chief.
⁴ Assassinated.

You’ve got some really good lists, but I think especially for those of us not well-versed in American history a description/summary in addition to the list would be great.
 
This list is wonderful! We need more associated cultural/political movements in AH. Coates is of course a very underrated guy with a unique left Labour brand.
Amusingly this was partial inspired by some of the posts in the Ted Kennedy TL which discuss culture etc.

As for Coates, the more I read up and find on him the more fascinating he is. There is a sense he took a lot of the lessons of 60s and the struggles for Workers Control rather well. Also it’s interesting that the thing that broke the camels back was not just Blair’s New Labour but specifically Welfare Reform. Also thankfully unlike his fellow comrade Hugh Kerr he didn’t eventually decide to join Alba (because he was dead yes, but still).
 
Inspired by a conversation with @cikka

The Black Friars

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1847466.webp

JANUARY 1976: Former Oklahoma Senator Fred Harris wins the Iowa caucus. While receiving fewer votes than for uncommitted delegates, Harris has outpolled Mo Udall and Birch Bayh in his quest for the Democratic nomination. Harris' victory can be attributed to his substantial ground game in the state, which involved him travelling in an RV and asking to stay at supporters' homes. Harris' staunchly progressive platform includes support for employee ownership and the abolishment of the CIA.

Fred Harris, the Oklahoma Senator who has been conducting a grass-roots campaign for the Democratic Presidential nomination, touring small towns, campuses, and big cities in an ordinary camper, has been characterized by some observers as a "folksy Ted Kennedy," by others as an "intellectual George Wallace."

JUNE 1976: In a shock upset, the Communist Party of Enrico Berlinguer wins the Italian general election. While Berlinguer's PCI has distanced themselves from Moscow, his victory has scared NATO and the Vatican. While Berlinguer's chances of forming a government were slim, an attempted Anglo-American coup inspired DC statesman Aldo Moro to support a Communist government in the interest of national stability.

Foreign Office planners wrote in May 1976 that "a clean surgical coup" to remove the Communists from power "would be attractive in many ways", according to documents obtained from the British national archives and published yesterday by the Italian newspaper La Repubblica.

AUGUST 1976: The Republican convention nominates a ticket of Ronald Reagan and Jim Rhodes. With neither Reagan or Ford securing a majority before the convention, both candidates played for uncommitted delegates. In the end, the "fall of Italy" to communism was enough to convince Republicans that four more years of Ford could not be trusted.

NOVEMBER 1976: The ticket of Fred Harris and John Glenn wins the general election, ending eight years of Republican rule over the White House.

FEBRUARY 1977: The Harris administration expresses its desire to remove US troops from South Korea. While the plan would save $3 billion and not alter the military balance in the Korean peninsula, it was strongly opposed by the military establishment.

FEBRUARY 1978: A bill to abolish the CIA pushed by the Harris administration fails to make it past a Senate filibuster. Harris' investment of a large amount of political capital on the issue puzzled political observers and certainly ruffled feathers with the intelligence community.

MARCH 1978: Italian Prime Minister Enrico Berlinguer is kidnapped by the far-left Red Brigades ahead of a vote of no confidence in his government. While the Red Bridges had ramped up their attacks on the Eurocommunist PCI, many suspected that certain forces in Italy wished to push Berlinguer aside. Sure enough, an all-party government of national unity was formed, with Ugo La Malfa (a centrist known as The Needle) taking the helm. While the Red Brigades initially intended to release him, Berlinguer was found dead outside of PCI headquarters.

INTERVIEWER. What about Euro-Communism? Do you accept the claims by some of the Communist parties that they believe in democracy and are not controlled by the Soviet Union?
THATCHER: All Communism worries me. Fundamentally, it's not very different wherever it occurs, because it is a creed which allows only one political view.

NOVEMBER 1978: The Labour Party of Prime Minister Jim Callaghan wins reelection against the Conservatives of Margaret Thatcher. While initial polls projected a hung parliament, a strong Labour campaign gave the party a continued majority.

