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Lists of Heads of Government and Heads of State

London Metallurgy have, as of time of writing, been in Group Two since the beginning of the society-based championship, despite several promotion challenges and a relegation battle or two.
And yet they have consistently overperformed against Manchester Locomotive
 
From Broken October by Craig Harrison

List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand
1975-1985: Barrett Lindsay (National)
1985:
Barrett Lindsay (National minority, ↓48)
1985 def: John Yates (Labour, 41), Rawiri Tamehana (Maori Party, 4), Bruce Atkinson (Country League, 3), Gordon Drysdale (Social Credit, =3), Hongi Harawira (Ind. Maori, 1)

When the gentlemanly Mr. Lindsay defeated Robert Muldoon to become leader of the opposition in 1974, he couldn't have predicted the rise of the third parties that would ensue over the next decade, largely in protest against the overwhelming greyness of the major blocs. Lindsay was a past master in the art of compromise - and his talents in this field inevitably led to policy drift and a lack of clear leadership, as Maori and Pasifika communities became increasingly ghettoised, unionists became increasingly intransigent, and students became increasingly shrill. For a time, the nation of New Zealand remained outwardly placid - especially as the frontier of the Communist threat now extended as close as the jungles of Papua New Guinea - but the situation roiled beneath the surface. A defeat in parliament over the sale of Maori land to American mining speculators (caused when both National Maori MPs defected to the Maori Party under the influence of the prophet Tawhiao) led to a snap election, in which National only pulled through thanks to a confidence and supply agreement with the hang-em-and-flog-em Country League Party.

But Lindsay the compromiser was not to remain in power for long at the head of his minority government: the compromiser became himself compromised, firstly by discoveries of corruption in the ranks of Cabinet, and secondly by the revelation (by an Australian mining company) that Lindsay's own son had shares in the American mining company favoured by his father's government. Lindsay, ever a gentleman, resigned immediately, despite not having known about his son's pecuniary interest.

1985: Douglas Kendrick (National minority)

Kendrick was the conservative, anti-American attack dog of the Lindsay government, and when he ascended to the premiership he immediately disincentivised northern hemisphere investments in New Zealand. Kendrick favoured the Australians, but the public fear that the Overseas Investments Act might presage a deal with the South Africans kicked off student demonstrations which combined with a separate waterfront strike, and turned into violent riots in the main centres. As a precaution against further clashes, Kendrick ordered the internment of known extremists, including Wiremu Kennedy of the Polynesian People's Action Group, who perished after a day-long standoff with police. His compadres survived him and struck back by briefly occupying the Maori Affairs building and then stealing the Treaty of Waitangi from the National Archives.

The actions of PPAG, who now 'went bush' in the East Coast, inspired further race riots and a flow of young urban Maori to the guerilla camps of the organisation. Meanwhile, Douglas Kendrick assumed emergency powers and sent the Army in to pacify the demonstrations - which ended calamitously when a young Private opened fire on a group of peaceful protesters in Hastings. New Zealand now approached a state of civil war, prompting the recall of the crack Blue Beret battalions from Papua New Guinea and the release of the interned Maori prophet Tawhiao - a canny move, which split the Maori community between revolutionaries and millenarians.

Kendrick's reign ended shortly afterwards, when the Prime Minister - about to give a speech in which he would speciously claim that the PPAG was funded by international Communism - was gunned down alongside his Deputy on the steps of the Beehive by a rogue police officer. The number three man in the Cabinet, Evans Fendalton, was also present but unable to take over, being hospitalised on account of being in shock.

1985:
Major-General Murray Haywood (Military)

General Haywood was asked to take over for one day by the Emergency Cabinet, or until such a time as Mr. Fendalton could contest a leadership election against the new liberal standard-bearer, Bill Russell. Haywood served dutifully until the Cabinet meeting the following morning.

1985:
Evans Fendalton (National minority)

At this Cabinet meeting, Fendalton showed up still under the influence of the drugs given him at the hospital, and verbally laid into the liberal faction for even daring to oppose him. In protest, the Russellites walked out, leaving Fendalton to win easily among the two thirds of Cabinet who remained. Unfortunately, Fendalton's premiership came to an end several hours later, when he showed up at Broadcasting House raving about Communists and demanding to be allowed to address the nation, at which point General Haywood consulted with Bill Russell and they came to a decision that Fendalton would have to be sent to a mental hospital. Mr. Fendalton has not yet emerged.

