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Lists of Heads of Government and Heads of State

Chairman of the Central European Collective Defence Association (CECDA)

1917 - 1925: Archduke Eugen (Austro-Hungarian Empire)
1925 - 1933: Arthur Zimmermann (German Reich)
1933 - 1941: Otto Ender (Austro-Hungarian Empire)
1941 - 1943: Enver Pasha (Ottoman Empire) [1]
1943 - 1957: Kurt von Schleicher (German Reich) [2]

Supreme Commander of the Central European Collective Defence Association - Joint Forces

1917 - 1925: Erich von Falkenhayn (German Reich)
1925 - 1933: Georgi Todorov (Kingdom of Bulgaria)
1933 - 1937: Ali Fuat Cebesoy (Ottoman Empire)
1937 - 1941: Oscar Michiels (Kingdom of Belgium)
1941 - 1949: Julius Ringel (Austro-Hungarian Empire)
1949 - 1957: Wilhelm Keitel (German Reich) [3]

[1] Enver was forced to resign from position when links to Pan-Turkic organisations and plotting against Mehmed VII's government surfaced.
[2] A controversial appointment and one forced through by Emperor Wilhelm III who wished to secure centralized German superiority upon the organisation.
[3] Von Schleicher broke precedent by politicking for the appointment of his fellow countryman to the position of Supreme Commander. Austria-Hungry and the Ottomans have both made clear their displeasure and are pushing for another Austrian-Ottoman combination in the coming 1957 appointments.
 
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[1] Pasha forced to resign from position when links to Pan-Turkic organisations and plotting against Mehmed VII's government.
Obligatory pedant note that "Pasha" wasn't his surname, it was a title. Turks didn't have surnames until 1934, so he's properly referred to as "Enver".
 
Down the Clynes:

1923-1927: J.R. Clynes (Labour) [1]
def 1923: (Minority with Liberal confidence and supply) Stanley Baldwin (Conservative), H.H.Asquith (Liberal), Albert Inkpin (Communist), Joseph Devlin (Nationalist), James Craig (Ulster Unionist Party)

1927-1931: Austen Chamberlain (Conservative) [2]
def 1927:(Majority) J.R.Clynes (Labour), David Lloyd George (Liberal), Willie Gallacher (Communist), Joseph Devlin (Nationalist), James Craig (Ulster Unionist Party), Éamon de Valera (Sinn Féin), Scottish National (Roland Muirhead), Plaid Cymuru (Saunder Lewis), Rotha Lintorn Orman (British Fascist Party)

1931-1933: J.R.Clynes (Labour) [3]
def 1931: (Majority) Austen Chamberlain (Conservative), Herbert Samuel (Liberal), David Lloyd George (Radical Liberal), Harry Pollitt (Communist), Joseph Devlin (Nationalist), James Craig (Ulster Unionist Party), Roland Muirhead (Scottish Nationalist), Saunder Lewis (Plaid Cymuru), Malcolm MacDonald (Socialist Labour Party),Rotha Lintorn Orman (British Fascist Party), John Hargrave (Social Credit)

1933-1938: A.V.Alexander (Labour) [4]
def 1936: (Majority) Samuel Hoare (Conservative), Leslie Hore-Belisha (Liberal), Richard Acland (Radical Liberal), Harry Pollitt (Communist), Cahir Healy (Nationalist), James Craig (Ulster Unionist Party), Sir Alexander McEwan (Scottish Nationalist Party), Saunder Lewis (Plaid Cymuru), Malcolm MacDonald (Socialist Labour Party), William Joyce (British Fascist Party), Oswald Mosely (Social Credit)

1938-1942: A.V. Alexander (Labour leading War Goverment of Liberals, Radical Liberals and War Conservatives)

1942-1943: A.V. Alexander (Labour) [5]
def 1942: (Coalition with Radical Liberals) Anthony Eden (War Conservatives), Samuel Hoare (Peace Conservatives), Leslie Hore-Belisha (Liberal), Richard Acland (Radical Liberal), R.Palme Dutt (Communist), Jack Beattie (Irish Nationalist Union), J.M.Andrews (Ulster Unionist Party), John MacCormick (Scottish Nationalist Party), Saunder Lewis (Plaid Cymuru), Malcolm MacDonald-Tom Wintringham (Commonwealth Party), William Joyce (British Fascist Party), Oswald Mosely (Social Credit)

1943-1952: Anthony Eden (Conservative) [6]
def 1943: (Majority) A.V.Alexander (Labour), Archibald Sinclair (Liberal), Richard Acland (Radical Liberal), R.Palme Dutt (Communist), Jack Beattie (Irish Nationalist Union), J.M.Andrews (Ulster Unionist Party), John MacCormick (Scottish Nationalist Party), Gwynfor Evans (Plaid Cymuru), Ernest Millington-Geoffrey Trease (Commonwealth Party), William Joyce (British Fascist Party), Oswald Mosely (Social Credit)
def 1947: (Majority) A.V.Alexander (Labour), Gwilym Lloyd George (Liberal), Megan Lloyd George (Radical Liberal), Harry Pollitt (Communist), Jack Beattie (Irish Nationalist Union), Basil Brooke (Ulster Unionist Party), John MacCormick (Scottish Nationalist Party), Gwynfor Evans (Plaid Cymuru), Ernest Millington-Denis Healey (Commonwealth Party), William Joyce (British Fascist Party), Oswald Mosley (Social Credit)


1952-: Nye Bevan (Labour) [7]
def: (Majority) Anthony Eden (Conservative), Gwilym Lloyd George (Liberal), Honour Balfour (Radical Liberal), R.Palme Dutt-John Peck (Communist), Jack Beattie (Irish Nationalist Union), Basil Brooke (Ulster Unionist Party), John MacCormick (Scottish Nationalist Party), Gwynfor Evans (Plaid Cymuru), Geoffrey Trease-Storm Jameson (Commonwealth Party), Andrew Foutaine (British Fascist Party), Oswald Mosely (Social Credit)

1). So J.R.Clynes manages to win the 1922 Leadership election and in 1923 manages to improve from the amount he had gotten in 1922 by playing a careful and smart campaign, managing to get about 200 seats as a result. After some backdoor talks the Liberals decide enter into a supply and demand deal with Labour, in the hope that they prove to be incompetent whilst in office. Clynes is a pragmatist and manages to keep the government going even with a minority, expanding welfare in some ways as well as trying to implement schemes to solve unemployment in Britain as well as managing to deal with trade unions (avoiding the General Strike of 1926). Of course this occasionally hits the brick wall of the Liberals and Free Trade but Clynes is able to convince numerous Liberals to support his efforts, allowing the Government to keep going without entering into an official coalition. Meanwhile after much backdoor backstabbing, Austen Chamberlain is made Leader of the Conservatives, ready for another go in 1927.

