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Lists of Heads of Government and Heads of State

The Champ Is Here

1913-1921: Theodore Roosevelt (Republican)
1912: Theodore Roosevelt/Hiram Johnson (Republican) def. Champ Clark/John Burke (Democratic), William Jennings Bryan/various (faithless electors), Eugene V. Debs/Emil Seidel (Socialist)
1916: Theodore Roosevelt/Miles Poindexter (Republican) def. William Jennings Bryan/A. Mitchell Palmer (Democratic), Allan Benson/Kate Richards O'Hare (Socialist)
1921-1927: Herbert Hoover (Democratic)
1920: Herbert Hoover/Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic) def. Leonard Wood/John M. Parker (Republican), Eugene V. Debs/James Maurer (Socialist)
1924: Herbert Hoover/Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic) def. Robert La Follette/Parley Christensen (Republican)
1927-1929: Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic)
1929-1933: Frank O. Lowden (Republican)
1928: Frank O. Lowden/William E. Borah (Republican) def. Franklin D. Roosevelt/Joseph T. Robinson (Democratic), Norman Thomas/James Maurer (Socialist)
1933-1937: Upton Sinclair (Socialist)
1932: Upton Sinclair/Fiorello La Guardia (Socialist) def. Bennett Champ Clark/Newton D. Baker (Democratic), Frank O. Lowden/William E. Borah (Republican)
1937-1945: Burton K. Wheeler (Democratic)
1936: Burton K. Wheeler/George Dern (Democratic) def. Robert La Follette Jr./George Norris (Republican), Upton Sinclair/Fiorello La Guardia (Socialist)
1940: Burton K. Wheeler/Wendell Willkie (Democratic) def. Harold L. Ickes/William Lemke (Republican), Smedley Butler/Chandler Owen (Socialist)
1945-1953: Henry A. Wallace (Republican)
1944: Henry A. Wallace/A. Philip Randolph (Republican) def. James F. Byrnes/Happy Chandler (Democratic)
1948: Henry A. Wallace/A. Philip Randolph (Republican) def. Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr./George S. Patton (Democratic)
1953-1961: Lyndon B. Johnson (Democratic)
1952: Lyndon B. Johnson/Richard Nixon (Democratic) def. A. Philip Randolph/Quentin Roosevelt (Republican)
1956: Lyndon B. Johnson/Richard Nixon (Democratic) def. George Romney/Hubert H. Humphrey (Republican)
1961-1969: Paul Douglas (Republican)
1960: Paul Douglas/Jackie Robinson (Republican) def. Richard Nixon/Brien McMahon (Democratic)
1964: Paul Douglas/Jackie Robinson (Republican) def. Otto Kerner Jr./George Wallace (Democratic), Edwin Walker/Ezra Taft Benson (Action!)
1969-1977: Walter Reuther (Republican)
1968: Walter Reuther/Orval Faubus (Republican) def. George Wallace/Ed Edmondson (Democratic), Wayne Morse/Eugene McCarthy (Peace), William F. Buckley/Fred C. Koch (Action!)
1972: Walter Reuther/Orval Faubus (Republican) def. Ralph Yarborough/Harold Hughes (Democratic)
1977-1985: Basil Paterson (Republican)
1976: Basil Paterson/Barry Goldwater (Republican) def. Adlai Stevenson III/Daniel Inouye (Democratic)
1980: Basil Paterson/Barry Goldwater (Republican) def. Moon Landrieu/Edward Brooke (Democratic), George Wallace/Dianne Goldman (People's Democratic)
1985-1993: Richard Nixon (Democratic)
1984: Richard Nixon/John F. Kennedy (Democratic) def. Frank Church/Tom Hayden (Republican), Lawrence P. McDonald/L. R. Hubbard (Reaction)
1988: Richard Nixon/John F. Kennedy (Democratic) def. Jerry Brown/Sinclair Goode (Republican), Lyndon LaRouche/Dixy Lee Ray (True Republican)
1993-2001: Gordon Robertson (Democratic)
1992: Gordon Robertson/Rudolph Giuliani (Democratic) def. Harold M. Ickes/Paul McCloskey (Republican)
1996: Gordon Robertson/Rudolph Giuliani (Democratic) def. Bernard Sanders/Harry Reid (Republican)
2001-2009: Franklin D. Roosevelt III (Republican)
2000: Franklin D. Roosevelt III/Joe Biden (Republican) def. Rudolph Giuliani/James E. Carter (Democratic)
2004: Franklin D. Roosevelt III/Joe Biden (Republican) def. William Bennett/Linda Smith (Democratic)
2009-2017: Angela Kennedy (Democratic)
2008: Angela Kennedy/Steve Beshear (Democratic) def. Joe Biden/Peter Camejo (Republican), Ernie Chambers/Mike Gravel (Socialist Republican)
2012: Angela Kennedy/Steve Beshear (Democratic) def. David Paterson/Andrew Romanoff (Republican)
2017-pres: Laura Dern (Democratic)
2016: Laura Dern/John Garamendi (Democratic) def. Joe Biden III/Cedric Richmond (Republican)
2020: Laura Dern/John Garamendi (Democratic) def. Anthony K. Jones/Tina Rutnik (Republican), George Bush/Roger Goodell (Save The Economy)

Continuation of my list from the current list contest. Didn't post the whole thing there as it wasn't relevant to the baseball. What we have here is your average "liberal Republicans conservative Democrats" or more accurately "state socialist Republicans" and "business liberal Democrats" where where the Republicans nationalize a new industry every time they win an election and Democrats respond by reducing top rate taxes from 99% to 98.9% as a show of force. The swing demographic in American elections is rural (Protestant) whites who are totally friendly with non-white people when the economy is good and not so much when not. Republican base is black voters, Catholic white ethnic (Italian, Irish), Jews, concentrated in urban areas and the southern Black Belt, the Northeast, the big cities of the Midwest. Democrat base is urban whites, rich people, high education, concentrated in other parts of the same urban areas and also the "suburbs", as well as the white south. Typical swing states are Ohio, Michigan, Florida, California, Oregon, West Virginia, New Jersey, Louisiana. The chief political division in modern society is the federal government vs states. The state's right to what? State's right to exist, considering how much policy is dictated by various alphabet agencies at every level. State governments are increasingly sidelined and will soon have no purpose other than announcing holidays and settling disputes between their lower parts. Or so Democrats would have you believe. "It's called the United States, you know."
Today in: how I ended up voting consistently for incumbents
 
Governors of New York that became presidents of the United States.
1901_ 1909
Theodore Rosevelt. Republican

1933_1945
Franklyn Delano Rosevelt Democratic

1969- 1977
Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller Republican*defeats vice president Humphrey

1985-1993
Mario Cuomo Democratic

Governors of California that became president of the United States

Richard Milhouse Nixon
1977-1981 Republican (resigns due to poor health, after surving assassination attempt.
Succeeded by George H. Bush.

Edmund Brown jr. Democratic
1993 2001






























Governor s of Texas that became president of the United States


John Connelly (v.p. to president Kennedy elected governor earlier in this scenario.) Democratic
1963 _1969(declines to run for reelction.

George W.Bush
2001_2005 (lost reelection to senator John Kerry.)
Rick Sanitorum
Republican 2017_2021
Lost reelection to Barrack Obama.
 
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Prime Ministers of India

1964-1966: Lal Bahadur Shastri (Indian National Congress) †

1966-1977: Morarji Desai (Indian National Congress)

1967 (min.) C. Rajagopalachari (Swatantra), Deendayal Upadhyaya (Bharatiya Jana Sangh)
1972 def. M. Karunaidhi (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam)


Following the death of the generally popular prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966, the Indian National Congress held a leadership election, purely internal within a convention consisting of the parliamentary party and other high-ranking party officials. Morarji Desai, who had previously attempted to lead in 1964, made a new run, and the party establishment attempted to organize an opponent. With Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi having departed to London after her father's death, they found it tough to find a good candidate who would serve as a weak figurehead for them, and they chose, for lack of a better candidate, Gulzarilal Nanda, the current acting prime minister, and they attempted to corral support for him. However, when it came time for the convention vote, the generally ill-known Nanda was defeated and Desai became leader of the party, and with it Prime Minister, and this despite some South Indians worried he would initiate Hindi imposition due to his support of it in the fifties.

Immediately, he was faced with an economic crisis. When requesting loans from the West to avert this, he was required to accomplish a number of liberalizing economic reforms. And although the immediate crisis was resolved, they failed to create an economic boom, due to a number of features such as lack of a comprehensive bank system and widespread corruption in business. Furthermore, a food crisis broke out, and with India having little capital, Desai was forced to simply accept American government conditions for aid. When some proposed devaluing the rupee, Desai refused. It must come to little surprise that in 1967, the Indian National Congress was forced into a minority, but a small one. To make a majority, Desai joined hands with the free-market Swatantra Party, which sought new anti-corruption reforms it thought would boost the economy. However, these acts aimed at diminishing red tape failed, and the lack of a comprehensive bank system outside India's main cities continued to make the economy suffer. Furthermore, Desai's puritanical attitudes came into play, as he pushed a so-called "Indian Hayes Code" in reaction to what he perceived as lewdness in Indian cinema, which harmed the industry in general. But things improved. The Green Revolution forever expelled the issue of famine; instead, India would have to deal with malnutrition. This helped many of India's severe economic issues, and it also helped to cause an expansion of business to deal with these new opportunities. And as a result, the Indian economy saw some growth in this period. And in general, India's position both at home and abroad strengthened.

But, of course, Desai is most positively remembered for his actions outside of India. In Pakistan, severe racism by its elite towards East Pakistan's Bengali people, a majority of Pakistanis, resulted in a Bengali movement. The new dictator Yahya Khan held parliamentary elections in 1970, but the Bengali regional party Awami League won a majority by sweeping every constituency in East Pakistan. Yahya Khan refused to make its leader, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the prime minister of Pakistan, and the Pakistani government arrested him on trumped-up charges. When East Pakistan turned restless and calls for the independence of "Bangla Desh" emerged, the Pakistani junta sent a force, and this force launched genocidal mass killings to suppress this movement, with full junta support. The Bangla Desh Liberation War began. Quickly, the Awami League organized an army to oppose Pakistan, but they were badly equipped even as India smuggled arms and helped them with tactics. This also caused a refugee crisis in India as Bengalis fled the Pakistani army into India, while reports of massacres were quickly heard by Indians. There were then calls for an Indian intervention which Desai supported; when monsoon ended, in late 1971 India went to war. The Indian army very quickly swept in and destroyed Pakistani forces, and Dacca became the capital of a free Bangla Desh. With the resolution of peace talks in 1972, in which India successfully forced Pakistan to recognize the Line of Control in J&K, elections were imminent. And with Desai so popular he was openly compared to Hanuman, the Congress party won smashingly, with 441 seats in total. The closest thing to opposition was the Dravidian-Tamil regionalist DMK, which was boosted in Tamil Nadu due to fears of Hindi imposition.