1985: Bill Russell (National minority)

Russell was now confirmed as Prime Minister by Cabinet and caucus, raising hopes for a liberal compromise with the guerillas and a peaceful conclusion to the present crisis. Unfortunately, by evening-time General Haywood had been handed certain documents (by the CIA, as it later transpired) which proved that Russell had been using insider knowledge to speculate in the mining industry. Haywood, now thoroughly tired of politicians, declared himself to be the new Prime Minister and - although briefly opposed by the constitutionalist Vice-Admiral Sharpe in a battle between Army and Navy on the curfewed streets of Wellington - pressed his claim thoroughly. Russell was then sent to a camp for political prisoners on Stewart Island, where he later died. Admiral Sharpe died of an overdose of barbiturates shortly after the military takeover.

1985-1986:
Major-General Murray Haywood (Military)

Now established in his dominance, the rigid General Haywood imposed martial law, which saw immediate success. A terrorist guerilla captured during the sabotage of the Napier oil refinery gave away the location of the PPAG camp during a session of enhanced interrogation by the Blue Berets, and Haywood proceeded to napalm the area. Although the leaders got away, they elected to return to a civilian phase for the time being, and Haywood's regime became secure - excepting from the direction of the pesky international community with its Communists and its human rights activists.

Although it initially seemed that the mining contracts would go to South Africa, it emerged that Haywood's discussions were in fact on the subject of racial pass laws and their implementation - the contracts actually went to the original American firm, which was grateful to the CIA for its outlay in their interest. The CIA rounded off its involvement in the New Zealand crisis by assisting Haywood to win his referendum that January:

Martial Law Referendum: 98% Yes, 2% Maybe

The new Labour Government in the UK, though, which was backed up in this matter by the Liberal Coalition Party, did not see this referendum as a legitimate outpouring of national sentiment, and persuaded Queen Elizabeth to send a note of reprimand to Haywood through the Governor-General, Sir Willis Edmond. Inevitably, Edmond was summarily evicted from Government House and General Haywood became New Zealand's first President. This actually solved a fiddly problem for the British Government, as the upcoming Commonwealth Games would otherwise have been boycotted by the African members.

Hail Haywood!
 
As a tangent to this, I just found something on AH.com where you were complaining about (I think) Brown treating the Ministry of All the Talents as something to be emulated and how this was historically illiterate.
Well done Past Me From 2007, there's a good example of what I was talking about.
 
I don't think this is too plausible, the POD is the sort of thing that was discussed at the time but probably would never actually happen, but an idea I had:

List of Presidents of the United States since 1933
1933-1945: Franklin D. Roosevelt† (Democratic)
1932 def: Herbert Hoover (Republican)
1936 def: Alf Landon (Republican)
1940 def: Wendell Willkie (Republican)
1944 def: Thomas E. Dewey (Republican)

1945-1953: Harry S Truman (Democratic)
1948 def: Thomas E. Dewey (Republican), Strom Thurmond (States' Rights Democratic)
1953-1957: Estes Kefauver (Democratic)
1952 def: Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican), Robert A. Taft (Ind. Republican)
1957-1961: William F. Knowland (Republican)
1956 def: Estes Kefauver (Democratic), John C. Stennis (Southern Platform Democratic)
1961-????: Stuart Symington (Democratic)
1960 def: William Knowland (Republican)

Basically the idea here is that the (probably idle) threat of Taft to be drafted as a third party candidate actually happens, which I suspect would require something like a health scare from Eisenhower and an alleged cover-up by his supporters for Taft and his supporters not to fall behind the ticket in the end even without concessions. Kefauver's handling of Korea goes badly and Knowland rises to public prominence due to being a recurring critic of the administration's foreign policy in the East. Kefauver is also regarded as a slippery slope towards civil rights by disappointed southern Democrats, who split the vote once again after failing to wrest the nomination from him. Knowland and his party then, however, get the blowback from Sputnik and recession not unlike Eisenhower in OTL, and Symington, picked as a unity Democratic candidate, romps to victory.

This is an interesting example of what we were arguing about above - I used the term 'Southern Platform Democratic' for Stennis ('Manifesto' would be an unlikely convergence with a Democrat in the White House, I think) because I thought 'States' Rights Democratic' would be associated with Thurmond's failure to make an impact in 1948 - but this might well be a wrong judgement considering the people Stennis would be trying to appeal to.

This is also probably an example of a weaker Republican revival on other levels of government in the 1950s compared to OTL, with the House probably only briefly in Republican hands from 1955 to 1959.
 
A quick and simple list taken from @Charles EP M.'s wonderful Doctor Who-PM inversion from last year. There was a longer draft that tried to find space for various companions leading a variety of third parties, but there was no way to fit everyone and I don’t know enough DW to know who to cut. Feel free to picture the many actors discussed as alternate Doctors as failed leadership candidates and ministers.