2). So the Liberals collapse (David Lloyd-George returns to lead due to H.H.Asquith having a stroke), the Conservatives get enough gains to make a slim majority of 12 but Labour is the real winner as it becomes the definite leader of the opposition with a secured position and proof they can work in Government and Clynes is allowed to stay around as MacDonald's second leadership bid is shot down yet again. MacDonald retires and his son Malcolm carries on, progressively becoming more Left Wing as time goes on without his father guiding him, eventually becoming a full convert to the ILP. Whilst the Tories try to keep things going they are hit with the right hook of the Depression and then in 1930 as they awkwardly fumble around trying to deal with unemployment hit with a General Strike due to attempts to shut down Coal Pits. After much worry (particularly with fears that Soldiers and Fascist affiliated temporary policemen would be sent out to crush the strikers), the strike is successful and in the aftermath in 1931 the broken Conservative government calls an election. Whilst this has been going on there has been a raise in Nationalist, Fascist and Social Credit rhetoric across Britain as the 31' election comes.

3). Labour wins it's first majority, a majority of 60 to be exact based upon there manifesto of radical change against the Depression, Unemployment and Poverty inspired by the work of Maynard Keynes (though re-orientated for a more Labour inspired focus) though certain members of the Party don't feel this provides enough, Macolm MacDonald now fully a ILP Libertarian Socialist creates his own party 'preaching real Socialism' whilst Oswald Mosely and Harold Nicolson head rightwards joining the Social Credit party. The Liberals divide themselves between the Liberals lead by Herbert Samuel who support Free Trade and disapprove of expansion of the Welfare State and the Radical Liberals lead by Lloyd George who support the Keynesian ideas. Meanwhile the Tories dump Austen Chamberalin and go with Samuel Hoare instead (with support from Lord Beverbrook). In 1933, Clynes steps down, ten years of stress of being a Labour leader steps down and a Labour leadership contest comes under way.

4). The Labour Leadership contest ends up being between Herbert Morrison on the Right, A.V.Alexander occupying the 'Centre' and Stafford Cripps shoring up the Left/ILP. At first it looks like Morrison would win, but Alexander is able to call upon the support of Deputy Leader Clement Attlee and his Mason connections, the support of the CoOperative Party and after seeing the writing on the wall (and assured a position in the cabinet) Cripps and the Socialist League/ILP throw in the towel and support Alexander. Morrison loses and Alexander becomes Labour Leader and Prime Minister. After winning the Labour Leadership election Alexander continues with the path of his predecessor and it allows him to win another election as the economy starts to bounce back and unemployment goes down. He does try and expand the opportunities of CoOperatives but that gets some backlash in his cabinet from the Trade Union members like Ernest Bevin. But whilst this has been happening Nazi Germany and Fascism has been on the rise. Britain supports the Republicans in Spain with firearms (Alexander seeing it as a good opportunity to help unemployment, with rearmament) and when Germany tries to wrangle the Sudetenland, Britain and France declares war on Germany. As Britain and France prepare, Alexander forms a War Government made up of mainly Labour, Liberal (both strands) and Conservatives that break the ranks to support the War effort (like Winston Churchill and Anthony Eden), whilst the Peace Conservatives and Fascists under William Joyce are considered politically suspcious and find themselves isolated (Joyce is arrested in 1938 and the remains of the British Fascist Party changes it's rhetoric, denouncing the Nazi's as 'Enemies of Fascism' after some prodding from Mussolini).

5). After a slightly messy European War, in which Germany manages to limp into 1940 before a General's Coup ousts Hitler and the Nazi's and a even messier Pacific War in which Japan manages to battle on into early 1942 before they are crushed by the British, French and Dutch and Soviet forces. An election is called in Autumn of 1942 in the hope to recapture the good mood after the War's end but a combination of 11 years of Labour domination combined with a spirited Conservative campaign lead by Anthony Eden and Lord Woolaton and a well thought out 'Win the Peace' Campaign by the Commonwealth Party using a number of 'Soldier Socialists' leads to Labour just scraping into a minority coalition with the Radical Liberals lead by Richard Acland. The coalition collapses after Acland pulls out in early 1943 annoyed that the Government wouldn't consider his ideas. Labour heads into another election and loses to another spirited campaign by Eden. Meanwhile on the Right Oswald Mosely is able to push the Social Credit party to get 3 seats due to the still active disbandment of the BFP (allowed to reactivate in 1943 due to pressure from Mussolini for a Politcal ally in the area)

6). Labour loses another election in 1947 due to the combination of another great campaign by Eden and Woolaton, more Commonwealth sucking away Radical Socialist votes (the CPGB by this point being a true mouth piece for Stalin leading to a large number of defections to the Commonwealth Party) and Alexander being rather low energy. In 1948 he steps down after 15 years as leader and another leadership contest occurs, Morrison tries his luck again but this time he has a real contender against him. Nye Bevan comes from the Left of the Party but experience being in Labour's War time Cabinet and post War Cabinet means he's more pragmatic than Cripps was in his attempt, making platitudes to the CoOperative party who are upset that they didn't get there hour in the sun fully under Alexander and also consulting Attlee for help from the Centre as well as calling on the support of the Tribune and ILP/Socialist League. The fact that Morrison has bullied many of his possible allies means that in the end Bevan wins. With the radical Bevan in control, the Commonwealth Party bleeds support particularly from a number of it's stars like Ernest Millington and Denis Healy due to Bevan offering Radical Socialist healthcare, More Houses, Industrial Democracy, Co-Ops and full Nationalisation. The 1952 election becomes a fight between Eden and Bevan.

