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Lists of Heads of Government and Heads of State

Good Morning America: An Electoral Record of Joe Scarborough

1995-2009: Representative for Florida-1
2009-17: Class 3 senator for Florida
2017- : Vice President of the United States (under Mitt Romney)
 
This is a fun trend.

Electoral History of Cherie Blair (1983-2011)

1983: Labour, candidate for North Thanet
1983 defeated by: Roger Gale (Conservative), William MacMillan (SDP)
1985-2007: Labour, MP for Newcastle-under Lyme
1985 defeated: Alan Thomas (Liberal), James Nock (Conservative), David Sutch (Monster Raving Loony Party), John Gaskell (Independent), James Parker (Independent), David Brewster (Independent)
1987 defeated: Alan Thomas (Liberal), Peter Ridway (Conservative), Michael Nicklin (Ex-Labour Moderate)
1992 defeated: Andrew Brierly (Conservative), Alan Thomas (Liberal Democrats), Richard Lines (Natural Law)
1994 defeated: Andrew Brierly (Conservative), Alan Thomas (Liberal Democrats), Kim Suttle (Anti-Federalist League)
1998 defeated: Marcus Hayes (Conservative), Robin Studd (Liberal Democrats), Kim Suttle (AFL)
2002 defeated: Michael Flynn (Conservative), Jerry Roodhouse (Liberal Democrats), Paul Godfrey (AFL)

1998: Labour, candidate for Leader
1998 defeated by: George Robertson
2011: Named Baroness Blair of Burnley
 
Public and party offices held by William O. Douglas

1934-1937: Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission

1939-1944: Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
Confirmed by the Senate, 1939, 62-4

1945: Democratic, Vice President of the United States
Democratic vice-presidential nomination, 1944
First ballot
Henry A. Wallace: 366
William O. Douglas: 276
John H. Bankhead II: 222
Alben W. Barkley: 90
Scott W. Lucas: 62
Henry J. Kaiser: 32
Scattered: 128
Third ballot (after shifts)
William O. Douglas: 773
John H. Bankhead II: 391
Scattered: 12
General election, 1944
Franklin D. Roosevelt / William O. Douglas (Democratic): 52.5%, 413 EV
Thomas E. Dewey / John W. Bricker (Republican) 46.7%, 118 EV

1945-1949: Democratic, President of the United States
Democratic presidential nomination, 1948
First ballot
William O. Douglas: 840
James F. Byrnes: 346
Scattered: 39
General election, 1948
Douglas MacArthur / Raymond E. Baldwin (Republican) 47.8%, 269 EV
William O. Douglas / Francis J. Myers (Democratic) 47.2%, 212 EV
Benjamin Laney / Strom Thurmond (States’ Rights Democratic) 3.1%, 50 EV

1953-1969: Democratic, United States Senator from Washington

Blanket primary, 1952
Harry P. Cain (Republican), William O. Douglas (Democratic), Henry M. “Scoop” Jackson (Democratic), Carl V. Holman (Republican)
General election, 1952
William O. Douglas (Democratic) def. Harry P. Cain (Republican), Thomas C. Rabbitt (Pacifist—Bring Them Home)
Blanket primary, 1958
William O. Douglas (Democratic), William B. Bantz (Republican)
General election, 1958
William O. Douglas (Democratic) def. William B. Bantz (Republican), Archie Idso (Independent)
Blanket primary, 1964
Lloyd J. Andrews (Republican), William O. Douglas (Democratic), Henry M. “Scoop” Jackson (Democratic)
General election, 1964
William O. Douglas (Democratic) def. Lloyd J. Andrews (Republican)

1969-1971: Independent, United States Senator from Washington
General election, 1970
Slade Gorton (Republican) def. William O. Douglas (Independent), Brock Adams (Democratic), Norman Solomon (Pacifist—Shut Down Hanford), Bill Massey (Socialist Unity)

1972-1977: Citizens Party, National Committee member
Washington special gubernatorial election, 1974
Dixy Lee Ray (Independent) def. William O. Douglas (Citizens), Jack Metcalf (Independent Republican)
Citizens Party presidential primary, 1976
First count
Robert Drinan: 25.7%
Percy Sutton: 14.5%
LaDonna Harris: 11.3%
William O. Douglas: 6.5%
Others: 42%
Fourteenth count
Robert Drinan: 36.5%
LaDonna Harris: 28.2%
Percy Sutton: 16.3%
David McReynolds: 9.7%
William O. Douglas: 9.3%, eliminated