1963–1966: William Hartnell (Conservative)
1966–1969: Patrick Troughton (Labour)
1966 (Minority with Liberal support) Def. William Hartnell (Conservative), Roger Dell (Liberal)
1969–1974: John Pertwee (Conservative)
1969 (Majority) Def. Patrick Troughton (Labour), Rodger Dell (Liberal)
1974–1981: Tom Baker (Labour)
1974 (Majority) Def. John Pertwee (Conservative), Peter Pratt (Liberal)
1979 (Majority) Def. Peter Cushing (Conservative), Geoffrey Beevers (Liberal)

1981–1984: Peter Moffett (Labour)
1984–1987: Colin Baker (Conservative)
1984 (Coalition with Liberals) Def. Peter Moffett (Labour), Anthony Ainley (Liberal)
1987–1996: Percy Kent-Smith (Conservative)
1987 (Majority) Def. Peter Moffett (Labour), Anthony Ainley (Liberal), Frances Carroll (Centre Democrats)
1991 (Majority) Def. John Hurt (Labour), Anthony Ainley (Liberal), Frances Carroll (Centre Democrats)

1996–2005: Paul McGann (Labour)
1996 (Majority) Def. Percy Kent-Smith (Conservative), Eric Roberts (Liberal)
2000 (Majority) Def. David Bradley (Conservative), Derek Jacobs (Liberal)

2005: Chris Eccleston (Labour)
2005–2010: David McDonald (Conservative)
2005 (Majority) Def. Chris Eccleston (Labour), John Simm (Liberal)
2010–2013: Matthew Smith (Labour)
2010 (Minority with Liberal support) Def. David McDonald (Conservative), John Simm (Liberal)
2013–2017: Peter Dougan (Conservative)
2013 (Majority) Def. Matthew Smith (Labour), Michelle Gomez (Liberal)
2017–20??: Jodie Whittaker (Labour)
2017 (Majority) Def. Peter Dougan (Conservative), Michelle Gomez (Liberal)
2021 (Majority) Def. Richard Grant (Conservative), Sacha Dhawan (Liberal), Jo Martin (Green)

About 70 million years ago I did a version of this on the other place:

Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland:


1957-1963: Harold Macmillan (Conservative)
Defeated 1960: Aneurin Bevan (Labour), Jo Grimmond (Liberal)

1963-1967: Sir William Hartnell (Conservative)
Defeated 1963: Paddy Troughton (Labour), Jo Grimmond (Liberal)

1967-1970: Paddy Troughton (Labour)
Defeated 1967: Sir William Hartnell (Conservative), John Pertwee (Liberal)

1970-1974: John Pertwee (Liberal-Moderate, then Democratic Alliance)
Defeated 1970: Paddy Troughton (Labour), Iain Macleod (Moderate), Enoch Powell (Conservative)

1974-1981: Stewart Baker (Labour)
Defeated 1974: John Pertwee (Democratic Alliance), Enoch Powell (Conservative)
Defeated 1979: Shirley Williams (Democratic Alliance), Enoch Powell (Conservative), John Pardoe (Continuity Lib-Mod)

1981-1984: Peter Davison (Democratic Alliance)
Defeated 1981: Tony Benn (Labour), Julian Amery (Conservative), John Pardoe (Continuity Lib-Mod)

1984-1986: Colin Baker (Tory with D.A. Confidence and Supply)
Defeated 1984: Peter Davidson (Democratic Alliance), Tony Benn (Labour), John Pardoe (Centre)

1986-1989: Percy Kent-Smith (Centre-D.A.-Tory Coalition)
Defeated 1986: Ian "Mik" Mikardo (Labour),: Alan Beith (Democratic Alliance), Colin Baker (Tory)






NUCLEAR WAR - VARIOUS GOVERNMENTS 1989-1996

British Civil War - 1995-2002:

John McGann - McGann Military Government
vs
Vince Hurt - Popular Front


Prime Minister of the United Commonwealth of Britain:


2002-2005: Vince Hurt (Popular Front)
Defeated 2002: Mike Cameron-Clegg (Modern Tory), Ronnie Ecclestone Junior (Unity), Sue Benn (New Labour)

May - December 2005: Ronnie Ecclestone Jnr (Unity-Mod. Tory)
Defeated May 2005: Dave McDonald (Popular-New Labour Alliance), William Rees-Mogg (Modern Tory), Jimmie Cruddas (Revival Democratic Alliance)

2005-2011: Dave McDonald (Progressive)
Defeated December 2005: Ronnie Ecclestone Jnr (Unity), Michael Ashdown (Democratic Alliance), William Rees-Mogg (Modern), Robert Smith (Liberal)
Defeated 2010: Michael Ashdown (Democratic Alliance), Graham Brady (Modern), Nicholas Campbell (Liberal), Benjamin Johnson (Unity)

2011: Steve Tate (Progressive)

2011-2013: Robert Smith (Liberal-Democratic Alliance Coalition)
Defeated 2011: Steve Tate (Progressive), Alexander Pickering (Democratic Alliance), Julian Rees-Mogg (Modern)