7). In 1952 Bevan is able to win another Labour Majority thanks to a Radical Manifesto, the collapse of the Commonwealth Party, a secret deal being made with the Radical Liberals to avoid competing in certain areas and that Eden is suffering from being office for 9 years. Now Bevan is looking towards the future and planning to finish what J.R.Clynes started nearly 30 years ago.
 
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Right so I know I’ve done a few bits and bobs for the list above so consider that the more or less definitive one.

Happy to answer any questions.
 
Great list.

How does post war Europe look like?
So Europe is divided, parts of it are part of the ‘Fascist International’ which is lead by Italy (Mussolini is neutral in the ensuing European War), Germany has been neutered slight and under a Military Junta, you have a few states that’s been forced kicking and screaming to align with Soviet Union (think Finland Post World War 2) though the Soviet Union is still interested in the whole ‘Socialism in One Country’ approach and France and Britain are part of a ‘Democratic Alliance’ which consists of Republican Spain, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries.
 
Happy Ed Balls Day #NeverForget

1990-1995: John Major (Conservative)

1991: John Major (Conservative) [342] Neil Kinnock (Labour) [269] Paddy Ashdown (Social and Liberal Democrat) [16] Jim Molyneaux (UUP) [9] John Hume (SDLP) [4] Dafydd Wigley (Plaid Cymru) [4] Alex Salmond (SNP) [3] Ian Paisley (DUP) [3] Gerry Adams (Sinn Fein) [2] James Kilfedder (UPUP) [1]
John Major calls a snap election, securing his position as Prime Minister and giving his sufficient authority to negotiate the Maastricht Treaty and weather a time of deep economic uncertainty

1996-2001: John Major (Conservative) Coalition with Paddy Ashdown (Social and Liberal Democrat)

1996: John Major (Conservative) [316] Position Vacant (Labour) [291] Paddy Ashdown (Social and Liberal Democrat) [21] Jim Molyneaux (UUP) [11] Dafydd Wigley (Plaid Cymru) [4] Gerry Adams (Sinn Fein) [4] Alex Salmond (SNP) [3] Ian Paisley (DUP) [2] John Hume (SDLP) [2]

1996 was, by all the polls and all reason, expected to be Labour's year. However, an apalling campaign by John Smith was sealed by his death mid-way through and his replacement, on a temporary basis, by the party's deputy leader, Tony Blair.

Major did not win a majority, but was able to choose between a deal with the SLD or UUP. Major privately preferred the SLD - fearing that a deal with the UUP would further slow down the path to a power sharing agreement in Northern Ireland. However the threat that they could be replaced kept the SLD firmly in check.

One exception was the referendums for devolved assemblies in Wales and Scotland, which would effectively serve as forums for local government, but with an executive committee elected by STV. Wales voted against semi-devolution, which Scotland voted, cautiously, in favour.

2001-2006: John Redwood (Conservative) Coalition with John Taylor (UUP)

2001: John Redwood (Conservative) [317] Tony Blair (Labour) [305] John Taylor (UUP) [12] Paddy Ashdown (Social and Liberal Democrat) [5] Gerry Adams (Sinn Fein) [7] Ieuan Wyn Jones (Plaid Cymru) [4] Alex Salmond (SNP) [4] Ian Paisley (DUP) [2]

Major standing down opened the way for a surprise right-ward shift in UK politics, a situation made worse by the WTC attacks in America. Redwood's government spent the first few years implementing the ARTHUR Act, which secured a range of new powers for the government to tackle terrorism and dissent. The EU referendum was delayed until 2003, when its passage was taken as a tacit endorsement of the UK siding with America over Germany and France by joining the War on Iraq.

Between 2004 and 2006 British Independence (known colloquially as Brindy) and responses to terrorism dominated the political discourse. But by 2006, the narrow lead for Brindy had evaporated, and the war on Terror was becoming universally loathed as the world considered the ramifications of an America-Iran War.

2006: Ed Balls (Labour)

2006: Ed Balls (Labour) [392] John Redwood (Conservative) [208] Charles Kennedy (Centre Party) [25] Alex Salmond (SNP) [11] John Taylor (UUP) [8] Gerry Adams (Sinn Fein) [7] Ieuan Wyn Jones (Plaid Cymru) [5] Ian Paisley (DUP) [6]

Ed Balls was prime minister for under a month, and in that time he did not achieve a great deal. His term was cut short on 28 April 2006 when he was shot by an Islamist terrorist while visiting a school in central London.

Despite his short rule, Ed Balls is remembered fondly as the best prime minister Britain nearly never had, and his memorial day has become a central event in the political calendar as a memorial to all those who have lost their lives in Terrorism. The Ed Balls Foundation has become a key tool of political outreach and is credited with the establishment of the Youth Parliament and pushing forward votes at 16.

2006-2017: Tony Blair (Labour)

2011: Tony Blair (Labour) [383] David Davis (Conservative) [216] Kenneth Clarke (Centre Party) [25] John Taylor (UUP) [13] Nicola Sturgeon (SNP) [10] Gerry Adams (Sinn Fein) [7] Ieuan Wyn Jones (Plaid Cymru) [5] Ian Paisley Jnr (DUP) [1]
The party planned a leadership election after Balls died, but over the coming weeks with national uncertainty at an all time high support centred around the Home Secretary, Tony Blair. He introduced full devolution for Scotland, with Wales once again voting against this. Blair even introduced a return to a form of power sharing legislature for Northern Ireland under the Ed Balls Day Agreement of 2008.