But this brief period of extreme popularity only lasted so long. In 1973, due to the international oil glut, India's economy suffered, and this resulted in protest movements. These gradually escalated, and the following year the famous freedom fighter Jayaprakash Narayan put himself at its head. And after making a phone call to London, a woman he regarded as his honorary niece quickly emerged as its co-leader. They quickly organized coalitions of the entire opposition. It forced the Gujarati government to hold elections, which the INC lost, and this only bolstered it even as the government treated protests brutally. By 1975, these protests reached Delhi openly calling for new elections, but Desai refused to budge and went so far as to block them from entering the city at times. This resulted in an impasse as protestors camped outside the city, even as the opposition won more and more elections on the state level, and it also caused regular outbreaks of chaos in the capital. But by 1977 the government could no longer delay elections further, and they were held. The results astonished many.

1977-1985: Indira Gandhi (Bharatiya Lok Dal) †
1977 (min.) Morarji Desai (Indian National Congress), E. M. S. Namboodiripad (Communist Party of India (Marxist)), Chandra Rajeshwara Rao (Communist Party of India)
1978 def. Morarji Desai (Indian National Congress), Raj Narain (Bharatiya Lok Dal (R)), E. M. S. Namboodiripad (Communist Party of India (Marxist))
1983 def. B. D. Sharma (Indian National Congress), D. Devaraj Urs (Bharatiya Lok Dal (U))


Indira Gandhi was, famously, the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India and the leading face of the Indian National Congress. After her father's death in 1964, filled with grief, she moved to London. But at the same time, she eagerly followed Indian politics even as the direction of Morarji Desai's administration repelled her. As protests against him emerged in the 1970s, her honorary uncle Jayaprakash Narayan's involvement in them immediately drew her attention, and upon receiving a call from him about their suppression, she made the decision to return to India. Here, she quickly became a leader of the protest movement. Notably, when the Hindu nationalist group RSS attempted to join this protest movement, JP was supportive of this because he believed they would provide a very strong grassroots. But Indira Gandhi refused firmly, having inherited her father's secularism and hatred of religious nationalism, and she instead sought to create a new grassroots network. And so, the newly-unified Bharatiya Lok Dal would not include the RSS, while its grassroots was organized into the "Tiranga Dal", a group intentionally modelled after the RSS in many ways but firmly secularist, allowing female membership, and flying the Indian tricolour rather than the Hindu nationalist saffron rag. Winning election into the Lok Sabha by a byelection, Indira immediately brought the heat onto the government, embarrassing it, and when protests were brutally suppressed, she always comforted victims. It was she, not JP, who became the face of the opposition. And so, when 1977 hit, her charismatic leadership was so successful that the party with the most seats was the Lok Dal, and though it had to form a coalition with the Communists and the Marxists, it meant she could be prime minister.

And so, in power, she immediately went to action. She pushed a series of anti-feudal reforms redistributing land across the nation, notably abolishing the stipends to ex-monarchs; when the Supreme Court struck this law down, she amended the constitution to make stipend abolition permanent. However, controversy struck when she declared the nationalization of the banks, to expand them outside India's main cities; this split her own cabinet, splintered her party, and lost her majority, resulting in new elections. But with the nation struck with the image of a daring prime minister, it was happy to elect her faction of the Lok Dal with a sweeping majority. And so, she continued. The banks were nationalized and expanded far across the nation. The free market was reined in and replaced by a pro-business but not pro-market model. And the economy boomed, while the opposition impotently accused her of authoritarianism. However, as she alienated parties at the state level, cracks emerged. In Punjab, losing the Akali Dal she attempted to win the state in an early election and proved successful through agrarianism, but, the new chief minister was accused of being a servant of New Delhi. This resulted in a Sikh counterreaction as Punjab was, in practice, a Sikh state. While in Assam, a movement for removing Bengali refugees from electoral rolls emerged, with support from Hindu nationalists because most of those Bengali refugees were Muslim. Indira refused this, and this caused the movement to be violent. By 1982, Punjab Sikh grievance turned into brutal separatism led by the zealot Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, while Assam became lawless outside cities. Thus, though the Lok Dal won in 1983 smashingly, worrying signs came out of Punjab and Assam. In 1984, on charges of mass murder of Punjabi Hindu civilians, Bhindranwale was arrested, tried, and executed. This caused a wave of militancy that took till the end of decade to be destroyed. While in Assam, turnout for the 1982 election was as low as 16% due to mass attacks on polling stations by nativists, and the 1984 state elections saw worse as Assamese nativists massacred Bengalis attempting to vote.

Indira then bravely visited Assam, and specifically the site of the most horrific of these massacres. In a grand speech, she declared she would never accede to the demands of Assamese nativists. But, in the middle of her speech gunfire came from the crowd, and one shot hit her. Indira Gandhi was dead, at the hands of an Assamese nativist.

1985-xxxx: Chaudhary Devi Lal (Bharatiya Lok Dal)

Indira's second-in-command Devi Lal was sworn in as prime minister immediately. Many questions emerged. Her precise timing was not known to the public, and neither was her route. Who informed Assamese nativists of this? In all likelihood, her assassin was simply a man with a gun, but many alleged it must have been Hindu nationalists, as they supported Assamese nativists. And so, Devi Lal presided over a mass flood of anti-Hindu nationalist sentiment only equalled by the aftermath of Mahatma Gandhi's assassination. He banned the RSS and arrested its leadership. While in Assam, he carved out the Bengali-majority Barak Valley and the Bodo-majority area as separate states, with the rest under president's rule extended beyond the three year limit. But even as the army was sent into the state to bring it under control, Assamese nativists continued to launch violent attacks. All the while Bengalis fled on trains, fleeing these horrific bouts of violence with all the urgency they could. It was, in short, a crisis of massive proportions....
 
AMERICA AS INDONESIA

The Federalist System
1933-1938: Franklin D. Roosevelt/ Henry Wallace (Democratic)
1938-1941: Henry Wallace/ vacant (Democratic)
1941-1948: Earl Long/ Joseph W. Martin Jr (National Union)

Liberal Democracy
1948-1953: Earl Long/ Joseph W. Martin Jr (National)
1953-1957: Sheridan Downey/ Herschel Johnson (National)
1957-1959: Wallace F. Bennett/ Robert B. Anderson (Conservative)
1959-1959: Robert B. Anderson/ vacant (Independent)
1959-1959: Herschel Johnson/ vacant (National)

Guided Democracy
1959-1961: Earl Long/ vacant (Independent)
1961-1966: Earl Long/ Robert Kennedy (Independent)

The New Order
1966-1969: Edward Lansdale/ vacant (Emergency Administration)
1969-1973: Edward Lansdale/ Theodore Roosevelt III (American System)
1973-1977: Edward Lansdale/ James Burnham (American System)
1977-1981: Edward Lansdale/ Robert McNamara (American System)
1981-1984: Edward Lansdale/ Al Haig (American System)
1984-1984: Edward Lansdale/ James C. Fletcher (American System)

The Reformation
1984-1985: James C. Fletcher/ vacant (Independent)
 
Scots Wha Hae

As Alistair read through his memo he pondered sins he must have committed to have come to this. He’d become leader because Labour had become repetitive, hoping to burn the eternal flame for Kinnock in a vain hope of electoral victory, a stupid dream when one remembered how Kinnock had managed to lose to Michael Howard of all people.

He had seen how in America they had managed to revive there ailing party of the Left and bring new inventive ideas and a more moderate, modern perspective to politics. That’s what he campaigned on, a message that seemed to resonate with the Y2K membership who had been burned by Prescott’s gaffe prone, old fashioned, wobbly leadership and wanted something fresh, not a rehash of past victories.

Of course he had made enemies, Labour being friendly with business, being more integrated with Europe, removing Clause 4 and calling itself a Social Democratic Party instead of a Democratic Socialist one. The awkward squad of the Left, who had always hated him called him a traitor but he ignored them for the most part. They had always complained about the failure to adhere to the Socialist vision and there angry columns in the Tribune didn’t phase him.

But then Ron Davies, having sunnied and rested from health issues caused by being caught cruising as a Cabinet Minister in Kinnock’s time, reappeared back from his political hibernation having become a born again Card Carrying Socialist. His vision of Socialism and openness to embracing Progressive change made him worryingly popular with certain segments of the party. At hustings against him and the hopeless David Clark there was always supporters of Davies who would barrack Alistair at every opportunity. He would brush it off, but something about them would rub him the wrong way.

Alistair had won, quite substantially as well but for a generation of Left Wing activists, Ron had suddenly become there new Benn. But it was to be fine, Alistair proposed to his new Shadow Cabinet comprised mainly of fellow modernisers and desperate old timers, Benn had become a has been in time and so would Ron.

He’d cracked before, wouldn’t be surprising if it happened again.

Scotland 01’ was an unfortunate prelude to things that were to come.

Alistair was as determined as McLeish to rid Scotland of it’s First Minister Salmond, a figure of crass, opportunistic, Populism who frequently shield himself from criticism through the flag of Scottish Nationalism. Finding out that two MSPs had defect from Labour to the Scottish Socialist Alliance over Alistair’s policies and deselection didn’t bother him much, as they weren’t the main beast to slay.

But John McAllion did seem to appeal to people who felt betrayed by Salmond and didn’t trust Alistair much either. The SSA would gain four MSPs that election to the shock of pollsters and media everywhere. Alistair was shocked too, but easily salved by the shocking defeat of Salmond and Gallie.

The machinations of his homeland wouldn’t weigh on his mind too much, the McLeish Government would do okay and continue the policies and ideals of Dewar without the exhaustion and political problems that befall the latter’s later years. He got on okay with the First Minister, a representation of the potential that Labour could have elsewhere.

Indeed he initially seemed to be the one to look out for, not outcompeting Portillo but doing well enough in the polls that they were fairly tied for much of the Early 00s, not even 9/11, Bush’s death and the prospect of Islamic Terrorism caused any kind rally around the flag moment for Portillo. It seemed he had been angering the Handbanger Right of the Tory party by being nice to Women, Gays and Ethnic Minorities and revelations of student years came to fore.

Then Iraq happened.

At the time it made sense, President Cheney said there were weapons of mass destruction there, a few Islamic attacks had been foiled in the U.K. that had been loosely connected to Iraq according to Military Intelligence and Portillo, despite being an ideological enemy seemed fairly convincing on the matter.

