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Lists of Heads of Government and Heads of State

I think what you'd have seen is a period of 'the issue is settled' but with Britain making vague noises in the commission that '2 speed might be good' and the ERG would bank on waiting till the next big federalist issue and being able to catapult back into power based on that.

I think the right would want all those things which Remain people tell us we could do in the EU, but just never did, tested, and generally going as Trumpish on immigration as possible. And generally being as belligerently Gaullish or Thatcherish towards the EU as possible. As a minimum.

But I don't know about a second referendum and am conscious of the possibility of transferring my anticipated attitude onto the wider vote. Though alienated I wouldn't have wanted a second referendum. It would have been done and the answer would have been delivered. Pestering the electorate would have been the EU approach. But I'm not sure about the wider Leave vote. Farage certainly seemed to be readying an 'it was rigged, guv' iine on the night - and Farage wouldn't have been short of votes in a Remain win scenario. So who knows.

I certainly don't think the issue would have 'just gone away' anymore than it has with Remain or it has with independence in Scotland - and Leave can claim at least an equivalent, and in OTL, higher level of support than those and vis a vis Remain to be honest a more dogged historical devotion and organisation for the issue.
 
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I think the right would want all those things which Remain people tell us we could do in the EU, but just never did, tested, and generally going as Trumpish on immigration as possible. And generally being as belligerently Gaullish or Thatcherish towards the EU as possible. As a minimum.

But I don't know about a second referendum and am conscious of the possibility of transferring my anticipated attitude onto the wider vote. Though alienated I wouldn't have wanted a second referendum. It would have been done and the answer would have been delivered. Pestering the electorate would have been the EU approach. But I'm not sure about the wider Leave vote. Farage certainly seemed to be readying an 'it was rigged, guv' iine on the night - and Farage wouldn't have been short of votes in a Remain win scenario. So who knows.

I certainly don't think the issue would have 'just gone away' anymore than it has with Remain or it has with independence in Scotland - and Leave can claim at least an equivalent, and in OTL, higher level of support than those and vis a vis Remain to be honest a more dogged historical devotion and organisation for the issue.

I was thinking more in terms of 'government policy is 'the issue is settled' but there's a minority of MPs who insist it isn't' than any sort of public consensus.
 
US Secretaries of Culture and Communications

1966-1967: Edward R. Murrow †
1967-1969: Jack Valenti

1969-1977: Daniel J. Boorstin
1977-1979: James Michener
1979-1981: Joan Ganz Cooney

1981-1982: Mel Bradford
1982-1989: William Bennett
1989-1993: Lynne Cheney

1993-2001: Bill Moyers
2001-2009: Sonny Bono
2009-2013: Carla Hayden
2013-2016: Al Franken
2016-2017: Rufus Gifford

2017-2019: Clint Eastwood
2019:
vacant

The Culture Department has been leaderless since the 89-year-old Secretary Eastwood’s resignation for health reasons; nominee Dinesh D’Souza withdrew himself from consideration in May amid personal legal difficulties and President Trump has not yet chosen a replacement.
 
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US Secretaries of Culture and Communications

Just a butterfly-killing thought experiment - what if we had a department incorporating all the independent cultural agencies? I figure it would encompass what's done by the FCC, CPB, NEH / NEA, NARA, the Library of Congress and the Copyright Office, the Smithsonian, maybe a couple other agencies. The Johnson administration, an era of both expansion of government and public-intellectual obsession with cultural theory, seems like the right time for us to get a Culture Department.

Presumably the intent here is for Murrow to run an American BBC and spruce up Johnson's image, but his one remaining lung gives out and the department ends up evolving into a grab bag of different duties that the Republicans have been saying they'll abolish since 1980.
 
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Finished filling in the gaps for A Greater Britain. May do one for France.