Outside of this, Blair renewed the ARTHUR Act, and expanded its remit in terms of Data retention and the introduction of ID Cards, none of which was in Ed Ball's manifesto. He did however also introduce a national Minimum wage in 2006, ban fox hunting in 2007, and repeal Section 28 and introduce a new Equality Act in 2010.

In 2011 Blair won his own majority and was able to push forward the creation of Super Casinos, funding for the NHS through PFI schemes, and in 2015 bought in gay marriage. However, the big job of the term was to deal with the SNP, who had won a majority in 2012 and demanded a referendum on independence, which Blair had little choice but to agree to. In 2015, Scotland voted to leave the UK, and negotiations on Scindy would dominate political discussions.
2016: Tony Blair (Labour) [323] David Davis (Conservative) [236] Ruth Davidson (Unionist) [33] George Osborne (Centre Party) [28] Emma Little-Pengelly (UUP) [10] Nicola Sturgeon (SNP) [12] Gerry Adams (Sinn Fein) [10] Adam Price (Plaid Cymru) [4] Derek Wall (Red-Green Alliance UK) [3] Ian Paisley (DUP) [1]
Blair's victory in 2016 left him with a majority only because Sinn Fein did not take their seats. In Scotland, a strong victory for the newly independent Conservative Party (now called the Unionists) gave a new lease of life to negotiations and to the hope of a confirmatory referendum on Scindy. But the legal case for a second referendum was lost, and the SNP refused to countenance the idea.

Blair had developed a reputation as an elderly, incompetent politician with a tendency of hurting campaigns he was associated with, and never quite shook off the comparison to eternally young, eternally photogenic, left wing and saintly Ed Balls. A deal with Sinn Fein that allowed the "associate membershp" to the UK Parliament cost him his majority in all but name, and when Scottish Independence went ahead despite a perception (in the rest of the UK) that Scotland did not actually want it, Tony Blair would finally be forced out of power in a brutal and effective Palace coup.

2017 post-Scindy: Tony Blair (Labour) [279] Boris Johnson (Conservative) [251] George Osborne (Centre Party) [28] Michelle O'Neill (Sinn Fein) [11] Emma Little-Pengelly (UUP) [9] Leanne Wood (Plaid Cymru) [4] Derek Wall (Red-Green Alliance UK) [5] Ian Paisley Jnr (DUP) [1]
2017-20XX: Claudia Webbe (Labour) coalition with Derek Wall (Red-Green Alliance UK) and Gerry Adams (Sinn Fein)

Claudia Webbe became Prime Minister by coup, and could only maintain control maintain her authority by working with leftist parties. In 2019, Northern Ireland voted to leave the UK in a decision that many commentators believe had much to do with the region wanting to avoid having to introduce gay marriage and abortion. Plans to re-unify, lead by Scotland's Prime Minister Ruth Davidson have stalled, and attempts to massively increase public spending and social welfare were tricky until the Avian Flu outbreak made them necessary and also expensive.

As Britain heads towards an election where Labour are expecting to be wiped out, the right of Labour have found a totemic figure in Ed Balls, who somehow every faction in Labour believes would have been on their side, and would have sorted all this mess out.

I wanted John Major and the Youth Parliament to still be relevant and loved

But not like this

but not like this
 
A simple and underdeveloped shuffle:

1932-1936: Östen Undén (Social Democratic)
1936-1940: Axel Perhsson-Bramstorp (Agrarian-People's Coalition)
1940-1945: Per Albin Hansson (Unity Government)
1945-1971: Östen Undén (Social Democratic)
1964-1973: Tager Erlander (Social Democratic)
1973-1976: Ola Ulsten (People'-Center Coalition)
1976-1985: Ingvar Carlsson (Social Democratic)
1985-1998: Torbjörn Fälldin (Center-Moderate-People's Coalition)
1998-2002: Fredrik Reinfeldt (Moderate-Center-People's Coalition)
2002-2006: Olof Palme (Social Democratic)
2006-2014: Carl Bildt (Moderate-Center-People's Coalition)
2014-2015: Stefan Löfven (Social Democratic)
2015-: Göran Persson (Social Democratic)
 
Throwing in Undén kind of neatly gets around the usual problem of shuffling the deck in Sweden, namely the dearth of figures to use in the immediate post-war era.

I have a soft spot for the man. Mostly because of his contrarian (but surface deep) anti-Americanism, but still. Any proper Swedish shuffle would probably had the start in the 60's or somesuch.
 
A simple and underdeveloped shuffle:

1932-1936: Östen Undén (Social Democratic)
1936-1940: Axel Perhsson-Bramstorp (Agrarian-People's Coalition)
1940-1945: Per Albin Hansson (Unity Government)
1945-1971: Östen Undén (Social Democratic)
1964-1973: Tager Erlander (Social Democratic)
1973-1976: Ola Ulsten (People'-Center Coalition)
1976-1985: Ingvar Carlsson (Social Democratic)
1985-1998: Torbjörn Fälldin (Center-Moderate-People's Coalition)
1998-2002: Fredrik Reinfeldt (Moderate-Center-People's Coalition)
2002-2006: Olof Palme (Social Democratic)
2006-2014: Carl Bildt (Moderate-Center-People's Coalition)
2014-2015: Stefan Löfven (Social Democratic)
2015-: Göran Persson (Social Democratic)

Reminded of a conversion me and @Ares96 had years ago about how Erlander and Palme being so dominant figures of their ages that it's virtually impossible to think of anyone else leading the Social Democrats 1946-1986. Even relative big shots like Gunnar Sträng feel odd.

But, dear me. 17 years of continuous centre right government? I have problems even beginning to imagine that.
 
Reminded of a conversion me and @Ares96 had years ago about how Erlander and Palme being so dominant figures of their ages that it's virtually impossible to think of anyone else leading the Social Democrats 1946-1986. Even relative big shots like Gunnar Sträng feel odd.

But, dear me. 17 years of continuous centre right government? I have problems even beginning to imagine that.