Alistair supported it, as did most of the front bench, the vote for the War wasn’t needed but Portillo could use it to show that the support for War was there. But fair number of Labour MPs and all the Lib Dem’s voted against, Kennedy’s speech against War making even more popular than he already was.

Alistair supported the War for a bit, until revelations about Chemical Weapons and Cheney’s actions proved to have been most likely illegal and false. Alistair did a 180 of course but by then Kennedy and Davies were the faces of the Anti-War movement, the awkward squad having proven to actually connect with the people more than expected. Alistair was late to the party and criticised for his late realisation of the obvious illegality of the war.

Meanwhile Portillo was being pilloried for being too soft and not Conservative enough. The defections of several Tory MPs to the Democratic Unionists were worrying but the by election victory of Tanned TV Host turned Populist rabble rouser Robert Kilroy-Silk made them more worrying as he lead the British Wing of the Democratic Unionists against the Social Liberal excess of Portillo and Alistair with equal vigour.

Then Ron decided that the British Left needed true change and up and went to create his own Left Wing party with several MPs and Assembly Members joining him in the process. Whilst the Forward Alliance wasn’t the most coherent grouping ever (having John Marek, John McAllion and Peter Tatchell in an alliance together kind of does that) they seemed to resonate with the more Leftie areas of the country.

Still Alistair was determined that he could win a majority, the cards were stacked against Portillo, the economy was sluggish, War was unpopular and Portillo’s reforms has angered one of the main Tory bases. But despite it all, in an election where three of the other minor party leaders were former Labour MPs, the Labour leader struggled to get his message across, out shouted by crass Populism from every political wing.

Alistair would become Prime Minister in 05’ but only after a tense election night in which Labour and Tory lost heartland seats to the spectres of Purple and Orangey Gold. Portillo over seeing the worst Conservative result since 1945 and Ron losing his seat was some comfort to Alistair but Forward had still managed to gain seats in the Central Belt and in a couple English cities to his annoyance. Alistair had to come cap in hand to the dominant Liberal Democrats basking in the glow of the Sixty Five seats.

A Confidence & Supply Deal was hashed, referendum on electoral reform, withdrawal from Iraq and not imposing Student Fees were pieces of meat that Alistair had to give them for support. All were to occur in 06’ as to ensure that Alistair could at least get some governance done before the Lib Dem’s stabbed him in the back for failing to be Pro-AV enough or something.

The Scottish Parliament election that year was dismal, Swinney was shite, Annabel was awkward and McAllion played to the crowds of angry students and trade unionists incredibly well. A hung parliament was the outcome, a dull LibDem campaign sinking things at the final hurdle.

It had been six months since then, the referendum on electoral reform and given the near revolt that occurred over Straw’s police crime bill he doubt the fallout from the referendum would be much better not helped by Kennedy’s increasingly problems with drink.

The Tories had gone full headbanger, David Davis emerging like a butterfly of malice and discontent that was the cocoon of the leadership election, Robert had gone off the deep end with speeches that made even Paisley feel a bit hot under the collar. Lynne had become leader of the Forward Alliance and was now ranking higher than Alistair in some polls, the Left finally having a competent leader, the scariest prospect in British Politics.

All this was happening and now the killing blow it seemed, Alistair pondered as he crumpled up the memo and threw it away.

Wendy had finally managed to muster a coalition, one with Scottish National’s spooked by the spectre of McAllion and Salmond in hand cuffs. She’d offered a referendum on independence and if not DevoMax as her deal with the devil and now the possibility of everything crashing down around Alistair seemed very likely.

Over the cold wind of that night, some say they could hear faintly, the sound of singing. A few of them would even recognise the song as Scots Wha Hae, ghostly drifting across the land once known as Great Britain...

1991 - 1996: Neil Kinnock (Labour)
1991 (Majority) def. Margaret Thatcher (Conservative), Paddy Ashdown (Liberal Democrats), James Molyenaux (Ulster Unionist)
1992 Scottish Devolution Referendum: Yes 74%, No 23%