2013-2017: Malcolm Cipaldi (Progressive)
Defeated 2013: Amanda Cable (Democratic Alliance), Robert Smith (Liberal), Julian Rees-Mogg (Modern)
 
this is more of a thought experiment than a serious list

1945-1950: Harold Laski (Labour)
1950-1951: Alice Bacon (Labour)
1951-1955: Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton (Conservative)
1955-1957: Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole (Conservative)
1957-1963: Quintin Hogg, 2nd Viscount Hailsham (Conservative)
1963-1964: John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham (Conservative)
1964-1970: Ray Gunter (Labour)
1970-1974: Peter Thomas (Conservative)
1974-1976: Ray Gunter (Labour)
1976-1979: John Chalmers (Labour)
1979-1990: Peter Thorneycroft, Baron Thorneycroft (Conservative)
1990-1997: Chris Patten (Conservative)
1997-2007: Richard Rosser (Labour)
2007-2010: Dianne Hayter (Labour)
2010-2016: Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree (Conservative)
2016-2019: Patrick McLoughlin (Conservative)
2019-0000: Ben Elliot (Conservative)
 
Prime Ministers of Great Britain:
1828-1830: Arthur Wellesy (Tory)
1830-1835: Thomas Pictorn (Whig)
1830 (Majority) def: Arthur Wellesy (Tory), Sir Edward Knatchbull (Ultra-Tories)
1835-1842: Arthur Wellesy (Tory)
1835 (Majority) def: Thomas Pictorn (Whig)
1840 (Majority) def: John Ponsonby (Whig), John Hobhouse (Radical)

1842-1848: Charles Gordon-Lennox (Tory)
1842 (Majority) def: John Ponsonby (Whig), John Hobhouse (Radical), Fergus O'Connor (Chartist)
1846 (Majority) def: Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (Whig), John Hobhouse (Radical), Fergus O'Connor (Chartist)

1848-1854: British Civil War

Chief Legislators of the British Commonwealth:
1854-1860: Cooperative Chartist Committee
1860-1864: George Julian Harney (Workers)
1860 def: George Henry Evans (Cooperative), John Bright (Radical)
1864-1872: George Henry Evans (Cooperative)
1864 def: George Julian Harney (Workers-Marxist), George Odger (Workers-Labour), John Bright (Radical)
1868 def: George Julian Harney (Workers-Marxist), George Odger (Workers-Labour), Wilfred Lawson (Radical)

1872-1876: George Julian Harney (Workers-Marxist)
1872 def: Wilfred Lawson (Cooperative-Radical), George Odger (Workers-Labour), John Bedford Leno (Radical-Chartist), Joseph Chamberlain (Municipal)
1876-1884: George Holyoake (Cooperative)
1876 def: George Julian Harney (Workers-Marxist), Alexander Macdonald (Workers-Labour), Charles Bradlaugh (Radical), Joseph Chamberlain (Municipal), William Morris (Commonweal)
1880 def: Friedrich Engels (Workers-Marxist), Henry Broadhurst (Workers-Labour), Joseph Chamberlain (Municipal-Radical), William Morris (Commonweal)

1884-1892: Joseph Chamberlain (Municipal)
1884 def: Edward Owen Greening (Cooperative), Friedrich Engels (Workers-Marxist), Henry Broadhurst (Workers-Labour), William Morris (Commonweal)
1888 def: Edward Owen Greening (Cooperative), John Burns (Workers-Marxist), Henry Broadhurst (Workers-Labour), William Morris (Commonweal)

1892-1896: George Cadbury (Municipal)
1892 def: Beatrice Webb (Cooperative), Tom Mann (Workers), Eleanor Marx (Commonweal)
1896-: Tom Mann (Workers)
1896 def: Beatrice Webb (Cooperative), George Cadbury (Municipal), Eleanor Marx (Commonweal), Oscar Wilde (Collective)
1900 def: Arthur Llewelyn Davies (Cooperative), Austen Chamberlain (Municipal), Eleanor Marx (Commonweal), John Turner (Collective)
1901: New Legislative Body established, Chief Legislator replaced by the role of the Democratic Committee voted for by the people.


Who would have thought that making various military men Prime Minister would destroy the tiny element of British democracy that existed from 1828 to 1848.