This also involves Ulsten winning an election in his own right and Palme taking office at 85. Realism was euthanized in the late 30's here.
 
Shifflung the Dock

Prime Ministers of NZ
1935-1939: Peter Fraser (Labour) [1]
1939-1941: Michael Joseph Savage (Labour) [2]
1941-1946: Walter Nash (Labour) [3]
1946-1955: Keith Holyoake (National) [4]
1955-1959: Sidney Holland (National) [5]
1959-1966: Jack Marshall (National) [6]
1966-1968: Norman Kirk (Labour) [7]
1968-1972: Hugh Watt (Labour) [8]
1972-1974: Rob Muldoon (National) [9]
1974-1978: Keith Holyoake (National) [10]
1978-1989: Bill Rowling (Labour) [11]
1989-1992: David Lange (Labour) [12]
1992-1993: Helen Clark (Labour) [13]
1993-2001: Jenny Shipley (National) [14]
2001-2002: Bill English (National) [15]
2002-2006: Geoffrey Palmer (Labour) [16]
2006-2013: Mike Moore (Labour) [17]
2013-2017: Jacinda Ardern (Labour) [18]
2017-: John Key (National) [19]

[1] - The first Labour PM. Mainly remembered for his pacifist stance in WW1 and his radical health policies - although these were mainly delivered by Minister John A. Lee, who eventually brought him down in favour of his puppet.
[2] - Savage is mostly forgotten except by War Buffs. Past his best when he became premier, his flustered cries of "Now then!" as the crowds turned ugly were indicative of his tenure. Died in office.
[3] - Nash was a capable administrator who didn't over-promise, but was never a match for the opposition.
[4] - The consensus is that Holyoake came to office too young, when he was still a farmer from top to toe. The urban liberals in caucus were constantly rebelling, as Holyoake refused to shift towards a consensus. Conservative deference was eventually trumped by the need to get rid of him in what proved to be a bloody coup.
[5] - Holland, with his business experience, was more confident on labour relations than his predecessor and his institution of the National Dividend brought him acclaim as a friend of the workers. He died before he could make a lasting impression, though.
[6] - Jack Marshall is potentially the most right-wing PM New Zealand has ever had, remembered as 'Jack the Ripper' for his immense spending cuts. Organised labour reviled him by the end due to his (temporary) abolition of the arbitration courts.
[7] - Kirk was a fat slob who picked up the pieces after the 1966 wool crash, but he never moved past his image problems to become an inspiring leader, and died unmourned.
[8] - One of Labour's best leaders, a firm hand on the tiller during a difficult time.
[9] - Although strong in Opposition, Muldoon never managed to unite the Party behind his combative stance, and after one too many aggressive insinuations against Colin Moyle, the National Establishment putsched him without fear.
[10] - Holyoake's surprise second term was more friendly than the last, but his health problems and senility hampered the Government, which was in any case laughably gaffe-prone.
[11] - Bill Rowling provided consistent and moderate leadership during a time of increasing prosperity, with his forward-thinking economic reforms preventing the need for the kind of rapid liberalisation seen - with so many negative human consequences - in Australia.
[12] - An unappealing gasbag.
[13] - Helen Clark was a cold fish who delivered Labour their worst result in a generation due to her lefty ideas and her inability to work with Jim Anderton.
[14] - 'Aunty Jenny' is beloved for her competent leadership - even Winston Peters got some productive work done under her rule. Many remember her as our first female PM, forgetting the short reign of Helen Clark. Which is probably for the best.
[15] - An attention-seeking, incompetent joke of a man, mainly known as the PM who did charity boxing that one time.
[16] - A man with a long career in politics, but who notably failed to get his visionary constitutional reforms through an intransigent caucus.
[17] - Mike Moore returned from the WTO as a newly appealing and friendly personality, and governed NZ for a number of years in close co-operation with caucus and the Party as a whole.
[18] - Ardern came to the leadership far too young and was castigated as an uncharismatic, unconfident Blairite. Her loss in 2017 brought international comment as part of the 'demise of stale old social democracy'. It is a small mercy that she didn't have to deal with any major disasters during her tenure, as she would have utterly lacked credibility.
[19] - Key is the new breed of right-wing Nat, notably having played golf with Donald Trump. His inarticulate ramblings would make him a laughing-stock if his policies weren't so serious.
 
List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

1976-1984: James Callaghan (Labour) [1]

List of Prime Ministers of Great Britain

1984-1987: James Callaghan (Labour)
1987-1993: Peter Shore (Labour) [2]
1993:
Tony Benn (Labour)
1993-2006: Ted Grant (Labour/Militant) [3]
2006-2011:
Alan Woods (Labour/Militant) [4]
2011-2012:
Arthur Scargill (Labour/Independent)
2012-present: Ed Miliband (Labour/Socialist People's) [5]



[1] Following Labour's victory in 1978 and the implementation of a wage increase, Britain looked to be an odd man out in a world where all of the other advanced capitalist nations were swinging to the right. But with further strikes, falling profitability, and increased pressure from both the right and the left it looked as if the center would not be able to hold much longer. Limping along into 1981, Prime Minister Callaghan approached the recently re-elected Carter Administration, which was open to new ideas on how to win the Cold War. Although little is known about the details of the negotiations, what followed was a lifeline of debt restructuring and a series of trade agreements favorable to the British. Critics on both the left and the right have largely seen the subsequent triumph of the English Model --- an increasingly socialist economy combined with a liberal democratic state --- as a result of American foreign policy. Britain was allegedly propped up as a counterexample to the people and governments of the Eastern Bloc, showing them that they could liberalize while maintaining the benefits of a socialist system. Although later events would seem to confirm this hypothesis, unreconstructed Callaghanite and neo-Callaghanite thought continue to influence left-wing discourse around the globe and especially within the Anglosphere to this day.