1929-31: Ramsey MacDonald (Labour)
1929: Stanley Baldwin (Conservative), David Lloyd George (Liberal)
1931-32: Stanley Baldwin (Conservative-Liberal Coalition)
1931: Oswald Moseley (Labour), Herbert Samuel (Liberal), John Simon (Nat. Lib.)
1932-40: Oswald Mosley (Labour)

1932: Stanley Baldwin (Conservative), Herbert Samuel (Liberal)
1936: Anthony Eden (Conservative), Herbert Samuel (Liberal)
1939: Neville Chamberlain (Conservative), Archibald Sinclair (Liberal)

1940-43: William Graham (Labour)
1943-52: Rab Butler (Conservative)

1943: William Graham (Labour), Archibald Sinclair (Liberal), Richard Acland (Popular Front - Commonwealth/ILP)
1948: Nye Bevan (Labour), Richard Acland (Popular Front), Megan Lloyd George (Liberal)

1952-63: David Maxwell Fyfe (Conservative)
1953: Nye Bevan (Labour), Tom Driberg (Popular Front), Megan Lloyd George (Liberal)

1957: Tony Greenwood (Labour), Tom Driberg (Popular Front)
1959: Tony Greenwood (Labour), Michael Foot (Popular Front)
1963-64: Ian McLeod (Conservative)
1964-73: George Brown (Labour)

1964: Ian Macleod (Conservative), Michael Foot (Popular Front)
1970: Enoch Powell (Conservative), Barbara Castle (Popular Front)

1973-81: Enoch Powell (Conservative)
1973: George Brown (Labour), Barbara Castle (Popular Front)
1978: Roy Jenkins (Labour), Barbara Castle (Popular Front)

1981- : Alan Clark (Labour)
1981: Enoch Powell (Conservative), Eric Heffer (Popular Front)


1933-41: Franklin D. Roosevelt/John N. Garner (Democrat)
1932: Herbert Hoover/Charles Curtis (Republican)
1936: Alf Landon/Frank Knox (Republican)

1941-45: Alben Barkley/Cordell Hull (Democrat)
1940: Wendell Wilkie/Charles McNary (Republican)
1945-53: Harold Stassen/John Bricker (Republican)
1944: Alben Barkley/Cordell Hull (Democrat)
1948: Millard Tydings/Hubert Humphrey (Democrat), B.T. Laney/Strom Thurmond (States Rights)

1953-61: Hubert Humphrey/W. Averill Harriman (Democrat)
1952: Thomas Dewey/Earl Warren (Republican), Strom Thurmond/John Sparkman (States Rights)
1956: William Knowland/Robert B. Anderson (Republican)

1961-65: Barry Goldwater/Walter Judd (Republican)
1960: W. Averill Harriman/Stuart Symington (Democrat)
1965-73: Joseph Kennedy Jr./Happy Chandler (Democrat)
1964: Barry Goldwater/Walter Judd (Republican)
1968: William Scranton/Robert Finch (Republican)

1973-81: George Romney/Rogers Morton (Republican)
1972: Joseph Kennedy Jr./George Wallace (Democrat)
1976: John F. Kennedy/Henry Jackson (Democrat)
1981- : Audie Murphy/Ronald Reagan (Democrat)

1980: Rogers Morton/Howard Baker (Republican)
 
So this is something. It's been publicised that The Outer Worlds' POD is the same as Reds! for a while now (though obviously not couched in those terms). So I decided to do a Theoretical Look Backward. This was originally going to be much longer, to cover the entire 20th century, but I decided to prune it down a little.

ATLB: The Outer Worlds

1897-1905: William McKinley (Republican)
1896 (with Garret Hobart) def. William Jennings Bryan (Democratic / Peoples' / Silver)
1900 (with Theodore Roosevelt) def. William Jennings Bryan (Democratic / Peoples')

1905-1913: Charles W. Fairbanks (Republican)
1904 (with William Howard Taft) def. Alton B. Parker (Democratic), William Jennings Bryan (Peoples')
1908 (with William Howard Taft) def. George Gray ('Traditional' Democratic), William Randolph Hearst (Peoples' / 'Progressive' Democratic)

1913-1921: William Howard Taft (Republican)
1912 (with Herbert S. Hadley) def. William Randolph Hearst (Independence), Champ Clark (Democratic)
1916 (with Hiram Johnson) def. Champ Clark (Democratic), Theodore Roosevelt (Nationalist)