1978-1981: Independent, Honorary Mayor of Goose Prairie, Washington
Named unopposed, 1978

Already in the public eye as a fierce judicial defender of the New Deal, William O. Douglas found himself pulled into electoral politics when eccentric Vice President Henry A. Wallace fell out of favor during the waning days of Franklin Roosevelt's health. To appease the party bosses, who felt Wallace too radical and unreliable to succeed to the presidency, Roosevelt agreed to replace him on the ticket - eventually settling on either Douglas, who shared Wallace's politics but not his predilections for mystical woo-woo and Stalin, or Missouri senator Harry Truman. The latter declined for fear that his ties to the crooked Pendergast machine and his then-impolitic practice of employing his wife as a congressional aide would drag down the ticket, so Douglas it was.

FDR's death shortly after inauguration left Douglas in charge of his legacy. He would later look back proudly upon his creation of a stable peace in Europe (with a neutral, disarmed Germany at its center), his free education and health care for veterans, his desegregation of the federal government, his watering down of the anti-labor Taft-Hartley Act, and his support for unions during the postwar strike wave, which placed the CIO in a strong bargaining position for years to come. However, one of his first acts as president - the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan - would dog him for the rest of his life. Biographers have interpreted the rest of his long and unusual career as an extended form of penance.

After losing the 1948 election narrowly to the bellicose anti-communist General MacArthur, who decried "appeasement" in Asia and "treachery" at home, Douglas briefly returned to private practice, notably defending alleged spy Alger Hiss in court. However, MacArthur's dramatic escalation of the conflict in China, culminating in the shockingly one-sided Three Day War with the Soviet Union in 1951, spurred him to return to politics: privately, he considered himself partially culpable for the nuclear carnage. He ran for the open Senate seat in Washington, having been informed that he could never again win the presidential nomination (he only survived in 1948 thanks to the Roosevelt family's grudging support; James had considered running against him, but left the Southerners to fire a "warning shot" instead). The new president's warrior aura had faded by the 1952 election with chaos succeeding Communism overseas and extended labor unrest at home, and Douglas defeated both "MacArthur Democrat" Scoop Jackson and incumbent Republican Harry Cain. He was the first former President to enter the legislature since Andrew Johnson and only the second after Taft to serve in all three branches of government.

As a Senator, Douglas was initially known as an ally of the CIO in their brutal jurisdictional battles with the AFL and the government. By the end of the 50s, however, he had become a prominent environmentalist and an internal critic of the new American hegemon. Breaking with the stultifying National Consensus on foreign policy, he criticized the paternalistic violence with which the USA, under the flimsy mask of the United Nations, governed the planet - no matter how many votes it cost him in the home of Boeing. In the late 1960s, with American troops fighting on three continents and a peace movement fermenting across the country, Douglas traveled to Yokohama to publicly apologize for the bombing and for his support of Japanese-American internment. (Several of his ex-wives observed to the papers that it was the first time he'd apologized for anything in his life.)

A few months later, with rumors swirling that President Kennedy was personally recruiting candidates to challenge him in the primaries, he left the Democratic Party. His loss to a conservative state senator several decades his junior ended his legislative career, although not for lack of trying. Douglas's most lasting achievements in Congress had been the great Wilderness Acts, and he was naturally one of the first defectors to the green, pacifist, and generally alt Citizens' Party when it formed in 1972 out of several smaller organizations. His candidacy in the 1974 gubernatorial special election was one of the party's highest profile efforts that year. It only became more so when the National Consensus parties united behind his opponent, the bluntly pro-development scientist Dixy Lee Ray. After a very dirty campaign, Ray would prevail, leaving Douglas and GOP dissident Jack Metcalf squabbling about who spoiled the other's chances.