[2] While the first half of the British 1980s is seen as a golden age, the latter half would be overshadowed by a single event. The West End Uprising continues to inform perceptions of the period to this very day. What caused the infamous incident? In the atmosphere of an increasingly stagnant economy, combined with various protests and revolutions around the world, anti-government activists launched a series of civil disturbances unseen in post-war British history. The British government at the time portrayed the protests as CIA-backed sabotage, and the armed protesters as football hooligans, neo-nazis, and disgruntled Ulster Unionist exiles. While there is no evidence that the protests were popular, the response to them shocked middle Britain. The now famous photos of bodies strewn about Carnaby Street were suppressed by the government for years to come.

[3] Following a series of embargoes by the United States and European Union, the British economy began to collapse. “Bloody Pete” clung to power, denouncing his rivals as CIA agents, but continued discontent both inside and outside the Labour Party would eventually force his resignation. Leading the charge against the government were the Militant tendency, a Trotskyite entryist group that had flourished within the party during the Callaghan years. Although on the left of the party, the Militant faction denounced the “crypto-Stalinist” Shore clique, drawing parallels to the recent violent suppression of pro-Western uprisings in China. Combined with the Labour right, they managed to oust Shore. Following a brief interim leadership by compromise figure Benn, Militant outmaneuvered the right, seizing power in what many have described as the first and only successful Trotskyist revolution. Militant rule under the the rapidly aging Grant saw a return to Callaghanite policy. While they never were able to return Britain to the socialist prosperity of the early 1980s, Militant reached an understanding with the Americans. As the embargoes were quietly lifted, Trotskyite Britain led the charge rhetorically and eventually militarily against various anti-American regimes across the world in the name of spreading workers democracy. While the British participation in the American-led War on Iraq was enough to swiftly reverse the rise of Trotskyism throughout most of the rest of the world, Militant would hold on in Britain until their eventual betrayal by their closest ally.

[4] Like 1989, 2011 saw many US-backed uprisings and color revolutions around the world. While many in Washington were satisfied with the new Special Relationship, others in the State Department had never given up the dream of restoring capitalism in Britain. The Militant government had long assumed a final confrontation with American capital would occur, but most had assumed that this would only come after the defeat of China, Cuba, and the other remaining Stalinist mutual enemies. Indeed, it continues to be disputed in Britain to this day exactly how much involvement the Americans had in the 2011 uprisings, and how much was just opportunism or claiming credit after the fact. The initial protests were small, but as they grew larger it became clear how fragile Militant rule actually was. Prime Minister Woods wanted to forcibly remove protesters from the occupied government offices, but Militant itself was divided. At the most decisive moment, a split occurred, leading to the collapse of the government. Popular elder statesman Scargill took over, negotiating with the protesters even as local police continued to crack down. When the agreement was reached and knew elections held, everyone but the Trotskyists knew that the Trotskyist era of Britain was over.

[5] Miliband came into office as everything to everybody at once. The Callaghanites saw him as a return to orthodoxy, a man who would take down the Lenin statues but keep Britain socialist. The Trotskyists saw him as a front for continued Militant power, but with a face more placating to American power. The Labour right saw him as a bright young reformer who would bring the party and Britain into the modern world. But eight years in, most of the factions have convinced themselves that he's actually a pawn of the other side. And yet Miliband's rule continues, because there is no alternative. An island nation trapped between an American Fortress Ireland and an unfriendly continent. Stagnant labor and capital too shell-shocked to ever truly seize back power. Britain is adrift, an enigma that continues to confound, horrify, and inspire the world.
 
Will rogers plane never crash"s


Will Rogers Independent Charles Hallack 1952
def. Robert Taft Republican William Knowland , Adali Stevenson Democratic John Sparkman


Will Rogers Independent Charles Hallack 1956
def. Thurston Morton Republican keneth Keating,Adali Stevenson Democratic Estes Kefauver


Hubert Horatio Humphrey Democratic 1960 Lyndon Baines Johnson
def/ Barry Goldwater Republican Margret Chase Smith

Nelson A. Rockefeller Republican Charles Percy 1964
def,Hubert Horatio Humphrey Democratic 1960 Lyndon Baines Johnson
 
2021-2023: Joe Biden (DE)/Val Demings (FL) (Democratic) [1]
2020: def. Donald Trump (FL)/Mike Pence (IN) (Republican), Howie Hawkins (NY)/Dario Hunter (CA) (Green), Justin Amash (MI)/Max Abramson (NH) (Libertarian)
2023: Val Demings (FL)/vacant (Democratic) [2]
2023-2032: Val Demings (FL)/Jay Inslee (WA) (Democratic)
2024: def. Tom Cotton (AR)/Kristi Noem (SD) (Republican)
2028: def. Mike DeWine (OH)/Brooks Landgraf (TX) (Republican)

2032-2033: Jay Inslee (WA)/vacant (Democratic)
2033-2041: Jason Mattera (NY)/Daniel Zolnikov (MT) (Republican) [3]
2032: def. Joe Kennedy III (MA)/Sabrina Cervantes (CA) (Democratic), Jay Inslee (WA)/Coleman Young II (MI) (Democratic [write-in])
2036: def. Joshua Collins (WA)/Maura Sullivan (NH) (Democratic)

2041-2049: Max Rose (NY)/Sam Park (GA) (Democratic) [4]
2040: def. Torren Ecker (PA)/Madison Cawthorn (NC) (Republican)
2044: def. Tucker Tuberville (AL)/Elizabeth Heng (CA) (Republican)


[1] On 3 November 2020, Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. did what most people on both sides of the aisle expected him to do: defeat Donald Trump in a landslide, with a reasonable Democratic trifecta in the White House that was quick to implement most of Biden's programs, such as the creation of a "clean energy economy" and investments in fossil fuel communities. While Biden's approval ratings remained above water for much of his tenure, his initial popularity was chipped away at by allegations of sexual assault, poor mental fitness and direct involvement in the Ukrainian political crisis, the latter of which was pushed in particular by bitter ex-President Donald Trump and potential 2024 presidential candidate Donald Trump Jr. among others. The atmosphere of the early 2020s proved beneficent for conspirational thinking, and, as far-right renegades emerged from the woodwork, Joe Biden's term was tragically cut short on August 17, as his speech in Richmond was abruptly ended by a single shot from the crowd.