1921-1925: William Randolph Hearst (Democratic / 'National' Republican)
1920 (with Leonard Wood) def. Hiram Johnson ('Progressive' Republican), Bill Haywood (Socialist)
1925-1926: Leonard Wood (Republican)
1924 (with Herbert Hoover) def. William Randolph Hearst (Democratic), Robert M. LaFollette Sr. (Progressive)
1926-1941: Herbert Hoover (Republican)
1928 (with Charles G. Dawes) def. William Randolph Hearst (Democratic)
1932 (with Charles G. Dawes) def. William H. Murray ('Southern' Democratic), William Randolph Hearst ('San Simeon' Democratic)
1936 (with Douglas MacArthur) def. Huey Long (Union), William Randolph Hearst (Independence), James A. Reed (Democratic)

1941-1949: Dwight D. Eisenhower (Union)
1940 (with Earl Long) def. Douglas MacArthur (Republican), Ellison D. Smith (Democratic), William Randolph Hearst (Independence)
1944 (with Earl Long) def. Douglas MacArthur (Republican), Wendell Willkie (Independence), various Democrats


The Gilded Age never truly ends. The Democrats remain riven between a 'progressive' wing increasingly dominated by the singular personality of William Randolph Hearst, and a 'conservative' wing committed to the maxim of 'cotton is king and white is supreme'. The Republicans meanwhile, manage to dance on the knife-edge of a similar split, with the conservatives managing to win out.

The United States, increasingly dominated by her trusts, never gets involved in the Great War but is around to pick up the pieces in the 1920s, aiding in the foundation of the League of Nations. The League is initially concerned primarily with disputes between nation-states, but as American trusts take a leading role in the Reconstruction of Europe, it begins to arbitrate corporate disputes as well.

The sheer inequality of American society sees a string of bloody of strike in 1919-20, which gives the oxygen for Hearst to triumph over Johnson's candidacy. Hearst uses his newspapers to begin crafting a new cultural ideology to explain away the peoples' ills, whilst cracking down with bloody force whenever that failed. His failures to fully destroy the snake of socialism (implicitly aided by the Russian Soviet Republic) sees his VP triumph, only to immediately die and give way to The Architect of Europa.

Hoover is considered a modern Founding Father, alongside Lincoln. His first term was relatively quiet, but the coup in Japan in the spring of 1932 led to the Pacific War which defined his Presidency. When the war came to an end, it saw Asia reshaped as thorougly as Europe had been, and the failures of the League to prevent that war saw it reformed (with the acquiesence of the British, French and Middle Europeans, who were now thoroughly in the pocket of the trusts) into the Earth Directorate, which has put an end to the Westphalian era of diplomacy, with the trusts now taking their place alongside conventional nation-states.

The victory of a non-Republican party in 1940 was something of a surprise, but at its head was the Hero of Kanto himself, a man committed to the Directorate, and who would wage a bloodless war against the Russians - the sole nation not to be a member of that body - and those who expressed sympathy for the Soviet ideology.

That 'war' would end in the 1960s, long after Eisenhower left office, with the development of thermobaric weaponry allowing the Directorate to threaten the Russians with annihilation if they did not open themselves up to negotiation with their neighbours and competitors.
 
In honor of tomorrow, some SpOoKy LiStgEtTi

1941-1944: Thomas E. Dewey / Charles L. McNary (Republican)
1940: Paul V. McNutt / Alben W. Barkley (Democratic)
1944-1945: Thomas E. Dewey / vacant (Republican)
1945-1974: Charles A. Lindbergh / John W. Brickner (America First)

1944: Henry A. Wallace / Harry S. Truman (Democratic), Thomas E. Dewey / Thomas C. Hart (Republican)
1948: William O. Douglas / W. Averell Harriman (Independent “True” Democratic), James V. Forrestal / James Roosevelt II (All-American Democratic), Robert A. Taft / Harold A. Stassen (Republican)
1952: Robert A. Taft / Adlai E. Stevenson II (Constitutionalist), C. Estes Kefauver / John B. Hynes (All-American Democratic)
1956: George C. Marshall / Coke R. Stevenson (All-American Democratic)
1960: Eugene Siler / Thomas J. Dodd (All-American Democratic)
1964: Martin Dies Jr. / Louise D. Hicks (All-American Democratic)
1968: John V. Lindsay / Adlai E. Stevenson III (All-American Democratic) William O. Douglas / Eugene J. McCarthy (Independent)
1972: Walter F. Mondale / Edmund S. Muskie (All-American Democratic)
1974-1977: L. Ronald Hubbard / vacant (America First) [Acting]
1977-1981: L. Ronald Hubbard / William B. Shockley, Jr. (America First)

1976: Frank F. Church III / Gary W. Hartpence (All-American Democratic)
 
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It's not actually Halloween yet but what the hell.
American Politics is a Horrorshow
Based on this scenario.