MARCH 1979: Leader of the Opposition Margaret Thatcher is killed by the Irish National Liberation Army in a car bomb attack. Airey Neave is subsequently named as her successor over the more moderate Francis Pym.

Italian Prime Minister Ugo La Malfa dies of a cerebral haemorrhage. His all-party government is replaced by Foreign Minister Aldo Moro, who heads a Christian Democracy government with Communist support.

MAY 1979: President Fred Harris is assassinated by a drifter named Raymond Lee Harvey, who implicated himself in a conspiracy with three Latino men. John Glenn takes the oath of office, becoming the 40th president.

JULY 1979: President Glenn abandons his predecessor's plan to withdraw troops from Korea, citing an increasing change in the military situation in favour of the North.

AUGUST 1980: The Italian general election signifies a clear return to Christian Democracy rule, with Gulio Andreotti leading a centre-right government. Support for the Communist Party significantly decreased after the Bologna massacre, with the Moro government being seen as incapable of putting an end to the Years of Lead.

"It was a political massacre, or more accurately a State massacre," said the Assize Court judges in their written explanation.

NOVEMBER 1980: The young, Italian-American and charismatic Senator Buddy Cianci of Rhode Island defeats President Glenn. Cianci's success comes from an ability to capitalize on an economic downturn and his ability to brand himself as a new, modern Republican.

MARCH 1981: President Cianci is shot and killed by a man named John Hinckley, a stalker of actress Jodi Foster. Alexander Haig is sworn in as the 42nd president.
Ledeen's right-wing Italian connections—including alleged ties to the P2 masonic lodge that rocked Italy in the early 1980s—have long been a source of speculation and intrigue, but he returned to Washington in 1981 as 'anti-terrorism' advisor to the new secretary of state, Al Haig

JUNE 1981: A referendum approves major changes to the Italian constitution. Pushed by the majority of Christian Democracy, the Democratic Revival Plan called for a strengthening of the Prime Minister, consolidation of the media, judicial reform, and the abolition of provinces.

SEPTEMBER 1981: The fears of the British political establishment come true as Tony Benn defeats Denis Healey for the leadership of the Labour Party. Immediately, a number of Labour MPs formed the Democratic Party, resulting in a loss of confidence for the Benn ministry.

Airey Neave, MP - one of Mrs Thatcher's closest allies - discussed with former security-service agents plans for an undercover 'army of resistance' in case of a Labour victory...Tracey was asked to consider whether he would join a team, consisting of various intelligence and security specialists, which would 'make sure Benn was stopped'

DECEMBER 1981: Despite the defections of key figures to the Democratic and Liberal parties, the Labour Party wins the most seats in the 1981 election. While Tony Benn is expected to continue his service as Prime Minister, he is severely wounded in an assassination attempt. While Benn is recovering from his wounds, Airey Neave's Conservatives agree to an agreement with the Democratic and Liberal parties to keep their socialist adversary out of power. Benn is eventually forced to resign as leader of the Labour Party, with Peter Shore taking his place.

Benn, however, discounted the validity of the story, writing in his diary: "No one will believe for a moment that Airey Neave would have done such a thing."

APRIL 1982: The Argentinean military junta invades the Falkland Islands. While the government of Airey Neave is pleased with this well-timed moment to rally around the flag, he is rather displeased with President Haig's desire to side with Argentina. Only a select few would know just how close Haig's ties to the Argentinean junta were...

1974 - 1977: Gerald Ford / Nelson Rockefeller (Republican)
1977 - 1979: Fred Harris / John Glenn (Democratic)
1976 def. Ronald Reagan / Jim Rhodes (Republican)
1979 - 1979: John Glenn / Vacant (Democratic)
1979 - 1981: John Glenn / L. Richardson Preyer (Democratic)
1981 - 1981: Buddy Cianci / Alexander Haig (Republican)
1980 def. John Glenn / L. Richardson Preyer (Democratic)
1981 - 1981: Alexander Haig / Vacant (Republican)
1981 - 0000: Alexander Haig / Guy Vander Jagt (Republican)
1984 def. Mo Udall / Bob Graham (Democratic)