By this point, Douglas's behavior was becoming erratic and his always privately acerbic personality was beginning to show through in public. His venomous personal attacks against Ray were considered by many in the Citizens' Party to have cost them a winnable election, and his salacious private life had begun to alienate the party's leading feminists. Members still appreciated his ideological input on the National Committee - his book Trees Have Standing, arguing eloquently in favor of legal representation for ecosystems, was a bestseller - but began to ease him out of public roles. Against the advice of his friends, he entered the party's 1976 presidential primary, received a remarkably poor result given that he had the best name recognition of any candidate, and quit the Citizens' Party in disgust shortly after the general election.

Upon his retirement, Douglas was named mayor of the tiny hamlet of Goose Prairie, where he had kept a home for decades, by his fellow residents. As the town was unincorporated, the position was entirely honorary and carried no responsibilities. Nevertheless, it kept him busy for the last few years of his life as a spokesman for local issues - primarily around pollution and road safety. William O. Douglas died in 1981. Denied a state funeral by the Anderson administration, he was buried in a private ceremony in Yakima.

Douglas's "backwards career" and his eccentricities were mocked for years by the political right, but he has recently undergone rehabilitation by historians, especially after Barbara Ehrenreich's election in 2004 and the end of the National Consensus. Despite his acrimonious departure from the Citizens Party, his work continues to shape party policy: Trees Have Standing directly inspired the Ecosystem Ombudsman Act of 2006, and a unit of the Wilderness System near Yakima was renamed in his honor later that year. The Western Division of the CIO has raised funds for a statue in his honor and an overhaul of his presidential library.
 
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The South, Arisen

The idea here is to explore the extremely implausible scenario of a second secession (or third if you count the nullifiers) of the South from the United States.

1913-1917: Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive)
1912 (with Hiram Johnson) def. Champ Clark (Democratic), William Howard Taft (Republican)

Roosevelt gets a narrow victory, while the South remains Solid. It's on a distinct minority of the national vote and there is some dissatisfaction in the South and other parts of the country, with the Republicans having a better showing in the electoral college.

1917-1919: Theodore Roosevelt (Republican)
1916 (with Harold L. Ickes) def. William Jennings Bryan (Democratic), Henry Ford (Progressive)
1919-1921: Harold L. Ickes (Republican)

Roosevelt takes America to war at the earliest opportunity and this splits the Progressives as Johnson remains firmly opposed to war. Roosevelt ultimately seeks the Republican nomination which is only the beginning of a deeply acrimonious campaign season as Jennings Bryan is wheeled out for his fourth attempt at the Presidency. However the anti-war coalition is split by the presence of Henry Ford's Progressive ticket. Roosevelt's death in 1919 after the war in Europe has petered out at the cost of much American blood and treasure only worsens matters as noted anti-segregationist and rumoured communist sympathiser Ickes takes the Presidency.

1921-1925: Henry Ford (Progressive)
1920 (with Robert M. La Follette) def. William Gibbs McAdoo (Democratic), Leonard Wood (Republican), Eugene V. Debs (Socialist)
1925-1929: Henry Ford (Republican)
1924 (with Irvine Lenroot) def. Samuel Ralston (Democratic), Bill Haywood (Socialist)

Ford's second attempt at the White House goes better, helped by McAdoo's association with the Klan which rather spooks Northern voters and the safe pair of hands chosen by the Republican establishment which reminds people too much of the horrible farce of a war they just went through. Debs also wins the first state for the Socialists at a Presidential election, his reputation even better ITTL thanks to the greater unpopularity of the war. Like Roosevelt before him, he effectively folded the Progressives back into the Republican Party and faced off against the growing power of the Klan in the South and the unions in the North and West. Ford's presidency was regarded fairly positively until the crash of 1925, brought on earlier by the greater amount of protectionism in a more ravaged and divided Europe. Collapsing living standards led to industrial unrest and Ford rolled out Great War era sedition legislation and his own brand of anti-union thuggery to restore order which simply inflamed tensions. Nevertheless, nobody seriously expected that the Socialists could possibly win the Presidency.