1961-1965 John F. Kennedy (Democratic) (1)
1965- 1973 Richard Nixon (Republican) (2)
1973 Milton McGuire (Republican) (3)
1973-1977 Barry Goldwater (Republican) (4)
1977-1981 Ernest Hollings (Democratic) (5)
1981-1989 Donald Rumsfeld (Republican) (6)
1989-1997 Alexander Haig (Republican) (7)
1997-2005 James Traficant (Democratic) (8)
2005-2009 John Ashcroft (Republican) (9)
2009- ? Ashley J. Williams (Democratic) (10)

  1. It was under Kennedy that The Terror begin, although nobody noticed at the time. The gruesome Bates murders shocked American society and dominated headlines for months, but at the time they seemed like perfectly mundane, if disturbing events. After his narrow election, Kennedy seemed set to be a popular President, with his movie star good looks and pretty young wife. Unfortunately, events intervened. The Plant Horror in New York was followed by the Avian Uprising of 1963 and the Slime People invasion of California, as well as dozens of smaller scale but no less bizarre and horrific events. Baffled and out of his depth, Kennedy failed to prevent the resulting moral panic from being weaponised by Republicans.

  2. After having been elected Governor of California in the Republican landslide of 1962, the former Vice-President won the Republican nomination on a law and order platform, alleging that Kennedy was too weak to deal with the bizarre new events America was now faced with. Nixon, however would prove to be only marginally less effective. The troops that Kennedy had sent to Vietnam were recalled due to a desire to focus on home, which led in turn to détente with the Soviets and Chinese. Nixon was eventually able to pass a Civil Rights bill through Congress, a task not made easier by the rise in North-South tensions after several Yankee tourists were gruesomely murdered by a town of Neo-Confederates. It was under Nixon that the term “The Terror” was first used to describe the sudden prevalence of horrific and often supernatural events. Nixon created numerous task forces in attempts to discover the source of The Terror, to no avail. Meanwhile, a hardline reactionary movement began to grow in response to The Terror, as Evangelicals entered politics in droves. The first witch hunts began in 1967. 1968 was a particularly bad year, as the world was faced with the brief but bloody Insect Uprising, an invasion by body snatching aliens and the first great Zombie outbreak, with corpses rising from Pennsylvania to the Vistula. Given how much of the country was in chaos or under martial law at the time, it is still not entirely clear who really won the 1968 election.

  3. Nobody quite knows who Milton McGuire actually was. The story that the public knew about in 1972- his election as Senator for New York, his lifelong friendship with Nixon, his winning combination of both a conservative record and a pro-civil rights one- was all a lie. There is no reliable record of McGuire ever having existed prior to winning the Republican nomination. Memories are hazy in the extreme, public records are obvious forgeries when they haven’t been mysteriously destroyed in fires and even his apparently loving family has vanished without a trace. The current theory is that McGuire was in his entirety a manifestation of The Terror, a theory which is born out by his ultimate fate. After a few months of relatively colourless governance, McGuire’s government was badly shaken by his press secretary’s contraction of lycanthropy and subsequent killing spree. McGuire himself was infected and subsequently transformed in the middle of a press conference, necessitating his death by silver bullet.

  4. Goldwater was a stalwart of the conservative movement, who McGuire had chosen in order to offset his image as a moderate. Despite the right wing turn of the last decade, Goldwater was nevertheless out of touch with the mood of the public. Whilst Goldwater was willing to adopt common sense measures such as militarising the police and encouraging public gun ownership in response to The Terror, his libertarian leanings made him unwilling to pursue further measures, such as censorship of “pro-satanist” media and the banning of religions other than Christianity. Goldwater also alienated many by abandoning détente in favour of sabre rattling with the Soviets, when many argued that the US and USSR should be joining together against supernatural threats. Goldwater did, however show himself capable of decisive responses to threats, as shown by his quick response to a bioweapons incident in Pennsylvania and the nuclear destruction of Montreal after it was overrun by parasites which removed people’s inhibitions. The latter incident remains controversial, especially among Canadians, although knowledge of the debauched hell that Montreal had become has mitigated this. Goldwater also witnessed the Amity Island shark attacks, which marked the beginning of the trend towards animal attacks in Terror incidents of the 1970’s. Goldwater also cancelled the Apollo space programme following the Apollo 18 disaster. Due to a poor economy and his distance from public opinion, Goldwater lost the 1976 election.