1974 - 1976: Aldo Moro (Christian Democracy coalition with Republicans)
1976 - 1978: Enrico Berlinguer (Communist)
1976 (Minority) def. Benigno Zaccagnini (Christian Democracy), Francesco De Martino (Socialist)
1978 - 1979: Ugo La Malfa (Republican leading Unity Government)
1979 - 1980: Aldo Moro (Christian Democracy coalition with Communists)
1980 - 0000: Giulio Andreotti (Christian Democracy)
1980 (Minority) def. Giancarlo Pajetta (Communist), Giorgio Almirante (MSI), Enrico Manca (Socialist)
1985 (Centre-Right Alliance) def. Aldo Moro (Centre-Left Alliance), Armando Cossutta (Communist)


1974 - 1976: Harold Wilson (Labour)
Feb. 1974 (Minority) def. Edward Heath (Conservative), Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal), William Wolfe (SNP)
Oct. 1974 (Majority) def. Edward Heath (Conservative), Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal)
, William Wolfe (SNP)
1976 - 1981: James Callaghan (Labour)
1978 (Majority) def. Margaret Thatcher (Conservative), David Steel (Liberal)
1981 - 1981: Tony Benn (Labour)
1981 (Minority) def. Airey Neave (Conservative), David Owen (SDP), David Steel (Liberal)
1981 - 0000: Airey Neave (Conservative)
1982 (Majority) def. Peter Shore (Labour), David Steel (Liberal), David Owen (SDP)
 
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Haven't read it, can you send a link?


1628569277406.png
1969-73: Richard Nixon/Spiro Agnew (Republican)
1969: Hubert Humphrey/Ed Muskie (Democrat), George Wallace/Curtis LeMay (AIP)
1972: George McGovern/Sargent Shriver (Democrat)

1973-77: Richard Nixon/John Connally (Republican)
1977-81: John Connally/Ed Reinecke (Republican)

1976: Henry Jackson/Jimmy Carter (Democrat), Eugene McCarthy/Shirley Chisholm (Independent)

1981-89: Ted Kennedy/Reubin Askew (Democrat)
1980: John Connally/William Ruckelshaus (Republican)
1984: Louis Wyman/Lamar Alexander (Republican)

1989-93: Alexander Haig/Newt Gingrich (Republican)
1988: Reubin Askew/Roland Burris (Democrat)
1993-96: Paul Tsongas/Mark Dayton (Democrat)
1992: Alexander Haig/Newt Gingrich (Republican)
1996-2001: Mark Dayton/Elizabeth Holtzman (Democrat)
1996: Bob Dole/Stanford Parris (Republican), Ron Paul/Dick Carlson (Rally for the Republic)
2001-09: Paul Manafort/John McCain (Republican)
2000: Mark Dayton/Elizabeth Holtzman (Democrat)
2004: Dick Gephardt/Brian Schweitzer (Democrat)

2009-17: Ron Brown/Jay Inslee (Democrat)
2008: Jeff Sessions/John Kasich (Republican), John McCain/William Weld (Independent Republican/Libertarian)
2012: Eddie Cruz/Scott Brown (Republican)
2017- : Michelle Williams/Jim Leach (Republican)
2016: Jay Inslee/Blanche Lincoln (Democrat)

2020: Keith Ellison/Kyrsten Sinema (Democrat)
 
1974 - 1977: Gerald Ford / Nelson Rockefeller (Republican)
1977 - 1980: Fred Harris / John Glenn (Democratic)
1976 def. Ronald Reagan / Jim Rhodes (Republican)
1980 - 1980: John Glenn / Vacant (Democratic)
1980 - 1981: John Glenn / L. Richardson Preyer (Democratic)
1981 - 1981: Buddy Cianci / Alexander Haig (Republican)
1980 def. John Glenn / L. Richardson Preyer (Democratic)
1981 - 1981: Alexander Haig / Vacant (Republican)
1981 - 0000: Alexander Haig / Guy Vander Jagt (Republican)
1984 def. Mo Udall / Bob Graham (Democratic)