1992 Welsh Devolution Referendum: Yes 51%, No 49%
1992 Direct Mayoral Devolution Referendum: Yes 65%, No 35%
1996 - 1999: Michael Howard (Conservative)
1996 (Majority) def. Neil Kinnock (Labour), Don Foster (Liberal Democrats), David Trimble (Ulster Unionist), Alex Salmond (Scottish National)
1999 - 2005: Michael Portillo (Conservative)
2000 (Majority) def. John Prescott (Labour), Charles Kennedy (Liberal Democrats), David Trimble (Ulster Unionist), John Hume (Social Democratic Labour)
2005 - : Alistair Darling (Labour)
2005 (Liberal Democrat Confidence & Supply) def. Michael Portillo (Conservative), Charles Kennedy (Liberal Democrats), Robert Kilroy-Silk (Democratic Unionist), Mark Durkan (Social Democratic Labour), Ron Davies (Forward Alliance), Reg Empery (Ulster Unionist)

~~~

1993 - 1997: Donald Dewar (Labour)
1993 (Coalition with Liberal Democrats) def. Malcom Rifkind (Conservative), Alex Salmond (Scottish National), Jim Wallace (Liberal Democrats)
1997 - 2001: Alex Salmond (Scottish National)
1997 (Minority) def. Donald Dewar (Labour), Phil Gallie (Conservative), Jim Wallace (Liberal Democrats)
2001 - 2006: Henry McLeish (Labour)
2001 (Coalition with Liberal Democrats) def. Phil Gallie (Conservative), Alex Salmond (Scottish National), Jim Wallace (Liberal Democrats), John McAllion (Scottish Socialist Alliance)
2005 (Minority) def. Annabel Goldie (Conservative), John Swinney (Scottish National), John McAllion - Jeane Freeman (Scottish Left Alliance), Michael Moore (Liberal Democrats), Brian Monteith (Democratic Unionist)

2006 - : Wendy Alexander (Labour in coalition with Scottish National)
 
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Scots Wha Hae
Well this was bigger and a bit more crazy than expected. Just going to mention some things of interest/missed out;

Paddy Ashdown dies in 1995, when a youth manages to slash the artery in his throat. After a rather weird leadership election, Don Foster beats Menzies Campbell and goes on to keep the Liberal Democrat’s hand above water but experience a decline in Scotland. Charles Kennedy is an attempt to balance that out and they see gains across Britain in 2000.

Originally the Labour Prime Minister was firstly Peter Hain but he would be too friendly to the Lib Dem’s, Jack Straw seemed like a possibility but in the end I wanted someone Scottish to be Leader, Alistair Darling works well as he threads the needle of being a Moderniser and Scottish. Additionally his raise to the leadership can be explained as doing well in Kinnock’s cabinet etc.


Michael Howard resigns due to his personality and some bad council results and Portillo manages to easily outmanoeuvre the scandal and gaffe prone Prescott.

John McAllion is someone I’ve wanted to use for awhile, he’s an interesting character. I wanted someone to lead a more successful Scottish Socialist/Left Wing Party that wasn’t Tommy Sheridan who can be butterflied away/he’s arrested during a protest and slapped a harsh sentence under the Howard Government.

Ron Davies is one of those figures who I always feel like should have been the fella who launched a semi-successful Left Wing splinter ala George Galloway and RESPECT. Here Galloway does his ‘Straight Left’ thing he originally planned with Milne and Murray, whilst Davies builds up connections amongst the Left. If Davies’s cruising incidents occurred earlier in the 90s as a lower down Cabinet Minister he can probably rebuild his career and become a Left Folk Hero given he could easily turned it around if smart.

Additionally the Forward Alliance is based upon discussions that occurred between the SSP and Forward Wales/John Marek Party in OTL but actually successful etc.
 
The current list of Presidents in my United States of Earth Wikibox series

Americana Rex

1789 - 1793: General Benedict Arnold (Non-Partisan)
1788 def. Minister Gilbert du Motier (Non-Partisan), Minister John Adams (Non-Partisan), Governor George Clinton (Anti-Federalist)

1793 - XXXX: Vice President Gilbert du Motier (Non-Partisan)

1792 def. Senator Patrick Henry (Anti-Federalist), Fmr. Governor Charles C. Pinckney (Non-Partisan), Fmr. Minister John Adams (Non-Partisan), Pres. Benedict Arnold (Non-Partisan)
1796 def. Senator Aaron Burr (American Experiment), Justice Charles Lee (Federalist), Fmr. Secretary Thomas Jefferson (Yeoman), Fmr. Rep. James Warren (Anti-Federalist), Fmr. Secretary Alexander Hamilton (Federalist)
 
Standing here,
I realize
you were just like me
trying to make history.
But who's to judge

the right from wrong
When our guard is down
I think we'll both agree.
That violence breeds violence.
But in the end it has to be this way.



Political Career of Bernie Sanders

1981 - 1988: Mayor of Burlington - Independent
1981 (General Election) def: Gordon Paquette (Democrat), Richard Bove (Independent)
1983 (General Election) def: Judy Stephany (Democrat), James Gilson (Republican)
1985 (General Election) def: Brian D. Burns (Democrat), Diane Gallagher (Independent)
1987 (General Election) def: Paul Lafayette (Democrat)

1985 - 1986: Candidate for Governor of Vermont - Independent
1986 (General Election) def by: Madeleine M. Kunis (Democrat), Peter Smith (Republican)
1989 - 1995: U.S. Representative from Vermont - Independent
1988 (General Election) def: Peter Smith (Republican), Paul N. Poirier (Democrat)
1990 (General Election) def: Peter Smith (Republican)
1992 (General Election) def: Tim Philbin (Republican)

1995 - 2005: U.S. Senator from Vermont - Independent
1994 (Democratic Primary) def: Jan Backus, Douglas M. Costle
1994 (General Election) def: Jim Jeffords (Republican), Gavin T. Mills (We The People)
2000 (General Election) def: Jack McMullen (Republican)

2005 - 2009: President of the United States of America - Democrat
2004 (Democratic Primaries) def: Janet Reno, Evan Bayh, William Burns, Chaka Fattah
2004 (General Election) with Barbara Lee def: Donald Trump / Dan Quayle (Republican), Lincoln Chaffee / William Weld (Independent Republican)
2008 (Democratic Primaries) def: Lawrence Summers
2008 (General Election) with Barbara Lee def by: Donald Trump / Jim Webb (Republican)

2009 - 2013: Private Citizen, Activist
2013 - 2017: President of the United States of America - Democrat
2012 (Democratic Primaries) def: John F. Kennedy Jr., Naomi Wolf, Niki Tsongas
2012 (General Election) with Barack Obama def: Donald Trump / Jonn Reed (Republican), Ron Paul / Karen Kwiatkowski (Libertarian)

2017 - 2019: Private Citizen, Activist
2019 - 2021: U.S. Senator from Vermont - Democrat
2018 (Democratic Primary) def: Howard Dean
2018 (General Election) def: Randy Brock (Republican)

2021 - 20__: President of the United States of America - Democrat
2020 (Democratic Primaries) def: scattered
2020 (General Election) with John Fetterman def: Donald Trump / Steve Bannon (Republican)
2024 (Democratic Primaries) def: unopposed
2024 (General Election) with Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez def: Donald Trump / Donald Trump Jr. (Republican) disputed




Political Career of Donald Trump

1987 - 1988: Candidate for President of the United States of America -
Republican
1988 (Republican Primaries) def by: George H. W. Bush, Bob Dole, Pat Robertson
1989 - 1990: U.S. Representative from New York’s 31st district - Republican, Conservative, Right to Life
1988 (Republican Primary) def: unopposed
1988 (General Election) def:
David J. Swarts (Democrat)

1989 - 1990: Candidate for Governor of New York - Republican, Conservative
1990 (Republican Primary) def: Pierre Rinfret
1990 (General Election) with Herbert London def by:
Mario Cuomo / Stan Lundine (Democrat, Liberal)
1990 - 1994: Private Citizen, Businessman
1992 - 1992: Co-chair of
Ross Perot 1992 New York Campaign
1992 (General Election): Paul Tsongas / Al Gore (Democrat), George H. W. Bush (Republican), Ross Perot / John Silber (Independent)
1994 - 2001: Mayor of New York City - Republican, We The People, Liberal
1993 (Republican Primary): George J. Marlin
1993 (General Election): David Dinkins (Democrat)
1997 (Republican Primary): Eric Adams
1997 (General Election): Al Sharpton (Democrat)

2001 - 2005: President of the United States of America - Republican, We The People
2000 (Republican Primaries) def: George W. Bush, Elizabeth Dole
2000 (General Election) with Dan Quayle def: Bob Kerrey / Evan Bayh (Democrat)
2004 (Republican Primaries) def: Lincoln Chaffee
2004 (General Election) with Dan Quayle def: Bernie Sanders / Barbara Lee (Democrat), Lincoln Chaffee / William Weld (Independent Republican)

2005 - 2009: Private Citizen, Media Personality, Businessman, Author
2009 - 2013: President of the United States of America - Republican
2008 (Republican Primaries) def: Henry Bonilla, Susan Molinari
2008 (General Election) with Jim Webb def: Bernie Sanders / Barbara Lee (Democrat)
2012: Plaintiff in Donald Trump v United States (5 in favor 4 against)
2012 (Republican Primary) def: Ron Paul
2012 (General Election) with John Reed def: Bernie Sanders / Barack Obama (Democrat), Ron Paul / Karen Kwiatkowski (Libertarian)

2013 - 2013: Private Citizen, Media Personality, Businessman, Activist
2013 - 2017: U.S. Senator from Florida - Republican
2013 Special (Republican Primary) def: Charlie Crist
2013 Special (General Election) def: Pam Iorio (Democrat), Charlie Crist (Independent)

2017 - 2021: President of the United Stayes of America - Republican
2016 (Republican Primaries) def: William Weld
2016 (General Election) with Roy Moore def: Barack Obama / Marcy Kaptur (Democrat), Michael Bloomberg / David Petraeus (Independent)
2020 (Republican Primaries) def: unopposed
2020 (General Election) with Steve Bannon def by: Bernie Sanders / John Fetterman (Democrat)

2021 - 2023: Private Citizen, Media Personality, Businessman, Activist
2023 - 2025: U.S. Representative from Florida’s 21st district - Republican
2022 (Republican Primary) def: unopposed
2022 (General Election) def: Alcee Hastings (Democrat)

2023 - 2025: Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives - Republican
2023 def: Nina Turner (Democrat)
2025 - 20__: President of the United States of America - Republican
2024 (Republican Primaries) def: unopposed
2024 (General Election) with Donald Trump Jr. def: Bernie Sanders / Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (Democrat) disputed





Presidents of the United States of America

1989 - 1993: George H. W. Bush / Jack Kemp (Republican)
1988 def: Gary Hart / Dick Celeste (Democrat)
1993 - 1993: Paul Tsongas / Al Gore (Democrat)
1992 def: George H. W. Bush / Jack Kemp (Republican), Ross Perot / John Silber (Independent)
1993 - 2001: Al Gore / Bob Kerrey (Democrat)
1996 def: Bob Dole / Carroll Campbell (Republican), Ross Perot / Linda Smith (We The People)
2001 - 2005: Donald Trump / Dan Quayle (Republican, We The People)
2000 def: Bob Kerrey / Evan Bayh (Democrat)
2005 - 2009: Bernie Sanders / Barbara Lee (Democrat)
2004 def: Donald Trump / Dan Quayle (Republican), Lincoln Chaffe / William Weld (Independent Republican)
2009 - 2013: Donald Trump / Jim Webb (Republican)
2008 def: Bernie Sanders / Barbara Lee (Democrat)
2013 - 2017: Bernie Sanders / Barack Obama (Democrat)
2012 def: Donald Trump / John Reed (Republican)
2017 - 2021: Donald Trump / Roy Moore (Republican)
2016 def: Barack Obama / Marcy Kaptur (Democrat), Michael Bloomberg / David Petraeus (Independent)
2021 - 2025: Bernie Sanders / John Fetterman (Democrat)
2020 def: Donald Trump / Steve Bannon (Democrat)

2025 - disputed between Bernie Sanders / Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (Democrat) and Donald Trump / Donald Trump Jr. (Republican)
 
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Standing here,
I realize
you were just like me
trying to make history.
But who's to judge

the right from wrong
When our guard is down
I think we'll both agree.
That violence breeds violence.
But in the end it has to be this way.



Political Career of Bernie Sanders

1981 - 1988: Mayor of Burlington - Independent
1981 (General Election) def: Gordon Paquette (Democrat), Richard Bove (Independent)
1983 (General Election) def: Judy Stephany (Democrat), James Gilson (Republican)
1985 (General Election) def: Brian D. Burns (Democrat), Diane Gallagher (Independent)
1987 (General Election) def: Paul Lafayette (Democrat)

1985 - 1986: Candidate for Governor of Vermont - Independent
1986 (General Election) def by: Madeleine M. Kunis (Democrat), Peter Smith (Republican)
1989 - 1995: U.S. Representative from Vermont - Independent
1988 (General Election) def: Peter Smith (Republican), Paul N. Poirier (Democrat)
1990 (General Election) def: Peter Smith (Republican)
1992 (General Election) def: Tim Philbin (Republican)

1995 - 2005: U.S. Senator from Vermont - Independent
1994 (Democratic Primary) def: Jan Backus, Douglas M. Costle
1994 (General Election) def: Jim Jeffords (Republican), Gavin T. Mills (We The People)
2000 (General Election) def: Jack McMullen (Republican)