  5. The election of Hollings represented the Democratic party’s takeover by Southern conservatives, although he was always careful to condemn segregation. Hollings embraced the authoritarian measures that Goldwater had opposed, passing the 27th amendment to the Constitution, which partially repealed the 1st, allowing for laws restricting religion and free speech in cases of speech or religions inspired by entities hostile to human life. Hollings also passed environmental protection laws in response to a spate of terror incidents involving animals mutated by toxic waste. Hollings faced an unusual number of large-scale Terror incidents, including the northern California animal attacks, the uprising of giant mutated ants, the invasion by Pod People, the Black Prom incident in Maine and the second Pennsylvania zombie outbreak. Hollings also witnessed the first Slasher attacks, at the hands of individuals such as Leatherface and Michael Myers. Like Kennedy before him, Hollings lost due to a perception that he was unable to deal with The Terror, this time combined with a stagnant economy.

  6. Rumsfeld took power amidst an increasingly apocalyptic mood. 20 years of The Terror had left an American public riven with paranoia and increasingly receptive to radical solutions. Religious fundamentalism was at an all time high, with Billy Graham’s third-party campaign in 1980 winning 23% of the vote. Riots, acts of terrorism and suicides became increasingly common. Most historians agree that a fundamentalist takeover was only prevented by divisions between Catholics and Protestants and between Protestants. Rumsfeld sought to keep a lid on unrest through extremely authoritarian measures, brutally suppressing riots and implementing media blackouts on all Terror events. Following the Videodrome incident, the government implemented tight control over all television networks. In response to the Slasher epidemic, the Rumsfeld administration created the Federal Mental Health Agency and gave them wide ranging powers to detain and forcibly treat individuals suspected of mental illness. Rumsfeld faced incidents such as the attack on the California coast by fish people, the nuclear destruction of Louisville, Kentucky after it was overrun by zombies, the attacks by Gremlins and CHUD, the prevalence of the highly addictive substance known as The Stuff and the Machine Uprising of 1986. Ultimately Rumsfeld was able to keep America halfway functional, although his methods left much to be desired.

  7. Alexander Haig was elected due to his promise of applying “military solutions” to America’s problems. Early in his time in office, the Republican Party faced a serious blow when it was discovered that a significant percentage of the global rich were in fact shape shifting aliens who literally ate poor people. Perhaps because of this, Haig was known for his brutal and indiscriminate responses to Terror incidents, most notably when he firebombed Camp Crystal Lake in order to finally kill the Slasher Jason Voorhees and when he responded to the rampage of the Iron Men in Japan with orbital bombardment. Haig also witnessed the near collapse of the Soviet Union following economic meltdown and several cases of mad science gone out of control and surprised many by providing significant aid to keep the Soviets afloat. Public hysteria in America finally reached a crescendo in 1994, when the eldritch works of Sutter Cane led to madness on a scale that overwhelmed the FMHA, almost leading to the end of human civilisation. In response, Haig began the practice of keeping the population docile and happy by simply giving them regular doses of anti-depressants.

  8. As doped up as the American population was, many were nevertheless tired of Republican in office after 16 years and willing to give the Governor of Ohio a chance. Traficant maintained Haig’s policy of public order via drugs but was wary of the implications of too much of the American population being on mind altering substances. Therefore, he encouraged the use of new synthetic drugs which prevented dreaming, both to remove exhausting nightmares and for other reasons (the inhabitants of Springwood, Ohio have been given enough of these drugs to kill a horse- nobody even remembers Freddy Krueger anymore). Traficant also controversially pursued good relations with some supernatural beings, such as the Nightbreed. Whilst Terror incidents continued under Traficant, a measure of stability had been restored and technological advances led to an economic boom. Advancing technology also allowed for more efficient methods of surveillance, as CCTV cameras and mobile phones equipped with tracking devices begin ubiquitous. Traficant also provided aid to a devastated Japan following the computer ghost attacks of 2001 and the revenge ghost outbreak of 2002 and to Britain following the outbreak of the Rage virus.