There's a distinct lack of James Stockdale here

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Aside from that it's a very nice post
 
ATLF: The Queen and I

1992-2006 Jack Barker (People’s Republican Party Majority,Cromwell Party Majority after 2000)

1992: Jack Barker-PRP [451],Neil Kinnock-Labour [102],John Major-Conservative [50],Paddy Ashdown-Liberal Democrats [20]
1992 Constitutional Referendum: 59,78% Republic

1993 Maastricht Treaty Referendum: 53,08% Reject
1996: Jack Barker-PRP [451],Michael Portillo (replacing Michael Heseltine)-Conservative [60],Ken Livingstone-Labour [50],Paddy Ashdown-Liberal Democrats [49],David Strakey-Cavalier [12],Alec Salmond-SNP [9]
1998 Amsterdam Treaty Referendum: 52,81% Reject

2001 Nice Treaty Referendum: 52,79% Reject
2001: Jack Barker-Cromwell Party [433],Francis Maude (replacing Jeffrey Archer)-Conservative [60],Simon Hughes-Liberal Democrats [59],Robin Cook-Levellers [26],David Strakey-Cavalier [15],John McDonnell-Diggers [14],Ken Livingstone-British Workers [12],Alec Salmond-SNP [12],Mark Steel-True Republicans [4]
2005 British European Constitution Referendum: 55,17% No


2006-2018 George “Boy” English (New Tory Majority)
2006: George “Boy” English-New Tory [380],Simon Hughes-Liberal Democrats [82],Jack Barker-Cromwell Party [58],Jim Murphy-Levellers [46],David Strakey-Cavalier [25],Alec Salmond-SNP [17],John McDonnell-Diggers [14],Ken Livingstone-British Workers [12],Mark Steel-True Republicans [9]
2006 Constitutional Referendum: 66,25% Monarchy
2007: George “Boy” English-New Tory [427],Chris Huhne-Liberal Democrats [97],Jim Murphy-Levellers [61],Alec Salmond-SNP [25],John McDonnell-Diggers [20],Ken Livingstone/Mark Steel-British Workers/True Republicans Alliance [16]
2008 Lisbon Treaty Referendum: 52,03% No

2012: George “Boy” English-New Tory [407],Ming Campbell-Liberal Democrats [102],Ed Miliband-Levellers [77],Alec Salmond-SNP [30],Jeremy Corbyn-Diggers [27]
2017: George “Boy” English-New Tory [374],Nick Clegg-Liberal Democrats [117],Ed Miliband-Levellers [93],Alec Salmond-SNP [40],Jeremy Corbyn-Diggers [27],
Leanne Wood-Plaid Cymru [9]

2018-present day Jeremy Hunt (New Tory Majority)
 
1965-1969: Lyndon B. Johnson / Hubert Humphrey (Democratic)
1964: Barry Goldwater / William E. Miller (Republican)
1969-1971: Hubert Humphrey / John Connally (Democratic)
1968: Richard Nixon / John A. Volpe (Republican), George Wallace / Harland Sanders (American Independent)
1971-1973: Hubert Humphrey / John Connally (Democratic / Republican)
1973-1977: John Connally / Charles Percy (Republican)

1972: Hubert Humphrey / Milton Shapp (Democratic), Wayne Morse / Joseph Duffey (Liberal)
1977-1985: Jerry Brown / Terry Sanford (Democratic)
1976: John Connally / Charles Percy (Republican)
1980: George Bush / Phyllis Schlafly (Republican)

1985-1993: Frank Rizzo / Frank Borman (Republican)
1984: Terry Sanford / Birch Bayh (Democratic), Ramsay Clark / Don Dellums (We The People)
1988: Richard Hatcher / Lawton Chiles (Democratic)

1993-1997: Frank Borman / Anne Gorsuch (Republican)
1992: Walter Mondale / Al Gore (Democratic), Ralph Nader / Karen Silkwood (We The People)
1997-: Elizabeth Hanford / Sherrod Brown (Democratic)
1996: Frank Borman / Anne Gorsuch (Republican)
2000: Bill Schuette / Matt Fong (Republican), Paul Weyrich / Virgil Goode (Independent)