Well in the end the people answered and by answered I mean a Chartist Revolution followed by a Civil War would occur. Once the war was done a new Democracy of the People was a established, the Monarchy abolished and a Parliament formed. Elections for Chief Legislator which was conducted by the members themselves were done after elections for the Legislature and Prime Minster had occurred. It says a lot about the fluid nature of the early Commonwealth that a Marxist would be elected twice to Chief Legislator. Even then though the Legislature would usually vote in a Cooperative or Municipal Socialist into office, which indicates the general nature of British Chartist and Socialist beliefs from 1848 onwards. The unification of Marxist and Labour factions of the Workers and the raise of the Anarcho-Communist/Anarcho-Syndicalist Commonweal and Collective parties would signal the death blow of the balance of power being between Cooperative and Municipal. Tom Mann would win in 1896 and after four years of working with Cooperative Prime Minister Albert Grey he would begin moves to replace the legislator position with something more democratic after the election of George Lansbury to the role of Prime Minister. Now in 1901 the position of Chief Legislator has been replaced with something remarkably similar to the Cooperative Chartist Committee that helped rebuild Britain after the Civil War, now maybe Britain will be able to carry on the spirit of Democratic Cooperative Revolution into the 20th Century.
 
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Sen. Christine Todd Whitman (R-NJ)/Gov. Rick Santorum (R-PA) 2009-2013
Gov. Deval Patrick (D-MA)/Sen. Carolyn Maloney (D-NY) 2013-2021
VP. Carolyn Maloney (D-NY)/Sen. Ted Strickland (D-OH) 2021-Present

Losing Tickets:
2008: Sen. Russ Feingold (D-WI)/Gov. Christine Gregorie (D-WA)
2012: President Christine Todd Whitman (R-NJ)/VP. Rick Santorum (R-PA)
2016: Sen. Joe Miller (R-AK)/Gov. Steve Poizner (R-CA)
2020: Fmr Gov. Ken Blackwell (R-OH)/Gov. Jan Brewer (R-AZ)
 
grievous sin

Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

1945-1950: Arthur Greenwood (Labour)
1945; appointed by King George VI - Majority in Commons
1950-1955: Winston Churchill (Conservative)
1950; appointed by King George VI - Coalition in Commons, with Liberal factions
1955-1960: Winston Churchill (Union)
1960-1963: Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury (Union)
1960; appointed by Margaret II - Majority in Commons
1963-1968: Rab Butler (Union)
1963; appointed by Margaret II - Majority in Commons
1968-1971: Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton (Labour)
1968; appointed by Margaret II - Coalition in Commons, with Radicals
1971-1979: Quintin Hogg, 2nd Viscount Hailsham (Union)
1971; appointed by Margaret II - Minority in Commons, with confidence and supply from British Labour
1979-0000: Michael Foot (Labour/Radical)
1979; elected by National Convention - def. Keith Joseph (Union), Reg Prentice (National Democratic)

Chief Legislators of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

1945-1950: Harold Laski (Labour)
1945 (Majority) def. Winston Churchill (Conservative/Liberal National), Sir Archibald Sinclair, 5th Baronet (Liberal)
1950-1950: Nye Bevan (Labour majority)
1950-1955: Frederick Marquis, 1st Viscount Woolton (Conservative)
1950 (Coalition with Liberals and National Liberals) def. Nye Bevan (Labour), Sir Archibald Sinclair, 5th Baronet (Liberal)
1953 (Anti-Socialist Pact with Liberals) def. Nye Bevan (Labour)

1955-1956: Frederick Marquis, 1st Viscount Woolton (Union majority)
1956-1968: Harold Macmillan (Union)
1958 (Majority) def. Nye Bevan / Jennie Lee (Labour), Megan Lloyd George (Radical)
1963 (Majority) def. Jennie Lee (Labour), Honor Balfour (Radical)

1968-1971: Tony Greenwood (Labour)
1968 (Coalition with Radicals) def. Harold Macmillan (Union), Eric Lubbock (Radical)
1971-1972: Harold Macmillan (Union)
1971 (Coalition with BLP) def. Tony Grennwood (Labour/Radical), Bob Mellish (British Labour)
1972-1975: Reginald Maudling (Union-National Democratic coalition)
1975-1979: Peter Thorneycroft, Baron Thorneycroft (Union)
1976 (Minority, with NDP confidence and supply) def. Jack Jones (Labour), Reg Prentice (National Democratic), David Penhaligon (Radical)
1979-0000: Jack Jones (Labour)
1979 (Alliance with Radicals) def. Peter Thorneycroft (Union), Reg Prentice (National Democratic)
 
I read Kirkpatrick Sale's Dwellers in the Land and tried to figure out how we would get a bioregional America by the book's publication date.