1929-1933: Bill Haywood (Socialist)
1928 (with James H. Maurer) def. James A. Reed (Democratic), Herbert Hoover (Progressive), James Eli Watson (Republican)

Haywood's shocking victory came with sharp vote splitting in the north and west, the radicalisation of the labor unions, the division once more of the Republicans and Progressives and the promise from the resurgent Democrats of something like 'Fordism With Knobs On'. With the Reds taking control of the White House, the reaction in the South was explosive. The unions had never managed to penetrate the region effectively stymied by the growth of the Black Legion and the dominance of the KKK in influencing lower middle class culture and politics. With Haywood's promise of a New Reconstruction, it seemed to many that there was but one option to preserve social order and racial integrity. One by one the Southern states seceded, and Haywood's instinct to answer the counter-revolution was stymied by Ford policies like disarmament and the sponsoring of now deeply radicalised goon squads. While the North and West writhed with violence, especially in areas where the KKK performed well like Indiana, the reborn Confederacy was able to secure its borders. And if there's one thing that they can be certain of, its that Big Bill isn't about to let this stand...
 
A bit of the backstory to @zaffre and I's (soon to return) This Great Stage:

1908-1918: Herbert Asquith (Liberal)
1910 Jan. (Minority): Arthur Balfour (Conservative and Liberal Unionist), John Redmond (Irish Parliamentary), Arthur Henderson (Labour)
1910 Dec. (Minority): Arthur Balfour (Conservative and Liberal Unionist), John Redmond (Irish Parliamentary), Arthur Henderson (Labour)
1915 (Majority): Andrew Bonar Law (Unionist), John Redmond (Irish Parliamentary), Ramsay MacDonald (Labour), Arthur Griffith (Sinn Fein)

1918-1920: Winston Churchill (Liberal)
1920-1922: Andrew Bonar Law (Unionist)

1920 (Majority): Winston Churchill (Liberal), Ramsay MacDonald (Labour), John Dillon (Irish Parliamentary), Arthur Griffith (Sinn Fein), Horatio Bottomley (John Bull)
1922-1923: Austen Chamberlain (Unionist)
1923-1924: Reginald McKenna (Liberal)

1923 (Minority supported by Labour and Irish People's): Austen Chamberlain (Unionist), Horatio Bottomley (John Bull), Ramsay MacDonald (Labour), Joe Devlin (Irish People's), Arthur Griffith (Sinn Fein)
1924-1931: Horatio Bottomley (John Bull)
1924 (Minority): James Connolly (Labour), Austen Chamberlain (Unionist), Reginald McKenna (Liberal), W.T. Cosgrave (Sinn Fein), Joe Devlin (Irish People's)
1925 (Coalition with Action Liberals and Action Unionists): James Connolly (Labour), Austen Chamberlain (Unionist), Henry Page Croft (Action Unionist),
Winston Churchill (Action Liberal), W.T. Cosgrave (Sinn Fein), Reginald McKenna (Liberal), Joe Devlin (Irish People's)
1931-1936: Leo Amery (Constutionalist)
1932 ("Consitutionalist" Coupon): Samuel Hoare (Unionist-Constitutionalist), James Connolly (Labour), Raymond Asquith (National Liberal), W.T. Cosgrave (Sinn Fein), Henry Page Croft (Action), Philip Snowden (Constitutionalist Labour), Various (Independent Unionists), Tom Kettle (Irish People's)
1936-: Duff Cooper (Unionist)
1937 (Majority): James Maxton (Independent Labour), James Henry Thomas (Labour-Radical), Michael Collins (Sinn Fein), Edwin Montagu (Liberal-Radical), Henry Page Croft (Action), William Redmond (Irish People's-Radical)
1941 (Majority): William Wedgwood Benn (Radical), James Maxton (Independent Labour), Michael Collins (Sinn Fein), Walter Guiness (Action)


Heads of State:

1901-1910: Edward VII
1910-1925: George V
1925-1931: Edward VIII
1931-1933: Henry IX
1933-1936: Philip Snowden (Constitutionalist)†
1933: Unopposed
1936: Douglas Hogg (Independent)
1936-1950: Leo Amery (Constitutionalist/ Unionist)
1936: Fenner Brockway (Independent Labour), Henry Page Croft (Action)
1943: J.F.C. Fuller (Action)