[2] Val Demings, previously an obscure congresswoman from Florida before her selection as Biden's running mate, was quick to dispel accusations of inexperience. As President, Val Demings was remarkably ruthless in dealing with right-wing protesters, advancing significant limitations to proliferation of firearms; moreover, Demings emphasized the need to combat climate change, building upon Biden's climate plan and recruiting former Washington Governor Jay Inslee for the position of Vice President; this, along with a number of other progressive reforms, allowed Demings to defeat Republican opponents with ease and carry the Democratic majority in Congress to even greater heights. Still, Demings' tenure wasn't without issues: the late 2020s saw a growth in pervasive advertisement and general corporate intrusion of privacy, which Congress had trouble regulating and which was picked up by certain Republicans as a talking point to attack Democrats with. On the foreign front, America had to deal with growing hostilities in the Middle East and post-Putin troubles in Russia in 2030, which coincided with a series of tropical cyclones striking the Eastern Seaboard. Further down the line, the Democratic primaries intensified as several dozen candidates duked it out to stop into Demings' shoes; the 81 year old Vice President took a half-hearted shot at the nomination, even managing to attract a large number of progressive Democrats, yet ended up narrowly losing to U.S. Senator Joseph P. Kennedy III.

[3] The first Hispanic and the first Gen Y President (to the chagrin of many left-wing voters), former activist, media personality and U.S. Representative Jason Mattera emerged as a rising star in a party that was increasingly conflicted about its ideological development and approach to courting voters, and was able to bring Congress to GOP for the first time in 14 years. Presenting himself as a cronyism watchdog and a defender of the American citizen's liberty, Mattera was able to attract a number of suburban voters who abhorred the party in previous elections; however, his administration found itself bogged down in a struggle between libertarian Republicans, represented by Vice President Daniel Zolnikov, and populist Republicans, with U.S. Senator Josh Hawley as their paramount leader; while this did not stop Mattera from narrowly defeating left-wing Washington congressman Joshua Collins in a vicious, heavily Internet-fueled election campaign, it hindered American interests abroad (particularly during Hurricane Rimma and the brief South China Sea conflict) and weakened the Republicans by the end of the decade.

[4] The ascension of Max Rose and Sam Park to the White House was considered a welcome change from the malaise of the Mattera years, with the 2040 electoral campaign being comparatively civil as both candidates for President (the Democratic Governor of New York and the Republican Governor of Pennsylvania) were primarily focused on presenting a housing policy that would accomodate the refugees from 2030s' tropical storms; Rose's housing plan, influenced to a significant degree by eventual Secretary of HUD Liz Bruenig, proved to be broadly popular. As the late President Biden promised to build a 100% clean energy economy by 2050, the "Rose Park" administration dedicated itself to climate with ever greater fervor, cooperating with the United Nations to reduce greenhouse emissions and work to build greener and more efficient communities at home. As the Rose years draw to a close and the 2048 primary season starts, Vice President Sam Park looks both to weaken competition and to emphasize his commitment to a greener, healthier Earth, he considers beginning talks with Minnesota Sen. Isra Hirsi, one of Congress's staunchest fighters against climate change.
 
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Stew-topia

19 June 2019 3rd Leadership Ballot: Boris Johnson: 132 Jeremy Hunt: 54 Michael Gove: 51 Rory Stewart: 39 Sajid Javid: 37

20 June 2019 4th Leadership Ballot: Boris Johnson: 136 Michael Gove: 60 Rory Stewart: 59 Jeremy Hunt: 58

A common theory states that Rory Stewart only got as far as he did in the Conservative Leadership ballot due to a scheme by Boris Johnson to get rid of more serious opposition. After the 4th ballot, Gove stood down and the polls ashowed a likelihood that Boris Johnson would win by a super-majority. Until Johnson's arrest on 6 June. With no time to find another contestant and no desire to re-run the whole contest under the shadow of Boris Johnson's trial, Rory Stewart found himself Prime Minister by default.

2019-2026: Rory Stewart (Conservative)

1st Rory Stewart Cabinet
Deputy Prime Minister: Jeremy Hunt
Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office: David Lidington
Home Secretary: Michael Gove
Foreign Secretary: Matt Hancock
Chancellor: Phillip Hammond
Brexit: Theresa May
Defence: Richard Benyon
Health: Sarah Wollaston
Lord Chancellor: Dominic Grieve
Education: Justine Greening
Women and Equality: Penny Mordaunt
International Trade: Robin Walker
Energy Business and Trade: David Gauke
Environment Food and Rural Affairs: Antoinette Sandbach
Transport: Philip Lee
Local Government: Nick Boles
House of Lords: Baronness Berridge
House of Commons: Kenneth Clarke
Scotland: Kristene Hair
Wales: Guto Bebb
Northern Ireland: Kit Malthouse
International Development: Sam Gyimah
Digital Culture Media and Sport: Ed Vaisey
Work and Pensions: Heidi Allen

Stewart's government began by pledging to hold a confirmatory referendum on May's deal, and through the summer the country was overtaken with campaigning.

October: EU Deal Confirmatory Referendum
Leave: 56.7%
Remain: 43.3%​

Despite his supposed neutrality, Stewarts government was accused of being pro-Remain, and he lost multiple MPs to the Brexit Party over the course of a few months, pushing his government towards the point of being untenable. Following the people's decision to leave, Brexit took place on 31 October, and a general election was necessary just five weeks later.