John Connally was the saviour and destruction of Hubert Humphrey and the maker and unmaker of the modern Republican Party. His choice as Humphrey's running mate united Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy and the protestors outside the convention hall in anger but likely put Humphrey over the line in many key Midwestern states - the last time this would be necessary thanks to Birch Bayh's constitutional amendment. But as the slow process of withdrawal from Vietnam faltered and economic crises escalated, relations between president and vice president deteriorated over everything from medicare expansion to aid to South Vietnam. Ultimately, supreme court nominee Shirley Hufstedler was the final straw for the Vice President, who announced that he was leaving the Democratic Party for the Republicans a week after Gerald Ford was sworn in as Speaker of the House.

This move had been long-planned by Connally in co-ordination with Richard Nixon and fellow Republican power brokers, who smoothed his way to the Republican nomination over defective opponents like Ronald Reagan and John Volpe. The slow-motion collapse of the South Vietnam through 1972 doomed doomed Humphrey's chances of re-election. The Connally administration worked quickly to roll back as much as the Johnson-Humphrey legacy as possible, especially on issues of civil rights and the economy. The latter caused him much trouble. Inflation remained cripplingly high and the austerity budgets drawn up by White House economic advisor Alan Greenspan, "short-term pain for long-term gain" led to massive battles with congress. The faltering economy likely did more to make him a one-term president than the emerging corruption investigations, ones that saw the former president convicted of bribery and mail fraud in 1979's "trial of the century".

His successor was not as much of a break from Connally as Democrats wanted. The youngest ever President was a new kind of Democrat, one that accepted that the New Deal had had it's time and that this was the age of new ideas. While achievements such as the Department for the Environment, the Amtrak Express Network and Equal Rights Amendment are still with us, his aggressive pushes for deregulations, tax breaks and welfare cuts alienated, outraged and severely weakened many Democratic Party voter blocs. A return to growth, a popular intervention in the Iranian Civil War and ideological battles in the Republican Party (culminating in a respected, patrician, establishment senator being forced to put a bona-fide culture warrior on his ticket) secured President Brown's re-election. Many more achievements were made in his second term - most notably steering the collapsing Soviet Union towards something resembling a democratic state - but by 1985 his party was hollowed out.

Frank Rizzo was both a symptom and cause of his hollowing out. The tough-talking Mayor of Philadelphia had long sought outrage and terror from liberal commentators and politicians, and had been a regular critic of Jerry Brown even before he formally switched party affiliations in 1978. As middle America grew tired of the Playboy President and his seemingly hands-off approach to race riots and liberal extremists, Rizzo quickly became the darling of the Republican Party and it's frontrunner for the 1984 election. His bombastic rhetoric did not dampen down in office, frequently picking fights with Congress, liberal celebrities and foreign leaders alike, fighting a "war on terror" against left-wing and jihadist extremists across the world. After the Republicans gained control of Congress in 1986 he pushed through a series of bills that empowered law enforcement across America and roll back the frontiers of the state, the latter of which empowered governors sympathetic to Rizzo to clamp down on civil rights protestors and all manner of "subversives" with force. With crime rates falling economy still booming in 1992, Rizzo retired enormously popular.

His successor was far less fortunate. Despite Rizzo's popularity the 1992 election was a near tie for the entire election campaign. The long boom of the 1980s finally faltered and Rizzo Republicans became increasingly impatient with the business-minded president trying to raise taxes to slay the deficit His rapprochement with nations previously considered America's antagonists also rankled, especially as a "pink tide" was seeing socialist leaders rise to power across the global south. But he only became a one-term president when the North-Cape scandal was uncovered. That the Rizzo Administration had illegally sent aid to the South African Apartheid regime during the South African Civil War soon consumed the election, and Borman's furious denials of any knowledge of wrongdoing were not terribly convincing. Which meant that the Democrat widely assumed to be a sacrificial lamb would defeat him decisively.