  9. The presidency of John Ashcroft was troubled from the start, as he won only following a recount in Vermont and nevertheless lost the popular vote. Ashcroft pursued hardline authoritarian, religiously motivated policies, such as attempting to interfere with state laws which had legalised abortion and homosexuality. The Ashcroft administration also pursued an aggressive foreign policy, which led to tensions with the Soviets and the nationalistic “new Meiji” regime in power in Japan. Government secrecy and authoritarianism reached its apex in the Cube incident, it which it was discovered that the US government had somehow managed to build a giant cube filled with deathtraps and use it to kill several random citizens without anyone realising that this was what they were doing. Ashcroft was also criticised for an insufficient response to the rampage of the Cloverfield entity, which devastated New York. This ultimately led to his defeat in 2008.

  10. Williams was a former supermarket employee who had risen to fame as a highly effective monster hunter. The only candidate ever to campaign with a chainsaw hand, Williams quickly acquired a highly dedicated following, winning in a landslide. Williams was able to use his popularity to pursue policies which would be unthinkable from anyone else, such as the partial dismantling of the enormous American security state, the reversal of several privatisations made under Goldwater and Rumsfeld and the recruitment of more supernatural being than ever before to the security services. However, the most notable event of Williams’ presidency has been the source of The Terror finally being discovered, in the form of several gigantic humanoid figures, lying miles beneath the ground.
    The Ancient Ones ruled the world long before man had climbed down from the trees. Their rule was a time of blood and magic, an age of almost incomprehensible terrors. For untold millennia they have slept but in recent decades their sleep has grown increasingly fitful. They have begun to dream. The information has been hidden from the public in order to prevent panic but thus far this has only led to a great deal of panicking in private. The Ancient Ones have brought human civilisation to its knees by dreaming. What will happen when they wake up?
Psycho, The Birds, The Little Shop of Horrors, The Slime People, 2000 Maniacs, Genocide, Goke, Body Snatcher From Hell, Night of the Living Dead, The Werewolf of Washington, The Crazies, Shivers, Jaws, Apollo 18, Day of the Animals, Empire of the Ants, Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978), Carrie, Dawn of the Dead, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, Halloween, Videodrome, Humanoids From the Deep, Return of the Living Dead, Gremlins, C.H.U.D, The Stuff, Maximum Overdrive, Society, Friday the 13th, Tetsuo: The Iron Man, In the Mouth of Madness, A Nightmare on Elm Street, Nightbreed, Pulse, Ju-On: The Grudge, 28 Days Later, Cube, Evil Dead, Cabin in the Woods
 
No Watergate

37. Richard M.Nixon Republican Gerald Ford 1969-1977
38.Charles Percy Republican 1977-1981 John Tower
39. Edmund Muskie Democratic 1981-1989

1. There is no water gate burglary so Nixon completes his 2nd and last term.Nixon wants John Connolly to be his successor but hat never happens. Nixon has enough say in the party that Reagan never gets the nomination.Nixon is happy with that..

2. The conservative side of the g.op never gets control.The dems nominate Jackson in 76.Percy cant fix the economy things go bust.

3. With no Watergate there is no need to nominate a outsider like Carter so the 80s have a democratic president.

http://forum.sealionpress.co.uk/index.php?threads/george-forsyth.1961/post-391126

http://forum.sealionpress.co.uk/index.php?threads/jfk-lives.1156/post-355958
 
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In honor of tomorrow, some SpOoKy LiStgEtTi

1941-1944: Thomas E. Dewey / Charles L. McNary (Republican)
1940: Paul V. McNutt / Alben W. Barkley (Democratic)
1944-1945: Thomas E. Dewey / vacant (Republican)
1945-1974: Charles A. Lindbergh / John W. Brickner (America First)