2005 - 2009: President of the United States of America - Democrat
2004 (Democratic Primaries) def: Janet Reno, Evan Bayh, William Burns, Chaka Fattah
2004 (General Election) with Barbara Lee def: Donald Trump / Dan Quayle (Republican), Lincoln Chaffee / William Weld (Independent Republican)
2008 (Democratic Primaries) def: Lawrence Summers
2008 (General Election) with Barbara Lee def by: Donald Trump / Jim Webb (Republican)

2009 - 2013: Private Citizen, Activist
2013 - 2017: President of the United States of America - Democrat
2012 (Democratic Primaries) def: John F. Kennedy Jr., Naomi Wolf, Niki Tsongas
2012 (General Election) with Barack Obama def: Donald Trump / Jonn Reed (Republican), Ron Paul / Karen Kwiatkowski (Libertarian)

2017 - 2019: Private Citizen, Activist
2019 - 2021: U.S. Senator from Vermont - Democrat
2018 (Democratic Primary) def: Howard Dean
2018 (General Election) def: Randy Brock (Republican)

2021 - 20__: President of the United States of America - Democrat
2020 (Democratic Primaries) def: scattered
2020 (General Election) with John Fetterman def: Donald Trump / Steve Bannon (Republican)
2024 (Democratic Primaries) def: unopposed
2024 (General Election) with Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez def: Donald Trump / Donald Trump Jr. (Republican) disputed




Political Career of Donald Trump

1987 - 1988: Candidate for President of the United States of America -
Republican
1988 (Republican Primaries) def by: George H. W. Bush, Bob Dole, Pat Robertson
1989 - 1990: U.S. Representative from New York’s 31st district - Republican, Conservative, Right to Life
1988 (Republican Primary) def: unopposed
1988 (General Election) def:
David J. Swarts (Democrat)

1989 - 1990: Candidate for Governor of New York - Republican, Conservative
1990 (Republican Primary) def: Pierre Rinfret
1990 (General Election) with Herbert London def by:
Mario Cuomo / Stan Lundine (Democrat, Liberal)
1990 - 1994: Private Citizen, Businessman
1992 - 1992: Co-chair of
Ross Perot 1992 New York Campaign
1992 (General Election): Paul Tsongas / Al Gore (Democrat), George H. W. Bush (Republican), Ross Perot / John Silber (Independent)
1994 - 2001: Mayor of New York City - Republican, We The People, Liberal
1993 (Republican Primary): George J. Marlin
1993 (General Election): David Dinkins (Democrat)
1997 (Republican Primary): Eric Adams
1997 (General Election): Al Sharpton (Democrat)

2001 - 2005: President of the United States of America - Republican, We The People
2000 (Republican Primaries) def: George W. Bush, Elizabeth Dole
2000 (General Election) with Dan Quayle def: Bob Kerrey / Evan Bayh (Democrat)
2004 (Republican Primaries) def: Lincoln Chaffee
2004 (General Election) with Dan Quayle def: Bernie Sanders / Barbara Lee (Democrat), Lincoln Chaffee / William Weld (Independent Republican)

2005 - 2009: Private Citizen, Media Personality, Businessman, Author
2009 - 2013: President of the United States of America - Republican
2008 (Republican Primaries) def: Henry Bonilla, Susan Molinari
2008 (General Election) with Jim Webb def: Bernie Sanders / Barbara Lee (Democrat)
2012: Plaintiff in Donald Trump v United States (5 in favor 4 against)
2012 (Republican Primary) def: Ron Paul
2012 (General Election) with John Reed def: Bernie Sanders / Barack Obama (Democrat), Ron Paul / Karen Kwiatkowski (Libertarian)

2013 - 2013: Private Citizen, Media Personality, Businessman, Activist
2013 - 2017: U.S. Senator from Florida - Republican
2013 Special (Republican Primary) def: Charlie Crist
2013 Special (General Election) def: Pam Iorio (Democrat), Charlie Crist (Independent)

2017 - 2021: President of the United Stayes of America - Republican
2016 (Republican Primaries) def: William Weld
2016 (General Election) with Roy Moore def: Barack Obama / Marcy Kaptur (Democrat), Michael Bloomberg / David Petraeus (Independent)
2020 (Republican Primaries) def: unopposed
2020 (General Election) with Steve Bannon def by: Bernie Sanders / John Fetterman (Democrat)

2021 - 2023: Private Citizen, Media Personality, Businessman, Activist
2023 - 2025: U.S. Representative from Florida’s 21st district - Republican
2022 (Republican Primary) def: unopposed
2022 (General Election) def: Alcee Hastings (Democrat)

2023 - 2025: Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives - Republican
2023 def: Nina Turner (Democrat)
2025 - 20__: President of the United States of America - Republican
2024 (Republican Primaries) def: unopposed
2024 (General Election) with Donald Trump Jr. def: Bernie Sanders / Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (Democrat) disputed





Presidents of the United States of America

1989 - 1993: George H. W. Bush / Jack Kemp (Republican)
1988 def: Gary Hart / Dick Celeste (Democrat)
1993 - 1993: Paul Tsongas / Al Gore (Democrat)
1992 def: George H. W. Bush / Jack Kemp (Republican), Ross Perot / John Silber (Independent)
1993 - 2001: Al Gore / Bob Kerrey (Democrat)
1996 def: Bob Dole / Carroll Campbell (Republican), Ross Perot / Linda Smith (We The People)
2001 - 2005: Donald Trump / Dan Quayle (Republican, We The People)
2000 def: Bob Kerrey / Evan Bayh (Democrat)
2005 - 2009: Bernie Sanders / Barbara Lee (Democrat)
2004 def: Donald Trump / Dan Quayle (Republican), Lincoln Chaffe / William Weld (Independent Republican)
2009 - 2013: Donald Trump / Jim Webb (Republican)
2008 def: Bernie Sanders / Barbara Lee (Democrat)
2013 - 2017: Bernie Sanders / Barack Obama (Democrat)
2012 def: Donald Trump / John Reed (Republican)
2017 - 2021: Donald Trump / Roy Moore (Republican)
2016 def: Barack Obama / Marcy Kaptur (Democrat), Michael Bloomberg / David Petraeus (Independent)
2021 - 2025: Bernie Sanders / John Fetterman (Democrat)
2020 def: Donald Trump / Steve Bannon (Democrat)

2025 - disputed between Bernie Sanders / Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (Democrat) and Donald Trump / Donald Trump Jr. (Republican)
not sure what to think
 
For Europe Day today, I thought I would do a suitably-themed list.

The Prodigal Daughter
Boris Johnson (Conservative) 2019-2027
2019 (maj.): def. Jeremy Corbyn (Labour), Nicola Sturgeon (SNP), Jo Swinson (Liberal Democrat)
- Britain leaves European Union 2020 -
2024 (maj.): def. Wes Streeting (Labour), Nicola Sturgeon (SNP), Ed Davey (Liberal Democrat)
2027 Northern Ireland Border Poll: 51.1% United Ireland - 47.9% Stay in the United Kingdom

Liz Truss (Conservative) 2027-2029
- Northern Ireland joins Ireland 2029 -
Lisa Nandy (Labour) 2029-2041
2029 (maj.): def. Liz Truss (Conservative), Humza Yousaf (SNP), Layla Moran (Liberal Democrat)
- Britain enters European Free Trade Association 2031 -
2034 (maj.): def. Oliver Dowden (Conservative), Layla Moran (Liberal Democrat), Humza Yousaf (SNP)
2039 (maj.): def. Claire Coutinho (Conservative), Layla Moran (Liberal Democrat), Kate Forbes (SNP)

James Murray (Labour) 2041-2043
Gary Sambrook (Conservative) 2043-2050
2043 (maj.): def. James Murray (Labour), Tara Copeland (Liberal Democrat), Kate Forbes (SNP)
2047 (maj.): def. Jeanie Gardiner (Labour), Tara Copeland (Liberal Democrat)

Lucia Ramsey (Conservative) 2050-2052
- EFTA Treaty of Oslo 2052 -
Ivan Hartell (Labour) 2052-2058
2052 (coal. with LD): def. Lucia Ramsey (Conservative), Edmund Tupper (Liberal Democrat), Richard Tuft (Anti-Federalist), Arushi Logan (Volt)
2057 (maj.): def. David Oliver (Conservative), Edmund Tupper (Liberal Democrat)
2058 Monarchy Referendum: Republic 54.8% - Monarchy 45.2%

Andrea McKellar (Labour) 2058-2065
- Britain becomes a republic 2060 -
2062 (maj.): def. David Oliver (Conservative), Liv Attaway (Liberal Democrat)

Alex Bennett (Labour) 2065-2067
Zach Lovell (Conservative) 2067-2069
2067 (min.): def. Alex Bennett (Labour), Liv Attaway (Liberal Democrat)
Alex Bennett (Labour) 2069-2074
2069 (maj.): def. Zach Lovell (Conservative), Liv Attaway (Liberal Democrat)
2071 European Union referendum: 61% Yes - 39% No

Zach Lovell (Conservative) 2074-2077
2074 (maj.): def. Alex Bennett (Labour), Mike Paddon (Liberal Democrat)
- 2076, government becomes minority -
Alex Bennett (Labour) 2077-2079
2077 (maj.): def. Zach Lovell (Conservative), Mike Paddon and Abilene Toller (Liberal Democrat/People's Voice Alliance)
Nic Wheeler (Labour) 2079-2087
- Britain enters European Union 2079 -
2080 (maj.): def. Iz North (Conservative), Esmée Case and Abilene Toller (Liberal Democrat/People's Voice Alliance)
2085 (maj.): def. Lexie Fisher (Conservative), Kiki Hepburn (People's Liberal)

Kaveri Lee (Labour) 2087-2089
Avalon Wyatt (Conservative) 2089-????
2089 (coal. with PL): def. Kaveri Lee (Labour), Kiki Hepburn (People's Liberal)
- Treaty of Luxembourg drafted 2091 -
2093 (maj.): def. Leone Benson (Labour), Kiki Hepburn (People's Liberal), Fay Jarrett (Sovereignty)
2094 European Federation referendum: 52.3% Yes - 47.7% No
2097 (maj.): def. Rosie Toft (Labour), Linden Carter (People's Liberal), Fay Jarrett (Sovereignty)

- Britain enters European Federation 2100 -

It took a long period of pain, of awkwardness, of long nights of negotiations, of a Tory PM who fixated upon the idea as their capital-P Project to modernise the party, hell, of the pound finally giving out in 2094 just before the referendum, but finally, Britain joined a federated Europe.

The Sovereignty Party may bleat as they will, but by the time Britain joined the EF, it was barely a significant power, even if one much improved from its "Sick Man of Europe" days of the 2020s, and it was clear to everyone that Britain's economic interest was via fully going Europe.

As Avalon Wyatt, the country's first non-binary PM (no, Alex Bennett doesn't count) stands triumphant, having successfully modernised the party anew as one of a shaky developmentalist consensus, the latest heating-up of 'property-owning democracy' and 'levelling up', and finally ushered Britain fully into the European Federation after yet more negotiations (every single process needs those, apparently), people murmur, will they ever step down?

Who knows. Labour would like that, the PLP would (they're still sore over 2093), but especially Sovereignty would like it. Will Wyatt be brought down, or has Britain discovered its newest Robert Walpole? And of course, there's the whole issue of, ah, Britain now being a European State.

President Amanda George will of course represent Britain in the council of presidents, but there's this new dynamic. It'll take time to get used to.

But ah well. Can't be worse than the last century, can it?
 
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Nice! Lovely to see a distant future thing. What do you mean by "this new dynamic" - the council of presidents - or is there other things on your mind?
The European Federation is a proper state, full federalism, and that has implications on Britain. That's basically what I meant really.

The council of presidents is the merged head of state and upper chamber, made out of heads of state of the states (or appointed representatives on behalf of monarchies). Or something. Not sure.

Thanks and I'm glad you liked it.
 
SOCIALISM WITH INDONESIAN CHARACTERISTICS

Presidents of the Republic of Indonesia:
1945-1972: Soekarno (Independent)*
1972-1974: Soebandrio (Independent)
1974-1993: Dipi Nusantara Aidit (Communist)*
1993-1994: Sobron Aidit (Communist)
1994-2002: Batara Simatupang (Communist)
2002-2010: Erman Soeparno (Communist)
2010-pres: Rebekah Proletariyati (Communist)


*Died in office

POD: Soekarno listens to his western doctors and gets his infected kidney removed. Healthier and more conscious, he's able to rally behind the PKI (Communist Party) and thwart the influence of western-aligned elements in the military. By the time of his death, Indonesian politics has become firmly leftist in nature, allowing the pro-Chinese Foreign Minister/Deputy Prime Minister Soebandrio to succeed him after his death. Following a series of wide-reaching land and army reforms which sees the PKI cement their influence over the nation, Soebandrio agrees to give power to the head of the legislature and the PKI, D.N. Aidit. Now the de jure head of the nation, Aidit manages to purge the PKI of its "Trotskyite" influences under Oloan Hutapea, a critic of the party's co-opting of private markets and religious messaging.

Abroad, Mao is unable to rally support behind his Cultural Revolution, as the CCP is less afraid of being purged of hidden "rightist" elements, as our PKI was. Following the political reforms of Liu Shaoqi and the healing of the Sino-Soviet Split, the Communist Bloc has become much more united, though rivalries still exist between China and the communist nations of Indochina/Indonesia itself. Opposition toward communist Indonesia also exists in the form of political exiles, ethnic rebel groups, and western intelligence agencies. Despite this, Aidit continues his march towards progress with massive programs in cultural education, health, and nuclear weapons development.