December 2019 General Election
2019: Rory Stewart (Conservative) [307] Jeremy Corbyn (Labour) [255] Nicola Sturgeon (SNP) [49] Jo Swinson (Liberal Democrat) [21] Arlene Foster (DUP) [8] Michelle O'Neill (Sinn Fein) [7] Adam Price (Plaid Cymru) [4] Colum Eastwood (SDLP) [2] Sian Berry and Jon Bartley (Green Party England & Wales) [1] Naomi Long (Alliance) [1] John Bercow (Speaker) [1]

2nd Rory Stewart Cabinet
Deputy Prime Minister: Jo Swinson
Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office: David Lidington
Home Secretary: Michael Gove
Foreign Secretary: Matt Hancock
Chancellor: Jeremy Hunt
Defence: Penny Mordaunt
Health: Sarah Wollaston
Lord Chancellor: Dominic Grieve
Education: Justine Greening
Women and Equality: Layla Moran
International Trade: Nick Boles
Energy Business and Trade: Ed Davey
Environment Food and Rural Affairs: Antoinette Sandbach
Transport: Philip Lee
Local Government: Gavin Shuker
House of Lords: Baronness Berridge
House of Commons: Kenneth Clarke
Scotland: Ruth Davidson
Wales: Guto Bebb
Northern Ireland: Kit Malthouse
International Development: Chuka Umunna
Digital Culture Media and Sport: Ed Vaisey
Work and Pensions: Heidi Allen

The 2019 campaign was sluggish for both of the main parties, who were exhausted from Brexit and a ard year of campaigning. It is unlikely that either party could have performed better after such a gruelling year. The election was, however, good for the Lib Dems, who ended up in coalition once again with a Conservative Party in the mood for reform.

Then, in March 2020, COVID struck the world. The government's response left Britain with a death toll smaller only than the USA, and Italy's. Lockdown continued until July and after that, recession hit hard, eaving fractures within the government and a sense, among the Tories, that the public, wh were rallying around the flag, could be persuaded to return a Conservative majority.

May 2021 General Election
2021: Rory Stewart (Conservative) [335] Jeremy Corbyn (Labour) [247] Nicola Sturgeon (SNP) [34] Jo Swinson (Liberal Democrat) [10] Michelle O'Neill (Sinn Fein) [8] Arlene Foster (DUP) [7] Adam Price (Plaid Cymru) [4] Naomi Long (Alliance) [2] Colum Eastwood (SDLP) [1] Sian Berry and Jon Bartley (Green Party England & Wales) [1] Ben Bradshaw (Speaker) [1]
3rd Rory Stewart Cabinet
Deputy Prime Minister: Sam Gyimah
Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office: David Lidington
Home Secretary: Penny Mordaunt
Foreign Secretary: Matt Hancock
Chancellor: Ed Vaisey
Defence: Penny Mordaunt
Health: Antoinette Sandbach
Lord Chancellor: Dominic Grieve
Education: Justine Greening
Women and Equality: Liz Truss
International Trade: Kit Malthouse
Energy Business and Trade: Nick Boles
Environment Food and Rural Affairs: Zac Goldsmith
Transport: Philip Lee
Local Government: Gavin Shuker
House of Lords: Baronness Berridge
House of Commons: Nick Boles
Scotland: Ruth Davidson
Wales: Guto Bebb
Northern Ireland: Anna Soubry
International Development: Emily Benn
Digital Culture Media and Sport: Ian Dunt
Work and Pensions: Heidi Allen

The Conservative Manifesto called "Make the Nation One Again" and was an avowedy centrist platform aimed at cutting off the Labour Party from its moderate supporters while they continued a civil war over anti-semitism and the leaked Labour Report into the behaviour of the party's right wing.

In practice, however, the government had to implement a harsh policy of austerity and cuts in public spending to get back on track after the pandemic. The following years were hard for the country. The Queen died in 2022, and in 2023 a border poll divided Northern Ireland and nearly saw the region join the Republic. The UK recession double dipped in 2024 and further cuts were needed. Nonetheless, the party went into the 2026 election convinced that Labout had made itself unelectable and targetted accordingly.

2026-2031: Jeremy Corbyn

May 2026 General Election
2026: Jeremy Corbyn (Labour) [323] Rory Stewart (Conservative) [268] Joanna Cherry (SNP) [18] Michelle O'Neill (Sinn Fein) [10] Emma Little Pengelly (DUP) [8] Ed Davey (Liberal Democrat) [7] Adam Price (Plaid Cymru) [4] Anne Marie Waters (For Britain) [1] Ben Bradshaw (Speaker) [1]
Jeremy Corbyn Cabinet
Deputy Prime Minister: Angela Rayner
Home Secretary: Diane Abbot
Foreign Secretary: Emily Thornberry
Chancellor: John McDonnell
Defence: David Lammy
Health: Rosenna Allin-Khan
Lord Chancellor: Keir Starmer
Education: Dawn Butler
Women and Equality: Ann Henderson
International Trade: Clive Lewis
Energy Business and Trade: Laura Pidcock
Environment Food and Rural Affairs: Rebecca Long-Bailey
Transport: Lisa Nandy
Local Government: Jo Bird
House of Lords: Baronness Smith of Basildon
House of Commons: Richard Burgon
Scotland: Katy Clark
Wales: Christina Rees
Northern Ireland: Thangam Debbonaire
International Development: Kate Osamor
Digital Culture Media and Sport: Claudia Webbe
Work and Pensions: Lauren Townsend

Jeremy Corbyn had been leader of the Opposition for 11 years by the time he was elected Prime Minister. A whole generation of activists had grown up knowing no other leader. In some ways, 2026 was Corbyn's most moderate manifesto - gone were big claims of sweeping nationalisation. he was now content to pay off the private debt owed to public services and gradually release privatised businesses to public control as contracts ran out. There were no big infrastructure plans, constitutional reform was limited to an elected Senate. There wasn't even a committment to gender self-ID. The government did implement a highly successful Green New Deal and was seen as in general a reasonably good steward of a period of returning prosperity. However, it was also dogged with issues of antisemitism, sexism, and transphobia. The late 20s were a staid, boring time for Britain, a time when the choice was between an ailing technocratic centre and a corrupt socialist gerontocracy. It was a time that would be remembered well only in comparison to what came before, and what would come after, as Boris Johnson prepared for his dramatic return to politics.
 
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