The Black Hand Gang gets nowhere near the Archduke in Sarajevo in 1914, and thus total war does not break out. Asquith manages to force through Irish Home Rule with the (theoretically temporary) exception of Ulster, narrowly avoiding Civil War. With a stable economy and a stagnant opposition, Asquith manages to eke out a majority in 1915. He continues to make moves to expand the welfare state and puts forward a bill for Scottish Home Rule. He was criticised for relative inaction in the Austrian Civil war of 1916-1919, but he retired popular on the tenth anniversary of his tenure. A somewhat rehabilitated Churchill supported the John Redmond's Home Rule Government in putting down Republican Revolutionaries, and abroad he provided material aid to the Russian government as they battled leftist mutinies; ones Churchill believed had German support. Britain was hard hit by the Spanish Flu epidemic of 1919, with the most high-profile casualty being Prince Albert, the king's favourite son. George V never recovered from this tragedy. Economic stagnation and a botched confrontation with trade unions in 1919 led to the Liberals nearly coming behind Labour in 1920.

The incoming Unionist government was unable to properly combat worsening economic and social strife, as unemployment rose and communist revolts threatened to crop up across Europe. The Panic of '23 led to the discrediting of the main parties and a hopelessly divided and diverse parliament, and attempts to govern in this environment led even less credibility. Another failed budget led to an election where populist forces came first and second- with Horatio Bottomley's John Bull Movement coming a narrow first place. The Bottomley Ministry was soon bolstered by opportunists from multiple parties, and won a landslide the following year on a platform of mass investment in the economy.

The apparent economic recovery gave allowed the Bottomley Ministry to be increasingly intolerant of dissent, infamously breaking up strikers in Jarrow with violence in 1926. The increased tensions with Germany came to a head in 1927 over land disputes in Africa; by the following year it was total war with Germany, with Britain, Fascist France, Japan and Tsarist Russia going against the Kaiserreich, the Italians and the Republic of Arabia. Russia made peace with Axis in 1930 as the death of Tsar Nicholas put the kingdom into flux, and poor tactics in African and European fronts put increasing pressure on the allies. The increasingly poor direction of the war- and the bottom falling out of Bottomley's economic miracle- led to increasing discontent at home, which led to the government delaying elections (with the consent of King Edward) until the cessation of hostilities. The collapse of the Western Front the start of 1931 led to the collapse of the Laval government in Paris, which quickly led to organised revolts and mutinies in Britain. Faced with soldiers refusing to fire on demonstrators across Britain, Bottomley was forced to resign and flee the country, dying in South Africa before he could be extradited on corruption charges.

The unpopular King left office with the Prime Minister he had supported and enabled. His brother, facing an extremely volatile situation, sent Leo Amery to form a government of anti-Bottomley forces. His service in the Bonar Law and Chamberlain Ministries, combined with his opposition to his predecssors (which had led to harassment and brief imprisonment) gave him credibility with the Armed Forces and the disparate political groups that had united to oppose the Action Coalition and the disastrous war. With a discredited throne and leftist unrest, Amery was forced to hold a referendum on the future of the monarchy, one which monarchist forces lost. The result could have led to much division within the National Unity Government if King Henry had much desire to remain on the throne. Amery was tasked with drawing up a new constitution, which was proclaimed in December 1932. In a joint sitting of Parliament, Philip Snowden was elected the first President of the Commonwealth of Great Britain and Ireland.

As the new constitution was drawn up, the coalition was legitimised by a (mostly free) election as the left split and argued amongst itself, with Amery using the gigantic mandate to make many difficult and unpopular decisions. The Constituationalist government gave Dominion status to most of the British colonies that Germany hadn't taken for itself. Following the death of President Snowden, Parliament elected Amery in his place. He was happy to hand over to Duff Cooper, a man who could be relied on to put down political rabble and maintain stability at home and abroad; be it from Communist Turks, Chinese Nationalists or a not especially assertive Radical Party.
 
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Some very clever ideas there!

The basic idea isn't super original - Douglas is essentially a 20th-century John Quincy Adams here - but there are a few things in there that are worth exploring further. I don't think I've seen a pre-MAD WWIII and earlier American hyperpower (although we'll see how Unthinkable turns out over in the drafts forum). The idea of legal standing for trees was something Douglas was interested in IOTL, and remains a fascinating (and narratively Phresh) possibility.
 