Elizabeth Hanford had worked as a staffer and cabinet secretary in the Johnson, Humphrey and Brown Administrations, and then had slowly worked her way up the ranks of the Democratic Party and the Senate as a reliable, forward-thinking technocrat. She only won the 1996 nomination because most of the big names had chosen to wait for 2000, and in the vague hope that she might be able to improve the party's issues with women and "Rizzo Democrats". In office Hanford has pushed a series of "Millennium Bills" designed to modernise the American state and its infrastructure, as well as making historic meetings with leaders such as Winnie Mandela and Fidel Castro. As the Republicans continued to feud over Rizzo's legacy, Hanford's problems exist elsewhere. The Russian State has elected a Communist President, and America's leader still thinks she can micromanage the White House.
 
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Time Person of the Year: Zhirinovsky's Russian Empire

2005: Alexander Litvinenko [1]
2006: Park Geun-hye [2]
2007: Andres Maneul Lopez Obrador [3]
2008: John Engler [4]
2009: L. K. Advani [5]
2010: Xavier Becerra [6]
2011: You [7]
2012: John F. Kennedy, Jr. [8]
2013: Bo Xilai [9]
2014: Abu Ali al-Anbari [10]
2015: Qassem Suleimani [11]
2016: John F. Kennedy, Jr. [12]
2017: William Esposito [13]
2018: Hamzah ibn Hussein [14]
2019: Ebrahim Rasool [15]
2020: Alexander Lebed [16]

[1] - Russian dissident journalist who was killed in exile while in the United Kingdom. His killer was never found, though many suspected the UIS. His killing would cause a rupture in West-UIS relations and make people wonder if Lebed is the democrat he makes himself to be

[2] - right-wing President of the Republic of Korea who, with the help of the UIS, would lead her country to victory in the Second Korean War, reunifying the Korean Peninsula and nearly starting a nuclear war in the process

[3] - left-wing President of Mexico. Would have to deal with a worsening drug insurgency across northern Mexico. Furthermore, he would strengthen Mexico's ties with the pink wave states, along with Cuba, much to the chagrin of both the US and UIS.

[4] - Re-elected as President

[5] - right-wing Prime Minister of India and an ally of the UIS. Would collaborate with the US in dealing with the recently-collapsed Pakistan, yet, his decision to annex Pakistani Kashmir led to a resumption of the insurgency there and international condemnation

[6] - Leader of the Democratic Party in the House of Representatives, would lead the Democrats to a landslide victory as the recession was getting worse

[7] - As the internet begins to get more widespread, content creation began to increase on new websites such as Youtube and Myspace, making you, dear reader, the person of the year

[8] - Elected President in 2012

[9] - China's new, far-left, Maoist leader, would mark an end to the neoliberalism of previous governments. He would also forge ties with left-wing governments and movements in Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East.

[10] - Leader/Caliph of the Islamic State, which would take land within Iraq along with the erstwhile Saudi Arabia and Jordan

[11] - Referred to as the "Iranian Eisenhower", he would be a staunch ally of the West along with a fierce fighter against IS. Seen as the face of the new Iran, following Khatami's reforms and Khamenei's exile in the late 90s and early 2000s

[12] - Re-elected President in a very controversial election, with many suspecting UIS involvement as Kennedy was seen as more friendly to the UIS than Bush, such as his controversial visit to the UIS embassy in Nairobi which was bombed in 1998.

[13] - Former FBI director, would lead the investigation into Russian involvement in the 2016 Election

[14] - One of the youngest sons of late Jordanian King Hussein, he was placed as the Emir of the Arabian Federation, consisting of the former Jordan along with the Gulf States. With IS beginning to lose land, he was seen as the new, young, moderate face of the Arab World

[15] - Internationally recognized President of South Africa, seen as the head of moderate forces there as the civil war in the country reaches its second year. Supported by the West against UIS-backed Afrikaner nationalists and China-backed pan-Africanists