United States Directors of National Planning
1935-1940: Rexford Tugwell (Democratic)

(serving under Franklin D. Roosevelt)
1940-1947: David Lilienthal (Independent)
(serving under Franklin D. Roosevelt and William O. Douglas)
1947-1953: Lewis Mumford (Independent)
(serving under William O. Douglas)

United States Directors of National Development
1953: Robert Moses (Republican)

(serving under Robert Taft and Lucius D. Clay)
1953-1963: James Rouse (Democratic)
(serving under Lucius D. Clay and Richard Nixon)
1963-1965: Floyd Dominy (Republican)
(serving under Richard Nixon)

United States Directors of Regional Planning
1965-1969: Lewis Mumford (Independent)

(serving under William O. Douglas)
1969-1977: Floyd Dominy (Republican)
(serving under John J. Rhodes)
1977-1979: Jane Jacobs (Independent)
(serving under Joe Edwards)
1979-1985: Hector Macpherson, Jr. (Republican)
(serving under Joe Edwards)
1985-1989: Maynard Jackson (Democratic)
(serving under Cliff Finch)
1989-1991: Kirkpatrick Sale (The Movement)
(serving under LaDonna Harris)

Convenors of the United States Regional Assembly
1991-0000: Al Gore (nonpartisan)


The Greenbelt Towns, Rex Tugwell’s centrally planned and cooperatively owned suburbs, represented the height of the New Deal – but also its limits. Even Congressional liberals only begrudgingly funded the project, which smacked not merely of typical Rooseveltian populism but of the diktats of Gosplan in Bolshevik Russia. In some places, federal surveyors setting out the Towns faced hostility and violence from locals who feared the “red colonies” that were to come, with their rows of Art Deco apartment blocks. With uncharacteristic humility, Tugwell accepted help from an outside source: Lewis Mumford and the Regional Plan Association of America. The critic and his friends believed in careful development, permaculture, and the creation of communities which were based in, and acted as stewards of, their landscape. Mumford advised Tugwell’s National Planning Office to consult with locals and to plan democratically before drawing up a Greenbelt Town. Drawing on the work of sociologist Howard Odum, Mumford and Tugwell developed a list of several hundred distinct American regions. Each one’s distinct geographical and cultural features would be carefully taken into account during development. Only a few more Greenbelt Towns were built after the RPAA’s intervention, although these are some of the most iconic and well-loved suburban cities in the nation – all built to human scale and integrated into their natural environment. Instead, the Planning Office began to draw up projections for each region’s future growth. This was to be its most important legacy.

As war neared, Tugwell and his social engineering schemes were eased out of the picture. The Directorate’s stores of research were too useful to scrap, however, and they were passed to David Lilienthal, the head of the Tennessee Valley Authority. Lilienthal was instructed to use the regions as a blueprint for industrial mobilization across state lines, essentially taking the TVA model national. He simplified the web of small regions drawn up by Tugwell and Mumford. Their number was reduced to around forty, mostly mapped onto major watersheds, aquifers, and existing transportation and fuel distribution networks, and these were no mere lines on a map. Each was a government agency, run by an administrator who reported directly to Lilienthal. Like the TVA, these regions had their own police forces and housing bureaus for the legions of men and women hired to operate the power facilities which the government was busily purchasing or constructing. (The RPAA guidelines were largely disregarded during this wave of hasty wartime construction.)

After V-J Day, it was widely assumed that the “War Regions” would be abolished as part of demobilization. Their usurpation of powers traditionally reserved to the states had been extremely unpopular among the political class. (The classic noir In the Long Run [1948], with John Garfield as the young Eastern-born planner whose reputation is systematically destroyed by a crooked California state senator, is required viewing for those interested in the era.) However, the new President was even more enamored with radical experiments than Roosevelt had been, and Bill Douglas thought that planning deserved another hearing. With Tugwell now disqualified by his flirtation with the Communist Party, Douglas skipped the middleman and gave the regions directly to Lewis Mumford.

Their remit was smaller – it was widely understood that dam construction, for instance, had to go back to its traditional home at Reclamation (or was that the Army Corps of Engineers?) – but the regions now mustered their wartime experience and professional staff to create dense, collaboratively designed suburban communities.

However, the delicate process took time, and by 1952, only thirty of a projected 250 projects had been completed. There was talk of a housing crisis for young veterans and their families – a much-exaggerated issue but one with emotional heft. The Republicans pledged to fire Mumford and to either abolish the regions or to use them solely to facilitate rapid private-sector housebuilding. The charge that Douglas was keeping GIs homeless ranks up there with his push for desegregation in explaining Robert Taft’s upset victory in 1952.

Robert Moses, the celebrated planner who had effectively controlled several War Regions during the late conflict, was recruited to direct Taft’s “Homes for Heroes” effort. However, his vision of verdant automobile suburbs accessed by immense superparkways would have no time to spread beyond the New York metro area. Bob Taft’s cancer was diagnosed even before he had even been sworn in as President, and his term lasted only months. His successor, a political newcomer, was initially willing to keep Moses on, but the builder fell afoul of the freshly appointed Vice President Nixon, a middle-class conservative wary of technocrats (and suspicious of Jews). Nixon arranged for Moses’s alleged corruption to be exposed, and he retreated to New York to guard his fiefdoms, a diminished force.

