Lords Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland
1653-1658: Oliver Cromwell
1658-1712: Richard Cromwell [1]
1712-1772: William Cromwell [2]
1772-1785: Oliver Cromwell [3]
Kings of England, Scotland and Ireland
1785-1788: Charles III (Stuart) [4]
1788-1792: Henry IX (Stuart) [5]
Executives of the Commonwealth of Britain
1794-0000: Committee of Public Safety
[1] - After a few teething troubles involving over-mighty Generals, Lord Protector Richard settled into civilian power - and by the time he died, the people of the British Isles could barely imagine being governed by anyone else. Richard was aided by the conversion to Catholicism of the claimant king 'James II' and his consequent expulsion from the Low Countries, although the Royalist landings in Scotland in 1669 (sponsored by the Dutch) and 1691 (sponsored by the French) caused a significant amount of consternation. General Lord Churchill became the mainstay of Cromwellian power in Richard's later years, both at home and in Europe, but was executed after the Lord Protector grew suspicious of his meteoric rise and his military skills. Indeed, Richard became a generally disagreeable character as he advanced into old age - this is popularly supposed to be due to the trauma of decades of furtive whispering about 'Tumbledown Dick', but may also have been influenced by the death of his promising son. The only surviving Cromwells, therefore, were the children of his brother Henry, Lord Deputy of Ireland: the eldest one being another Henry, a General who was largely overshadowed by Churchill during the Eight Years' War and who died of a fever during the War of the Spanish Succession in 1711.
[2] - General Henry Cromwell's 19-year-old son, William, was the only reasonable choice as successor, as all the prominent generals had died by various causes in the previous years. William was another long-ruling Protector, but whereas his great-uncle had been jealous and lacking in authority, the more civilian-centric times of the 18th century permitted Lord Protector William to govern in the model of a well-read and devout Independent Protestant. He was so devout, in fact, that he only noticed earthly pleasures at the age of 57, when he decided to marry a wealthy widow. Staying out of all Continental wars apart from the War of the Bavarian Succession (then joining in only when the alliance system happened to pit Protestants against Catholics), he nevertheless sponsored colonial expansionism, particularly in India (where his brother Oliver became Lord Deputy) and America. Like his predecessor, he struggled to find an heir: various brothers and nephews died off at an alarming rate, leaving only one Cromwell of the next generation.
[3] - Oliver (who refused to be known as Oliver II as this would constitute an unacceptable degree of Royalism) held the Protectoral seals for only a few years compared to his two predecessors. The expense of the War of the Bavarian Succession and continuing repression in Ireland necessitated an ever-increasing tax bill, which had to be extended to the American colonies who were also proving a drain on the Exchequer. The colonies therefore revolted, demanding representation - and were joined by a number of militias in the British Isles, who were unhappy at the fact that their MPs were essentially nominated by the Lord Protector. The Commonwealth of America defeated the old, outmoded New Model Army in a series of engagements and set itself up as a new republic under the authority of Lord Proprietor John Penn - now remembered as the true inheritor of the politico-religious ideals of the English Revolution. The Protectorate, on the other hand, fell to the rebel groups in 1785, shortly after the death in childhood of Oliver the Younger's only son.
[4] - There was no consensus on what to do with the captured Lord Protector, and still less on what to replace him with. The Cromwells had ruled for over a century, and for most of that period their Stuart rivals had been Catholics. It was therefore with some surprise that the British greeted the arrival of Charles III (he counted Charles 'II' as being King in Scotland in 1651) in pomp and ceremony in the revolutionary chaos of the mid-1780s. As Charles was an elderly and lethargic poseur who had spent most of his life as a slightly unwelcome guest of the Pope in Rome and spoke little English, the conservatives among the rebels quickly announced their loyalty to him and divided the cushy political jobs among themselves. As Tories, they had been excluded from Government by the distrustful Cromwellians. Henry Dundas was made First Lord in the new constitutional settlement, which in practice allowed Parliament to exercise genuine power - at least while the King was as incapable as Charles.
[5] - Charles died after only a few years, elevating his brother, Cardinal Henry Stuart, to the throne. Despite being tired of unrest, the Protestants of Britain were really extremely un-keen at being ruled by a Cardinal whose heir was the King of Sardinia, and as soon as he slipped up by replacing Dundas with the ex-Whig William Pitt against the will of Parliament, London erupted into rioting. Parliament grew more radical; Commonwealthian sentiments were aired publicly among the 'Shortless' extremist mob; finally, Cardinal-King Henry was deposed and sent to the executioner's pillow.
While Europe gangs up on brave Britain, attempting to foist on us a new King (Charles of Sardinia is preferred by the French, but the Emperor favours the Elector of Hanover, who at least shares our religion), Admiral Cochrane leads our navies against those who would deny us our liberty. Finally, after much trial and error, we are to be reprieved from the status of serfdom under King or Lord Protector.