[16] - The SARS virus began in the UIS, yet with Lebed's stewardship he managed to make it non-existent in the country within a few months all the while it ravaged much of the Western world. This was perhaps the most controversial of Time's Person of the Year, even moreso than Zhirinovsky, bin Laden and al-Anbari, as it broke with the tradition of making the election winner the Person of the Year, and further, with conspiracies that the SARS virus came out of a lab in St. Petersburg being believed by 55% of the American population, many considered Lebed as pretty much the next Adolf Hitler. As George P. Bush takes the oath of office all the while the Democrats tear themselves apart between the populist Kennedy faction and left-of-center interventionists, he would have to deal with the man who had been complicit in numerous genocides, had destabilized numerous countries, interfered in the Hague, messed with American democracy and might have even caused a super virus to ravage the West. The 2020s may prove to be the most turbulent decade of the post-Zhirinovsky era...
 
1975-1989: Silvio Conte (Conservative - Berkshire North, MA)
1975 (majority) def. Jim Scheuer (Democratic - Brockway, LI), John Lindsay (Liberal - Manhattan East, NY), John Collins (Country - Weymouth, MA)
1980 (minority, Liberal confidence and supply) def. Kevin White (Democratic - Jamaica Plain, MA), John Lindsay (Liberal - Manhattan East, NY), John Collins (Country - Weymouth, MA), Maurice Gravel (Rally - Plattsburgh, AD)
1982 (majority) def. Kevin White (Democratic - Jamaica Plain, MA), Andrew Ireland (Country - Eastport, LI), Maurice Gravel (Rally - Plattsburgh, AD), Robert Abrams (Liberal - Marble Hill, NY)
1987 (majority) def. Stan Lundine (Democratic - Jamestown, NY), Andrew Ireland (Country - Eastport, LI), Maurice Gravel (Rally - Plattsburgh, AD)
1989-1992: David Emery (Conservative - Staten Island, NY)
1992-2005: Chris Dodd (Democratic - Norwich, CT)

1992 (majority) def. David Emery (Conservative - Staten Island, NY), Jay Humphrey (Country - Merrimack, NH), Ralph Nader (Green - contested Litchfield Hills, CT)
1997 (majority) def. John Bush (Conservative - Greenwich-New Canaan, CT), Ralph Nader (Green - Burlington-Farmington, CT)
2002 (minority, Green confidence and supply) def. Susan Molinari (Conservative - Staten Island, NY), Christy Mihos (Excelsior - Boston Centre, MA), Barbara Boxer (Socialist Labor - New Rochelle, NY), Ralph Nader (Green - Burlington-Farmington, CT)
2005-2010: Donald Carcieri (Conservative - Newport, RI)
2005 (majority) def. Chris Dodd (Democratic - Norwich-Plainfield, CT), Barbara Boxer (Socialist Labor - Bronx East, NY), Christy Mihos (Excelsior - contested Boston Centre, MA), Adam Clayton Powell IV (Green - contested Newtown East, LI)
2010-2017: Mike Michaud (Democratic - Northern Woods, ME)
2010 (majority) def. Donald Carcieri (Conservative - Newport, RI), Tony DeFazio (Socialist Labor - Ipswich, MA), Elizabeth May (Green - Burlington-Farmington, CT)
2015 (majority) def. Eric Cantor (Conservative - New London, CT), Tony DeFazio (Socialist Labor - Ipswich, MA), Elizabeth May (Green - Burlington-Farmington, CT)
2017-present: Charlie Baker (Conservative - Needham, MA)
2017 (majority) def. Mike Michaud (Democratic - contested Northern Woods, ME), Ruben Diaz (Reform - Cypress Hills, LI), Dean Preston (Socialist Labor - Greenwich Village, NY), Elizabeth May (Green - Burlington-Farmington, CT)
2022 (minority, Reform confidence and supply) def. Maxwell Rose (Democratic - Marine Park, LI), Jamaal Bowman (Socialist Labor - New Rochelle, NY), Ruben Diaz (Reform - contested Cypress Hills, LI), Kesha Ram (Green Mountain - Burlington, VT), Linda Tyer (Green - Berkshire North, MA)