President Clay’s replacement, James Rouse, a business Democrat and a real estate developer himself, was no less shady than Moses but was uninterested in megalithic construction projects. As with most political issues of the day, the Clay administration would just let the private sector sort it out – helped along with generous tax breaks, regulatory exemptions, and eye-wateringly generous grants. The regions shed staff and became a limp, invisible layer of government as sprawl spread across the landscape. Like many other members of the Clay and Nixon administrations, Rouse used his long tenure to enrich himself. The revelations about his consulting relationship with crooked Maryland business mogul Spiro Agnew were part of the explosive cocktail of corruption, labor unrest, and war fatigue that shattered the old two-party system in the mid-1960s. Nixon replaced Rouse with Floyd Dominy, the dam-happy, pro-development chief of the Bureau of Reclamation, reviving Lilienthalism as part of his attempts to grant the Republican Party populist appeal. Unfortunately for Nixon, all the pork-barrel spending in the world couldn’t assuage the radiation-poisoned veterans of the China War or their outraged families.

Douglas picked up right back where he’d left off, reappointing Lewis Mumford to the rebranded Office of Regional Planning. This time, however, the two were radicalized, unfettered by partisan politics, and held a position of command over a fractured Congress. With the help of allies outside Washington – many of them ex-Republicans such as Tom McCall and Harold LeVander – Mumford stripped power from his own office, transforming the regions into elected bodies that both democratized the physical landscape and provided the President’s independent bloc with a new base of power. They shrank and multiplied, until there were several hundred in the continental United States, each developing a constituency of middle-class radicals who saw them as the key to halting development in their backyards.

By the time Rhodes and Dominy came roaring back under the banner of spendy Nixonism, it was too late. The Dominator would never build a dam again, and even housebuilding would be tough ask. The new libertarian coalition of young radicals, upwardly mobile professionals, rural conservatives, and black nationalists was formalized with the ascension of Colorado’s biker-attorney governor to the Presidency. Swingeing cuts to federal spending were accompanied by a swelling of the regions’ responsibilities as they took the lead on transportation and education. The Movement was still shaky, of course. Jane Jacobs, formerly a hero for her role in bringing down the Moses machine that ran the New York Harbor, Hudson Valley, and Peconic Watershed Regions, fell afoul of the left for her alleged promotion of gentrification and the right for her urbanite ethos which clashed with the back-to-the-land mood music.

The crawl towards microfederalism had become centripetal by this point. Even when the centralist and relatively pro-growth Democrats returned to power, their point man on planning was a Jacobsean urbanist who had led Atlanta’s freeway revolts, and whose only substantial criticism of the hollowing of the federal government was that it could enable segregationists. Maynard Jackson’s concerns were mulled over by the Harris-Jontz administration, and anti-discrimination laws were some of the few vestiges of existing federal law to survive the Constitutional Renovation process. (The existence of any federation-level law enforcement troubled some on the Movement’s libertarian wing, including the Planning Director, but he was too excited by the impending abolition of his own office to protest much.)

Al Gore, the sworn representative of the communities and ecosystems of the Cumberland River, was surrendered the Senate gavel in 1991 upon the dissolution of the fifty-four states. As he hoisted the hammer to inaugurate the new bioregional upper house, he remarked on the historical poetry of the moment – after all, he was from the Tennessee Valley…

i decided to do a boring presidents list cover of this

1933-1945: Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic)
1932 (with John Nance Garner) def. Herbert Hoover (Republican)
1936 (with John Nance Garner) def. Alf Landon (Republican)
1940 (with Henry A. Wallace) def. Wendell Willkie (Republican)
1944 (with William O. Douglas) def. Thomas E. Dewey (Republican)

1945-1953: William O. Douglas (Democratic)
1948 (with Alben W. Barkley) def. Earl Warren (Republican), Fielding L. Wright (Dixiecrat)
1953-1953: Robert A. Taft (Republican)
1952 (with Lucius D. Clay) def. William O. Douglas (Democratic), Harry F. Byrd (unpledged electors)
1953-1961: Lucius D. Clay (Republican)
1956 (with Richard Nixon) def. Estes Kefauver (Democratic)
1961-1965: Richard Nixon (Republican)
1960 (with Philip Willkie) def. Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. (Democratic)
1965-1969: William O. Douglas (Independent)
1964 (with Sargent Shriver) def. Sam Yorty (Anti-Douglas Democrat), Richard Nixon (Republican), Margaret Chase Smith (Conscience Republican)
1969-1977: John J. Rhodes (Republican)
1968 (with Hiram Fong) def. Sargent Shriver (Independent), Sam Yorty (Dixiecrat), Bobby Kennedy (Yankeecrat)
1972 (with Hiram Fong) def. Eugene McCarthy (Independent), Adlai Stevenson III (Democratic)