Following his death after a reign of thirty years, he is succeeded by his brother as a placeholder, Simatupang who enacts a series of labor-oriented policies, Soeparno who expands ties between the party and corporate/religious groups, and Proletariyati who begins an era of "new diplomacy" expanding Indonesia's soft influence across the world. The nation isn't perfect with corruption endemic within the ruling Popular Front, politicians raising fears of moral deviancy, and sweatshop workers being paid in pennies by international corporations, but the people remain hopeful that the future will be brighter than ever.
 
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As is my wont, I'm crossposting my entry from the last list challenge. This month's challenge is themed around The Workers, and there's still a week and a half left to enter! (Link in my sig).

Iraq And A Hard Place
2005-2012: Ken Clarke (Conservative)
def 2005: (Majority) Tony Blair (Labour), Charles Kennedy (Liberal Democrats), Alex Salmond (SNP), George Galloway (Respect), Ieuan Wyn Jones (Plaid Cymru)
def 2010: (Minority with de facto Respect support) Gordon Brown (Labour), Norman Baker (Liberal Democrats), Lindsey German (Respect), Alex Salmond (SNP), Ieuan Wyn Jones (Plaid Cymru), Nigel Farage (UKIP), Caroline Lucas (Green)

2011-2019: Jack Straw (Labour)
def 2011: (Majority) Ken Clarke (Conservative), Alex Salmond (SNP), Lindsey German, Norman Baker, and Natalie Bennett (People Power Coalition--Liberal Democrats, Green, Respect), Paul Nuttall (UKIP), Simon Thomas (Plaid Cymru)
def 2016: (Majority) David Davis (Conservative), Alex Salmond (SNP), collective leadership [de facto Lindsey German] (People Power), Patrick O'Flynn (UKIP), Rhun ap Iorweth (Cymru)

2019-2021: Tom Watson (Labour working under "Rose Garden Agreement" with UKIP and SNP)
2020 Scottish Independence Referendum: cancelled due to pandemic; estimated 53% YES, 47% NO
2021-xxxx: Richard Bacon (Conservative)
def 2021: (Coalition with People Power) Tom Watson (Labour), Alex Salmond (SNP), collective leadership [de facto contested between Layla Moran, Daz Nez, and Anas Altikriti] (People Power), Patrick O'Flynn (UKIP), Rhun ap Iorweth (Cymru), Douglas Carswell (Democracy Coalition)

Five Phrases To: Understand British Politics With!

1. Clarkemania
As youth icons go, a 81-year-old former director of British American Tobacco seems an unlikely candidate. Yet former Prime Minister Ken Clarke has been unironically embraced by a vaste trache of young Netizens.

In fairness, it isn't the first time Clarke has garnered teenager support. His victory in 2005 is often attributed to a "youthquake" of younger voters not wanting to participate in the Iraq War, even if the actual polling numbers suggested a more uniform swing. The new era of Ken Clarke memes, however, comes from people who can barely remember his time in office, and whose support springs more from his vocal backbench activities supporting European integration. While "vapourwave" edits of his recent speeches, fanfic placing him in a torrid romance with Jack Straw, and legions of tweenage girls with profile pics of his face wearing a flower crown may appear like a sideshow to the real issues, many of these memers are effectively full-time canvassers online.

The digital realm is increasingly important for campaigning and activism, and with the blue-rinse exodus, the Conservative Party is in dire need of boots on the ground. There's a good chance that the skinny lads putting Night In Tunisia over a Metal Gear boss fight will be crucial to the Conservative's strategy next election--and might one day sit on the front bench.

2. NO2ID
When David Blunkett was preparing his agenda as Home Secretary, he jotted in the margin that he expected "some debate" over the ID cards policy. A decade later, we're still debating it--or are we?

While Ian Brown's by-election campaign under the NO2ID banner may have been a disappointment, his vocal opposition to the Identity Cards Act galvanised a wavering opposition to Straw after the end of the Iraq War--a legacy most visible in People Power's NO2ID Group, with its president, Ian Brown MP. "No to ID!" has become the ubiquitous campaign slogan of our times, visible at nearly every protest and a constant in graffiti. This is all despite--or perhaps because of--ID cards being a hideously unpopular political dead letter for several years, and one abolished promptly by the Conservatives once they took power.

NO2ID means much more, these days. Against the digital-economy titans, against heavy-handed anti-terrorist actions, against mandatory vaccination measures--in general, an opposition to all attempts to number and corral the British population by centralised powers, and a firm belief in the right to privacy and free speech. With mask mandates and social distancing to combat the Hubei Flu increasingly controversial among the public, the Met Police under scrutiny, and Linkedin's misuse of personal data, this movement can only grow.

3. Rose Garden Agreement
With a teetering government minority after mass defections, Tom Watson faced two options--call a fresh election and almost certainly lose, or tie his government to a grab-bag of minor parties that mostly hated each other. He tried for a third, which somehow worked out worse.

Intervention in Syria was the final straw for the SCG, and Straw's ham-handed tactics with them ended up forcing both he and them out of the party--one to the opposition, the other to the backbenches. Watson needed to fill seats or lose his, but a full coalition was clearly untenable. The informal agreement--hashed out, despite the name, indoors, and merely announced in the Rose Garden--was like a confidence-and-supply agreement, but not quote. Both parties were obligated to support the Budget, the SNP bills on the environment and Europe, and UKIP bills on defense and home affairs. In exchange, further European integration was officially halted, as was plain cigarette packaging, Holyrood would gain greater economic power, the planned enlargement of Trident was halted, and two referendums were scheduled for the next year.

The plan was without precedent, and quickly divided all the parties involved. More liberal elements in Labour chafed at the idea of working with UKIP, and Scottish Labour felt betrayed by collaboration with the SNP. On the opposition side, most of the UKIP right went into open revolt over the idea of supporting more government spending, and the SNP's left, feeling they'd been ripped off with tokens, grumbled relentlessly. The electoral fallout left all parties involved scarred, and unlikely to repeat the process--yet with the traditional left-right spectrum breaking down, and hung parliaments more and more common, it wouldn't be wise to rule out another ad-hoc deal.

4. "Leadership By Argument"
With defections on votes for climate bills, for medical bills, and for education bills, People Power seem like a party in disarray. The backbiting is so endless, you'd think their leadership contest never ended. You'd be right.

The collective leadership began, like most poorly-functioning things, as a compromise. While they shared a commitment to staying out of American wars on terror, the three parties had little other common ground, and there was a fear that one of the three would dominate--the Lib Dems with their greater number of parliamentary seats, Respect with their dedicated activist base, or the Greens with their large membership. The collective leadership was supposed to preserve the independence of all factions, by preventing centralisation. People Power spent seven years with no official leader. The leader they did not oficially have was Lindsey German.

A veteran of the anti-war movement, German's relatively light-touch approach to party disclipine allowed the party to digest mass Labour defections, but her retirement has left behind her a party in disarray. As it stands, People Power is split three ways between the environmentalist and socially liberal Word Transformed Campaign, the libertarian and anti-surveillance NO2ID Group, and the anti-interventionist and Muslim-dominated rump of Respect, with each faction rallying behind a preferred spokesman. The notion of People Power as a unified party is very shaky indeed.

5. The Intervention Struggle
Across the world, it seems like "left" and "right" are breaking down as definitions. What is it that divides politics? David Goodhart claims he's got the key--but first, let go of the economy.

With the fall of the Berlin Wall and the triumph of capitalism (so his argument goes), the class struggle also gave out, ended by the victory of the upper class. With common prosperity making "proletariat" and "capitalist" a meaningless division, the primary struggle in politics is now between the "interferers" and the "leave-aloners", those who accept orders from above and those who chafe at them. In this framework, parties are differentiated by how much they want to intervene--in the economy, in foreign countries, in the lives of their citizens--rather than what they want to do with that intervention.

Academics still debate the truth of these claims, highlighting other nations which haven't gone through this. Considering how the Conservatives have pivoted from being the party of the Falklands War, Section 28, and Orgreave to being the party of peace in Iraq, same-sex partnerships, and the Davis Enquiry, and Labour have gone from championing disarmament, the free press, and Windrush to championing Trident, the Media Standards Act, and border controls, it's possible Goodhart's onto something.

--Menshn: The Rundown, 9th October 2022​
 
Major Leaders of the World Circa. 1943​

The Great Concord
  • United States of America: President Millard Tydings | Vice President Joseph C. O'Mahoney (Democratic)
  • United Kingdom: King George VI (Windsor) | Prime Minister Albert V.Alexander (Labour)
  • The Third French Republic: President Michel Auguste Adolphe Landry (Independent) | Prime Minister Pierre Laval (National Rally)
  • Empire of Japan: Emperor Hirohito (Yamato) | Prime Minister Hitoshi Ashida (Rikken Seiyukai)
  • Second Hellenic Republic: President Nikolaos Plastiras (Liberal Party) | Prime Minister Georgios Papandreou (Liberal Party)
  • Republic of Czechoslovakia: President Edvard Beneš (Czech National Social Party) | Prime Minister Zdeněk Fierlinger (Czech Social Democratic Party)
The Great Concord was originally established in 1936 by the United Kingdom, France, Japan and the newly formed Second Hellenic Republic as a potential bulwark against the Internationals and the Pact of Iron. Czechoslovakia would join two years later after the May 38’ Border Crisis and America after the chaotic and fairly isolationist period of Douglass Buck and Floyd B. Olson in 1942 under new President Millard Tydings attempt to force America out of it long period of isolation in the aftermath the Great War.

Politically the Great Concord is represented mainly by Constitutional Democracies, with the United Kingdom, Second Hellenic Republic, Czechoslovakia and America currently represented by politicians from the Centre Left with Social Democratic or Social Liberal and Left Wing Internationalist perspectives to there policies. Japan is firmly under a Centre-Right Democratic Government coming out of a period of political turmoil and chaos (which included several coup attempts by Army officers) which lead to the banning of groups on the Extreme Left and Right. France is currently in a peculiar state, after a period of economic strife, political turmoil and a failed coup attempt by groups lead by Pierre Taittinger has lead to Prime Minister Pierre Laval creating a ‘Republican Centre’ party called National Rally, which is a seemingly syncretic party comprised of members from Left and Right of France’s political spectrum, that has been described as ‘Boulangist’ by some as political party’s and dissdents from Left and Right are finding themselves being arrested or exiled.

The Third International
  • Third International Bloc: General Secretary Heinrich Brandler (Communist Party of Germany)
  • People's Republic of Germany: General Secretary Paul Levi (Communist Party of Germany) | Premier Max Levien (Communist Party of Germany)
  • People's Republic of Austria: General Secretary Otto Bauer (League of Democratic Socialists) | Premier Karl Steinhardt (Communist Party of Austria)
  • People's Republic of Hungry: General Secretary József Pogány (Hungarian Working People's Party) | Premier Árpád Szakasits (Hungarian Working People's Party)
  • Transcaucasian Soviet Republic: General Secretary Alexei Rykov (Russian Communist Party) | Premier Sergei Kirov (Russian Communist Party)