The basic idea isn't super original - Douglas is essentially a 20th-century John Quincy Adams here - but there are a few things in there that are worth exploring further. I don't think I've seen a pre-MAD WWIII and earlier American hyperpower (although we'll see how Unthinkable turns out over in the drafts forum). The idea of legal standing for trees was something Douglas was interested in IOTL, and remains a fascinating (and narratively Phresh) possibility.

There is something pretty old, which is more of a thought experiment than anything, about American immediately using its atomic monopoly after WW2 to hold the world to ransom, I can't think what its called though.
 
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There is something pretty old, which is more of a thought experiment than anything, about American immediately using its atomic monopoly after WW2 to hold the world to ransom, I can't think what its called though.

Ooh, I'll keep an eye out.
 
Single party rule is always good with that.
63.jpg
 
Based off of my recent game as Gran Colombia in the Divergences Victoria 2 Mod.

In the midst of the Spanish Crown becoming embroiled in the Europe-wide German Wars with Bohemia[1], its American colonies began a nearly 24-year War for Independence. The first phase saw the war mostly confined to Mexico, and ended in 1818 with the formation of the Colombian Alliance. Vicente Guerrero pushed the Spanish out of Lusitania[2] before being killed in 1822 at the Battle of San Salvador, which was followed by a three-year armistice between the combatants. This was reignited with Simon Bolivar's declaration of the Republic of Free Granada, that incorporated the Governorates of Arequipa and Quito. Starting the third phase, which provided the Alliance with an opening to restart its advance into Salvador[3]. Thus the Spanish were reduced to their holdings in Nueva Castilla and Essequibo[4] The desperate governor of Nueva Granada called upon the support of the Inca to their south, promised southern Peru. The Colombians mustered troops to stop the Incan Incursion, and faced them at Lima, where Bolivar was killed by a charge from Hyuna Capac IV's Guard. Bolivar's successor, Santander was eventually able to defeat the Incans, but only at the sacrifice of his own life.

The resulting power vacuum saw Francisco de Miranda centralize the Alliance under his Tetrarchy of one representative from each member republic. The Tetrarchy removed Spanish control of the remainder of Ameriga[5], and gathered a fleet to seize Cuba in 1835, which was destroyed in the Battle of Havana along with half of the Army. This was followed up with an invasion of the Yucatan, Lusitania, and Grenada, a last-ditch attempt by the Crown to reestablish control. Miranda in response abolished the Tetrarchy, and replaced it with a Federal Republic centered in Mexico City. The newly-centralized Army was able to evict the Spanish from the America in 1839, and President Miranda gathered a Congress in Andagoya[6] to decide the future of the Federal Republic...

It was an abject disaster, with brawls, a failed coup, a forced provision to abolish slavery, and the dominance of the Independentists in the debates saw all parties storm out and the dissolution of Gran Colombia. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna declared an independent Republic of Mexico with himself as dictator, and began a 20-year campaign of conquest of Lusitania to his north and the disparate republics of Salvador to his south. In 1855, he declared himself Emperor of Colombia (which now only incuded Andagoya north) with a liberal Constitution, and cemented Colombia under his dynasty.

[1] – The Holy Roman Emperor Bohemia attempted to centralize control of the HRE set off a chain of events that produces a conflict like the love child of the Reign of Terror and 1848.
[2] – OTL Northern Mexico/SW US
[3] – OTL Central America/Yucatan
[4] – Venezuela and Guiana, respectively
[5] – South America, North is called Arcadia
[6] – Panama City

Leader of the Executive Council of the Mexican Rebellion
1815-1819: Vicente Guerrero


Leaders of the Colombian Alliance
1819-1822: Vicente Guerrero (Mexico)
1822-1825: Collective Leadership
1825-1829: Simon Bolivar (Granada)
1829-1832: Francisco de Paula Santander (Granada)
1832-1835: Francisco de Miranda (Granada) / Manuel José Arce (Salvador) / Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (Mexico) / Manuel Luis de Madeira (Lusitania)
1835-1839: Francisco de Miranda (Granada)


President of the Mexican Republic:
1839-1855: Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (Centralista)


Emperors of the Colombian Empire:
1855-1876: Antonio I (de Santa Anna)
1876-1908: Manuel (de Santa Anna)
1908-XXXX: Antonio I (de Santa Anna)
 
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