1977-1985: Joe Edwards (The Movement)
1976 (with Ron Dellums) def. Charles Mathias (Republican), Reubin Askew (Democratic), John Connally (Independent)
1980 (with Ron Dellums) def. George Wallace (Democratic), John B. Anderson (Republican)

1985-1989: Cliff Finch (Democratic)
1984 (with Jeane Kirkpatrick) def. Ron Dellums (The Movement), John B. Anderson (New Republican), Harold Stassen (Old Republican)
1989-1991: LaDonna Harris (The Movement)
1988 (with Jim Jontz) def. Cliff Finch (Democratic), Pete McCloskey (New Republican)
1991: Constitutional Renovation; Abolition of the Presidency
 
i decided to do a boring presidents list cover of this
Any reason why Cliff Finch lives longer in this universe? I just seems an odd choice that he of all people needs to survive longer than he did in real life especially given how taxing the presidency is. I also love that Harold Strassen does actually get to run for president , admittedly on a Republican splinter but still.
 
Trying to get the hang of Kaiserreich for HoIIV and I have to say as a "establishment unity" figure I can't think of someone worse for a coupon ticket then former IWW member and radical Farmer-Labor figure Floyd B. Olsen.

Though he could work if it was an effort to unite the Socialists, F-L, and Progressive/Liberal Democrats and Republicans. I'll probably be tossing a list together about my thoughts on this in the next few days
 
Trying to get the hang of Kaiserreich for HoIIV and I have to say as a "establishment unity" figure I can't think of someone worse for a coupon ticket then former IWW member and radical Farmer-Labor figure Floyd B. Olsen.

Though he could work if it was an effort to unite the Socialists, F-L, and Progressive/Liberal Democrats and Republicans. I'll probably be tossing a list together about my thoughts on this in the next few days
Still a better fit than Garner.
 
Trying to get the hang of Kaiserreich for HoIIV and I have to say as a "establishment unity" figure I can't think of someone worse for a coupon ticket then former IWW member and radical Farmer-Labor figure Floyd B. Olsen.

Though he could work if it was an effort to unite the Socialists, F-L, and Progressive/Liberal Democrats and Republicans. I'll probably be tossing a list together about my thoughts on this in the next few days

i think the logic is 'oh but then he did martial law on a strike soooo'
 
Trying to get the hang of Kaiserreich for HoIIV and I have to say as a "establishment unity" figure I can't think of someone worse for a coupon ticket then former IWW member and radical Farmer-Labor figure Floyd B. Olsen.

Though he could work if it was an effort to unite the Socialists, F-L, and Progressive/Liberal Democrats and Republicans. I'll probably be tossing a list together about my thoughts on this in the next few days
The Popular Front scenario where Floyd B.Olson chooses Earl Browder as his Veep is very
 
A quick list inspired partially by @Comisario Theresa May vs Andy Burnham scenario but going in it's own direction in which Lisa Nandy decides to step in unlike 2015...

NANDY...
2010-2016: David Cameron (Conservative)
2016-2024: Theresa May (Conservative)

2020 (Majority) def: Andy Burnham (Labour), Tim Farron (Lib Dem), Nicola Sturgeon (SNP), Caroline Lucas (Green Party)
2024-2034: Lisa Nandy (Labour)
2024 (Coalition with the Greens) def: Theresa May (Conservative), Tim Farron (Lib Dem), Jo Cherry (SNP), Caroline Lucas-Siân Berry (Green Party)
2028 (Majority) def: Boris Johnson (Conservative), Munira Wilson (Lib Dem), Alison Thewliss (SNP), Siân Berry-Magid Magid (Green Party)
2033 (Majority) def: Stephen Crabb (Conservative), Layla Moran (Lib Dem), Alison Thewliss (SNP), Siân Berry-Zarah Sultana (Green Party)

2034-: Sarah Owen (Labour)

Election 37', Labour-Lib Dem Coalition formed:
Despite a spirited campaign from Sarah Owen, apathy over Labour had finally set in combined with a raise yet again in the Green Party vote under Zarah Sultana-Tom Pashby tenure-ship leading to Labour and the Lib Dems joining into a coalition much to the anger of Bim Afolami's Conservatives who said that it "subverted the will of the people"...

2015 Labour Leadership Election: Andy Burnham
Def: Yvette Cooper, Liz Kendall
2020 Labour Leadership Election: Lisa Nandy
Def: Chuka Umunna, Angela Eagle, Rachel Reeves, John McDonnell
2034 Labour Leadership Election: Sarah Owen
Def: Chuka Umunna, Jess Philips, Apsana Begum, Richard Burgon
 
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