Initially founded in 1920 by the Central Revolutionary Committee, the Third International original tenants were Marxist-Leninism and Luxemburgism but as the Twenties shifted into the Thirties, and with the failure for the Soviet Union to successfully establish itself, the ideology over time has shifted. Still proclaiming itself to be based in Luxemburg’s philosophy, the actual practical application of this lacking.

Instead over the course of the Thirties and the split with the Italian Social Republic the Third International has become more of a isolationist One Party Social Democracy (for the most part) of sorts, though recent attempts by Heinrich Brandler to engage in internationalist ideals has caused the Third to embrace electorally successful Communist Parties in Finland and Denmark. The One Party aspect of the International has slipped in Austria, as the AustroMarxist faction, grating at being sidelined by the Austrian Communist establishment, formed there own political faction and found themselves making gains and controls of the Central Committee of the region in the 1935 election, with the Communist Party and League of Democratic Socialists swapping positions depending on elections.

The Transcaucasian Soviet Republic is the only member of the International not connected by landmass, being a rump state of the Soviet Union, formed from Caucasian SSR’s and Russian Territory around the city of Leningrad (formerly Tsaritsyn). Despite continuing to follow the Marxist-Leninist line instead of the Third’s Luxembergist line, the Transcaucasian Soviet Republic is firmly part of the Third International mainly due to needing someone to help conduct international diplomacy on it’s behalf due to the Russian Republic still claiming it as sovereign territory. Currently under Rykov attempting to continue his support for New Economic Program in an attempt to industrialise and modernise the nation with active support from the Third in its attempts.


The Fourth International
  • The Fourth International Bloc: Il Duce Edmondo Rossoni (United Proletarian League)
  • The Italian Social Republic: General Secretary Nicola Bombacci (United Proletarian League)
  • The Republic of Spain: Prime Minister Vicente Uribe Galdeano (United Proletariat Bloc) | General Secretary Eusebio Rodríguez Salas (United Proletariat Bloc)
  • The Republic of Mexico: President Abelardo L. Rodríguez (National Revolutionary Party) | General Secretary Tomás Garrido Canabal (National Revolutionary Party)
Formed in 1935, the Fourth has proclaimed itself to follow a ‘Marxist-Sorelist’ line of National Syndicalist thought, primarily concocted by Rossoni and Bombacci it proclaims a heady mix of Syndicalism, Nationalism and Atheistic Radicalism which appeals to certain portions of the world.

The Italian Social Republic formed the Fourth International following a falling out over the continued expansion of the Italian Empire under ‘Socialist Liberation’ and Bombacci’s purges of political opponents. Deciding to take a different tack to Berlin, the Fourth started appealing to Left Wing Nationalist groups and providing the resources, money and political education, the process has lead to mixed results.

Whilst several nations have become engaged in full on insurgencies and terrorist groups educated and financed by Rome, out of all there Fourth International groups, only there Spanish counterparts have actually managed to form a nation for themselves. Additionally the failure of these groups have delayed Rome’s continued expansion in the Mediterranean.

The Democratic Spanish Republic has only just come out of nearly a decade of revolution, coups and Civil War with the Proletarian Bloc being the main victors. But despite being able to form a government and control most of the country, the regions of Catalonia and Basque are still very much dealing with Anti-NatSynd insurgencies. Not helping matters is that the the Bloc has had almost consistent purges and having to deal with Portuguese troops engaging in border skirmishes. The likely hood of the nation lasting long, is unlikely.

The Republic of Mexico seems like a random member of the International, given how it borders America and is neutral on most international issues. Much of it can be dated back to Italian support for the Calles regime during the Cristero War, being one of the few to actively support Calles efforts, with equipment, troops and weapons making there way to the exhausted Mexican Army. In return, Calles and his successors would proclaim there support for Italian endeavours including joining the International, supported by the more Radical Left Wing members of the National Revolutionary Party (like Tomás Garrido Canabal and his Red Shirts faction). Despite being part of the Fourth International apart from it’s Anti-Clerical nature and incorporation of Labour into Government matters, Mexico particularly under President Abelardo L. Rodríguez is more of a Technocratic Corporatist state if anything and American overtures in recent years seem to make the possibility of disaffiliating from the Fourth a reality in the near future.


The Pact of Iron
  • Russian Republic: President Vladimir D. Nabokov (Kadet) | Prime Minister Lavr Kornilov (Independent leading 'Solidarity Bloc')
  • Republic of China: Premier Wang Jingwei (Kuomintang) | General Secretary Li Jishen (Kuomintang)
  • Kingdom of Yugoslavia: King Alexander I (Karađorđević) | Prime Minister Milan Stojadinović (Yugoslav Radical Union)
  • Tsardom of Bulgaria: Tsar Boris III (Saxe-Coburg & Gotha-Koháry) | Prime Minister Damyan Velchev (National Union)
  • Kingdom of Greece: King Alexander I (Glücksburg) | Prime Minister Ioannis Rallis (National Democratic Party)
Formed in 1930, following the aftermath of Russia’s intervention against Japanese forces in Manchuria and the Russo-Chinese Pact of that year, the Pact of Iron combines said Pact with Russia’s attempt some to create a so called Pan-Slavic alliance against ‘Bolshevism and Militarists’. Given how most of the nations involved are now controlled by military juntas or military supported regimes, the second one seems ironic.

The Russian Republic survived the Civil War but dealing with a shell shocked nation overcoming a World War followed by a Civil War provided to Ben difficult for the nascent Democracy. Whilst attempts to keep democracy alive by the Kadets and Socialists Revolutionaries have allowed the structures of democracy to still exist, much of the government has been captured by interests of Industry and Military in recent years. The Presidency of Nabokov has attempted to reestablish control and his appointment of Lavr Kornilov as Prime Minister is an attempt to use his star power and seeming pro-democratic leanings to force Russian Democracy to re-emerge and deal with corruption.

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Tsardom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Greece all share similar forms of governments, autocratic monarchs supported by military juntas and political yes men is the way to go for them. Each one has been experiencing it’s own turmoil though as Yugoslavia is dealing with Croatian forces supported from Rome, Bulgaria’s Tsar is sickly due to a heart condition and gives over more power to the military each day and the Greek Kingdom is one more Republican offensive away from collapsing entirely, indeed King Alexander has already fled to Corfu to escape terrorist plots. Mainly the Pact is kept together through fear of Italian invasions particularly in the aftermath of Albania’s occupation several months ago.

China is an odd addition to the Pact, with the Republic being primarily ran by members from the Left Kuomintang who supposedly take more Socialistic, Left Wing stances on Chinese liberation. Whether the Republic actually lives up to this varies on the perspective but with Japan spending much of the Thirties saver rattling and engaging in battles with Chinese and Russian forces, Jingwei decided that being friendly with Russia under a seemingly Progressive Democratic Government made more sense than kowtowing to Japan. Indeed Jingwei has used to remaining time to crush any Pro-Japanese warlords and preparing China for possible hostilities in times to come.


The Intermarium
  • Second Republic of Poland: President Wladyslaw Sikorski (Independent) | Prime Minister Stanisław Mikołajczyk (Centrolew)
  • Republic of Latvia: President Marģers Skujenieks (Camp of National Unity) | Speaker Jānis Balodis (Camp of National Unity)
  • Republic of Estonia: State Elder Johan Laidoner (National Centre Party) | Chairman Kaarel Eenpalu (National Centre Party)
  • Republic of Lithuania: President Ernestas Galvanauskas (Peasants Union) | Prime Minister Leonas Bistras (Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party)
  • People’s Republic of Ukraine: Director Symon Petliura (Ukrainian Socialist National Party)
Originally attempted by Piłsudski during his Sanatation regime as an attempt organise a bloc of influence outside of the Third International and the Russian Republic (and rebuild the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), the ball would actually start rolling after his death in 1935 and the ‘May Coup’ in 37’ which lead to the beginnings of the return of Polish Democracy. A bulwark between Communism and Corrupt Democracy of Russia, the Intermarium is a rather random bunch of people.

The Second Polish Republic and the Republic of Lithuania are the only two actually democratic nations of the alliance, as coups by Pro-Democracy forces would lead to the return of democracy in both nations. Both have rather Centrist democracy’s, Poland’s leans Leftward whilst Lithuania is Rightward. Both are shakily coming back from the authoritarian regimes of the past couple decades, less can be said for there other allies.

In reaction to the growing groups on Right and Left in the aftermath of the economic downturn at the start of the Thirties and general government instability, Estonia and Latvia would fall to Coups and become dominated by Government compromised of Authoritarian Centrist Corporatist Juntas often dubbed as being ‘Kemalist’ in nature, there mainly contained within the alliance due to fears of economic stagnation and Russian invasion. There not fond of Poland and Lithuania’s returns to democracy though and are trying to undermine it wherever they can.

Ukraine started out as being an attempt at a Social Democracy and much of it’s early Democratic Politics was various groups on the Left trying to build a successful Left Wing Democracy, but several failed coup attempts, a stagnant economy and fears of Russian invasion in the early 30s has lead to the domination of Symon Petliura as Director of Ukraine. Whilst still seemingly committed to Socialism, Democracy and Modernisation, the nation has engaged in more autocratic measures in recent years particularly with the arrests of dissidents, Jews and intellectuals and the creation of a Upper House dominated by allies of Petliura which is the effective government of the country.

World Building for a novel I plan to write in November, I could have also done a number of sections on alliances in South America, Asia and Africa as well as Commonwealth leaders but this was already long enough and diverting away from the point as is. Formatting inspired by @Meppo
 
Major Leaders of the World Circa. 1943​

The Great Concord
  • United States of America: President Millard Tydings | Vice President Joseph C. O'Mahoney (Democratic)
  • United Kingdom: King George VI (Windsor) | Prime Minister Albert V.Alexander (Labour)
  • The Third French Republic: President Michel Auguste Adolphe Landry (Independent) | Prime Minister Pierre Laval (National Rally)
  • Empire of Japan: Emperor Hirohito (Yamato) | Prime Minister Hitoshi Ashida (Rikken Seiyukai)
  • Second Hellenic Republic: President Nikolaos Plastiras (Liberal Party) | Prime Minister Georgios Papandreou (Liberal Party)
  • Republic of Czechoslovakia: President Edvard Beneš (Czech National Social Party) | Prime Minister Zdeněk Fierlinger (Czech Social Democratic Party)
The Great Concord was originally established in 1936 by the United Kingdom, France, Japan and the newly formed Second Hellenic Republic as a potential bulwark against the Internationals and the Pact of Iron. Czechoslovakia would join two years later after the May 38’ Border Crisis and America after the chaotic and fairly isolationist period of Douglass Buck and Floyd B. Olson in 1942 under new President Millard Tydings attempt to force America out of it long period of isolation in the aftermath the Great War.