The Parliament of 2023 is a raucous one, as Prime Minister Charlie Baker finds himself leading a minority government dependent on a motley bunch of ex-Dems for legislation. Already, the Comitato Nostro and rivals such as Fossella are sharpening their knives, their operatives and press outlets pressuring Baker to be "more conservative" or die trying. It is especially humiliating for Baker, Governor of Massachusetts and Minister of Health, the man who brought the Tories to a large majority by leveraging his experience, to see his popularity decline over his handling of the 2021 influenza season; even more so as protests against police corruption in Jamaica have spread to the whole of New England, inflamed further by allegations of "rapprochement" with President Cotton.
In theory, this is the perfect storm for the Democratic Party to claim back the reins of government. Max Rose, the party's unusually young leader, has made a point of his youth and military experience to move past the "Michaud malaise" and reinvigorate the party's image with voters below 30 - the "Bloom campaign" has certainly produced a lot of engagement and... interesting content. In practice, however, many have yet to forget the Yorktown Redistricting Commission scandal - it's what birthed the Reform Caucus, after all - and Socialist Labor leader Jamaal Bowman, veteran of the Fourth Bay Crisis and outspoken defender of Black interests, has repeatedly slammed Rose over his lukewarm response to the Jamaica protests. Named by Facts "among some of the Parliament's most forceful politicians", Bowman has been credited with revitalizing Socialist Labor and greatly expanding its slate in the Parliament - however, he remains intensely polarizing among most voters.
Six years into its existence, the Reform Caucus is in disarray, its founding leader Ruben Diaz's plans to mold it into a primarily Christian democratic kingmaker foiled by his unseating. While many of Diaz's "blue-collar Catholic" allies are still in Parliament, they have struggled to protect Diaz's leadership against Boston MP and wealthy businessman Tevis Wheeler. It remains to be seen whether the Reform Caucus will survive into the next two years or dissipate into nothingness.

For some Yankees, particularly military officials and aged refugees in Long Island, far more concerning than budgetary concerns and police riots is the ever-looming presence of the United States of America, New England's long-time rival and, as MP Andy Ireland once put it, "mortal enemy". Controlled by a shifting complex of military industrialists, intelligence agents and Congressional wheeler-dealers that represent them, the former English colony dominating much of the Eastern Seaboard has been ostracized and sanctioned by the international community for its numerous human rights abuses. Embodying them is the United States' sordid relationship with Black people, many of whom have been enslaved in the 19th century and, especially since 1934, faced the worst of "protective industrial contracts", deportations and the National Health Program.
While there have been numerous attempts at reform and conciliation on America's part, few of them brought about meaningful change in American policy or the Yankee-American relationship. James Carter, a naval "young technocrat" who seemed earnest in his endeavor to roll back the National Health Program and pursue a détente with Boston, tragically died in a plane crash over Chapin (murdered by Li'l Lloyd and Mexican nationalists, if one is to believe Washington Tribune). He was soon replaced with NBI Director Jim Rhodes, who dictated American policy for 11 years until the Third Bay Crisis and the Philadelphia protests proved to Congressional leaders that he was "incapable" of executing his powers as President.
David Duke, an obscure Congressman who rose to power as a self-proclaimed "defender of the poor", was at one point hailed by British commentators as the man who liberalized American society and steered it towards democracy. As the years went on, it became increasingly clear that this was a misnomer on Zeiger's part, and that Duke, a former White Guard leader who regularly produced racist screeds, was hardly the most powerful man in the White House.
Now, with Duke's resignation, the "election" of Cotton appears to represent a return to power by the security structures that Skelton tried to curb and Duke allowed to grow. Thomas Cotton, a military and NIA man for much of his career, has been noted for alleging that Indiana Medics' Union founder Amanda Gomez, who has led tens of thousands to protest against the state health commission over its history of sterilization and misdiagnosis, is an inbred prostitute recruited by "provocateurs from Boston".
A Fifth Bay Crisis may be in order.

1975-1979: James Carter (Democratic-GA)
1979-1990: James Rhodes (Democratic-OH)
1990-1994: Isaac Skelton (Democratic-MO)
1994-2022: David Duke (Democratic-LA)
2022-present: Thomas Cotton (Democratic-AR)
 
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