Politically the Great Concord is represented mainly by Constitutional Democracies, with the United Kingdom, Second Hellenic Republic, Czechoslovakia and America currently represented by politicians from the Centre Left with Social Democratic or Social Liberal and Left Wing Internationalist perspectives to there policies. Japan is firmly under a Centre-Right Democratic Government coming out of a period of political turmoil and chaos (which included several coup attempts by Army officers) which lead to the banning of groups on the Extreme Left and Right. France is currently in a peculiar state, after a period of economic strife, political turmoil and a failed coup attempt by groups lead by Pierre Taittinger has lead to Prime Minister Pierre Laval creating a ‘Republican Centre’ party called National Rally, which is a seemingly syncretic party comprised of members from Left and Right of France’s political spectrum, that has been described as ‘Boulangist’ by some as political party’s and dissdents from Left and Right are finding themselves being arrested or exiled.

The Third International
  • Third International Bloc: General Secretary Heinrich Brandler (Communist Party of Germany)
  • People's Republic of Germany: General Secretary Paul Levi (Communist Party of Germany) | Premier Max Levien (Communist Party of Germany)
  • People's Republic of Austria: General Secretary Otto Bauer (League of Democratic Socialists) | Premier Karl Steinhardt (Communist Party of Austria)
  • People's Republic of Hungry: General Secretary József Pogány (Hungarian Working People's Party) | Premier Árpád Szakasits (Hungarian Working People's Party)
  • Transcaucasian Soviet Republic: General Secretary Alexei Rykov (Russian Communist Party) | Premier Sergei Kirov (Russian Communist Party)
Initially founded in 1920 by the Central Revolutionary Committee, the Third International original tenants were Marxist-Leninism and Luxemburgism but as the Twenties shifted into the Thirties, and with the failure for the Soviet Union to successfully establish itself, the ideology over time has shifted. Still proclaiming itself to be based in Luxemburg’s philosophy, the actual practical application of this lacking.

Instead over the course of the Thirties and the split with the Italian Social Republic the Third International has become more of a isolationist One Party Social Democracy (for the most part) of sorts, though recent attempts by Heinrich Brandler to engage in internationalist ideals has caused the Third to embrace electorally successful Communist Parties in Finland and Denmark. The One Party aspect of the International has slipped in Austria, as the AustroMarxist faction, grating at being sidelined by the Austrian Communist establishment, formed there own political faction and found themselves making gains and controls of the Central Committee of the region in the 1935 election, with the Communist Party and League of Democratic Socialists swapping positions depending on elections.

The Transcaucasian Soviet Republic is the only member of the International not connected by landmass, being a rump state of the Soviet Union, formed from Caucasian SSR’s and Russian Territory around the city of Leningrad (formerly Tsaritsyn). Despite continuing to follow the Marxist-Leninist line instead of the Third’s Luxembergist line, the Transcaucasian Soviet Republic is firmly part of the Third International mainly due to needing someone to help conduct international diplomacy on it’s behalf due to the Russian Republic still claiming it as sovereign territory. Currently under Rykov attempting to continue his support for New Economic Program in an attempt to industrialise and modernise the nation with active support from the Third in its attempts.


The Fourth International
  • The Fourth International Bloc: Il Duce Edmondo Rossoni (United Proletarian League)
  • The Italian Social Republic: General Secretary Nicola Bombacci (United Proletarian League)
  • The Republic of Spain: Prime Minister Vicente Uribe Galdeano (United Proletariat Bloc) | General Secretary Eusebio Rodríguez Salas (United Proletariat Bloc)
  • The Republic of Mexico: President Abelardo L. Rodríguez (National Revolutionary Party) | General Secretary Tomás Garrido Canabal (National Revolutionary Party)
Formed in 1935, the Fourth has proclaimed itself to follow a ‘Marxist-Sorelist’ line of National Syndicalist thought, primarily concocted by Rossoni and Bombacci it proclaims a heady mix of Syndicalism, Nationalism and Atheistic Radicalism which appeals to certain portions of the world.

The Italian Social Republic formed the Fourth International following a falling out over the continued expansion of the Italian Empire under ‘Socialist Liberation’ and Bombacci’s purges of political opponents. Deciding to take a different tack to Berlin, the Fourth started appealing to Left Wing Nationalist groups and providing the resources, money and political education, the process has lead to mixed results.

Whilst several nations have become engaged in full on insurgencies and terrorist groups educated and financed by Rome, out of all there Fourth International groups, only there Spanish counterparts have actually managed to form a nation for themselves. Additionally the failure of these groups have delayed Rome’s continued expansion in the Mediterranean.

The Democratic Spanish Republic has only just come out of nearly a decade of revolution, coups and Civil War with the Proletarian Bloc being the main victors. But despite being able to form a government and control most of the country, the regions of Catalonia and Basque are still very much dealing with Anti-NatSynd insurgencies. Not helping matters is that the the Bloc has had almost consistent purges and having to deal with Portuguese troops engaging in border skirmishes. The likely hood of the nation lasting long, is unlikely.

The Republic of Mexico seems like a random member of the International, given how it borders America and is neutral on most international issues. Much of it can be dated back to Italian support for the Calles regime during the Cristero War, being one of the few to actively support Calles efforts, with equipment, troops and weapons making there way to the exhausted Mexican Army. In return, Calles and his successors would proclaim there support for Italian endeavours including joining the International, supported by the more Radical Left Wing members of the National Revolutionary Party (like Tomás Garrido Canabal and his Red Shirts faction). Despite being part of the Fourth International apart from it’s Anti-Clerical nature and incorporation of Labour into Government matters, Mexico particularly under President Abelardo L. Rodríguez is more of a Technocratic Corporatist state if anything and American overtures in recent years seem to make the possibility of disaffiliating from the Fourth a reality in the near future.


The Pact of Iron
  • Russian Republic: President Vladimir D. Nabokov (Kadet) | Prime Minister Lavr Kornilov (Independent leading 'Solidarity Bloc')
  • Republic of China: Premier Wang Jingwei (Kuomintang) | General Secretary Li Jishen (Kuomintang)
  • Kingdom of Yugoslavia: King Alexander I (Karađorđević) | Prime Minister Milan Stojadinović (Yugoslav Radical Union)
  • Tsardom of Bulgaria: Tsar Boris III (Saxe-Coburg & Gotha-Koháry) | Prime Minister Damyan Velchev (National Union)
  • Kingdom of Greece: King Alexander I (Glücksburg) | Prime Minister Ioannis Rallis (National Democratic Party)
Formed in 1930, following the aftermath of Russia’s intervention against Japanese forces in Manchuria and the Russo-Chinese Pact of that year, the Pact of Iron combines said Pact with Russia’s attempt some to create a so called Pan-Slavic alliance against ‘Bolshevism and Militarists’. Given how most of the nations involved are now controlled by military juntas or military supported regimes, the second one seems ironic.

The Russian Republic survived the Civil War but dealing with a shell shocked nation overcoming a World War followed by a Civil War provided to Ben difficult for the nascent Democracy. Whilst attempts to keep democracy alive by the Kadets and Socialists Revolutionaries have allowed the structures of democracy to still exist, much of the government has been captured by interests of Industry and Military in recent years. The Presidency of Nabokov has attempted to reestablish control and his appointment of Lavr Kornilov as Prime Minister is an attempt to use his star power and seeming pro-democratic leanings to force Russian Democracy to re-emerge and deal with corruption.

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Tsardom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Greece all share similar forms of governments, autocratic monarchs supported by military juntas and political yes men is the way to go for them. Each one has been experiencing it’s own turmoil though as Yugoslavia is dealing with Croatian forces supported from Rome, Bulgaria’s Tsar is sickly due to a heart condition and gives over more power to the military each day and the Greek Kingdom is one more Republican offensive away from collapsing entirely, indeed King Alexander has already fled to Corfu to escape terrorist plots. Mainly the Pact is kept together through fear of Italian invasions particularly in the aftermath of Albania’s occupation several months ago.

China is an odd addition to the Pact, with the Republic being primarily ran by members from the Left Kuomintang who supposedly take more Socialistic, Left Wing stances on Chinese liberation. Whether the Republic actually lives up to this varies on the perspective but with Japan spending much of the Thirties saver rattling and engaging in battles with Chinese and Russian forces, Jingwei decided that being friendly with Russia under a seemingly Progressive Democratic Government made more sense than kowtowing to Japan. Indeed Jingwei has used to remaining time to crush any Pro-Japanese warlords and preparing China for possible hostilities in times to come.


The Intermarium
  • Second Republic of Poland: President Wladyslaw Sikorski (Independent) | Prime Minister Stanisław Mikołajczyk (Centrolew)
  • Republic of Latvia: President Marģers Skujenieks (Camp of National Unity) | Speaker Jānis Balodis (Camp of National Unity)
  • Republic of Estonia: State Elder Johan Laidoner (National Centre Party) | Chairman Kaarel Eenpalu (National Centre Party)
  • Republic of Lithuania: President Ernestas Galvanauskas (Peasants Union) | Prime Minister Leonas Bistras (Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party)
  • People’s Republic of Ukraine: Director Symon Petliura (Ukrainian Socialist National Party)
Originally attempted by Piłsudski during his Sanatation regime as an attempt organise a bloc of influence outside of the Third International and the Russian Republic (and rebuild the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), the ball would actually start rolling after his death in 1935 and the ‘May Coup’ in 37’ which lead to the beginnings of the return of Polish Democracy. A bulwark between Communism and Corrupt Democracy of Russia, the Intermarium is a rather random bunch of people.

The Second Polish Republic and the Republic of Lithuania are the only two actually democratic nations of the alliance, as coups by Pro-Democracy forces would lead to the return of democracy in both nations. Both have rather Centrist democracy’s, Poland’s leans Leftward whilst Lithuania is Rightward. Both are shakily coming back from the authoritarian regimes of the past couple decades, less can be said for there other allies.

In reaction to the growing groups on Right and Left in the aftermath of the economic downturn at the start of the Thirties and general government instability, Estonia and Latvia would fall to Coups and become dominated by Government compromised of Authoritarian Centrist Corporatist Juntas often dubbed as being ‘Kemalist’ in nature, there mainly contained within the alliance due to fears of economic stagnation and Russian invasion. There not fond of Poland and Lithuania’s returns to democracy though and are trying to undermine it wherever they can.

Ukraine started out as being an attempt at a Social Democracy and much of it’s early Democratic Politics was various groups on the Left trying to build a successful Left Wing Democracy, but several failed coup attempts, a stagnant economy and fears of Russian invasion in the early 30s has lead to the domination of Symon Petliura as Director of Ukraine. Whilst still seemingly committed to Socialism, Democracy and Modernisation, the nation has engaged in more autocratic measures in recent years particularly with the arrests of dissidents, Jews and intellectuals and the creation of a Upper House dominated by allies of Petliura which is the effective government of the country.

World Building for a novel I plan to write in November, I could have also done a number of sections on alliances in South America, Asia and Africa as well as Commonwealth leaders but this was already long enough and diverting away from the point as is. Formatting inspired by @Meppo
Ohhh,very good.

Hard to see Hungary remain Communist though,the Romanian government wouldn't allow that.
 
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