1944: Henry A. Wallace / Harry S. Truman (Democratic), Thomas E. Dewey / Thomas C. Hart (Republican)
1948: William O. Douglas / W. Averell Harriman (Independent “True” Democratic), James V. Forrestal / James Roosevelt II (All-American Democratic), Robert A. Taft / Harold A. Stassen (Republican)
1952: Robert A. Taft / Adlai E. Stevenson II (Constitutionalist), C. Estes Kefauver / John B. Hynes (All-American Democratic)
1956: George C. Marshall / Coke R. Stevenson (All-American Democratic)
1960: Eugene Siler / Thomas J. Dodd (All-American Democratic)
1964: Martin Dies Jr. / Louise D. Hicks (All-American Democratic)
1968: John V. Lindsay / Adlai E. Stevenson III (All-American Democratic) William O. Douglas / Eugene J. McCarthy (Independent)
1972: Walter F. Mondale / Edmund S. Muskie (All-American Democratic)

1974-1977: L. Ronald Hubbard / vacant (America First) [Acting]
1977-1981: L. Ronald Hubbard / William B. Shockley, Jr. (America First)

1976: Frank F. Church III / Gary W. Hartpence (All-American Democratic)

is there is a significance to the positioning of the election dates?
 
Leaders of the National Party
1936-1942: Charles Wilkinson
1942-1945: Harry Atmore


Leaders of the New Liberal Party
1943-1952: William Bodkin
1952-1956: Edgar Neale
1956-1969: Rolland O’Regan


Leaders of the Social Liberal Party
1969-1973: Rolland O’Regan
1973-1975: John O’Brien
1975-1988: Rolland O’Regan
1988-1998: Cliff Skeggs
1998-2002: Judy Keall
2002-2008: John Wright
2008-2016: Tipene O’Regan
2016-: Raf Manji

With the advent of the First Labour Government of New Zealand, the anti-Socialist parties resolved to get their act together and merge into the 'National' Party. However, it was to be a short-lived merger. Gordon Coates of the Reform Party threatened to secede from the joint party if ex-Reform Independent Charles Wilkinson won the inaugural leadership, and followed through on his threat when Wilkinson beat Coates' candidate by a single vote. Only a minority of Reformers followed Coates out of the door, but the rest followed - as did a steady stream of United Party members - when Wilkinson embarked on a policy of growing the centre ground of NZ politics by compromising with the Country Party and the monetary reformer Independent Harry Atmore to convince them to join National.

Atmore's sympathies were very much with the Labour Government, and when he succeeded Wilkinson as Leader after the latter had spent far too long in the doldrums and the old guard of the party had all announced their retirements and imminent deaths, he jumped at the chance to join their wartime coalition government - along with Coates, who was expelled from Reform for his troubles. In National, by contrast, the anti-coalitionists didn't quite have the majority in caucus and therefore had to split off into a new political formation: the New Liberal Party, whose branding was an exercise in nostalgia for the 1890s. Meanwhile, the Atmore loyalists dissolved the National Party in 1945. Some went to Labour or Reform, while others remained Independents until defeated at the polls.

The New Liberal Party just about subsisted in the immediate post-war period as New Zealand's default third party, holding only the seats of long-serving incumbents or exceedingly hard campaigners. In terms of policy, they opposed the Socialism of the Labour Party, but also laid claim to a radical heritage and presented a single Land Tax as the solution to structural inequality. Meanwhile, Atmore's heterodox monetary ideas fell by the wayside until Social Credit was founded in the mid-1950s. Socred posed a problem for the New Liberals, as it tempted the same protest voters who provided a lot of their electoral ballast. Under Edgar Neale and Rolland O'Regan, then, the NLP embarked on a permanent campaign, bringing partisan fights down to the Council level (an innovation in most of NZ) to win mayoralties and referendums and thereby change each Council's rating system to be based on the unimproved value of the property in question.

It wasn't enough, and in the 1960s, close contests were lost by both Social Credit and the New Liberals for want of co-operation. In 1969, the two parties got together and hammered out a merger agreement (the Liberals, of course, had had a lot of practice at this) which was mainly drawn up by Cecil Elvidge and Vernon Cracknell of Social Credit and Betty Noble and Bob Keall of the New Liberals. The agreement took the 'Social' element from the Social Credit name and the 'Liberal' element from that of the older party, and created the new 'Social Liberal Party' - a rebuff to Elvidge, who had favoured an alternative name, the 'New Credit Party'.

More importantly, the ideologies of the two parties were welded into one - an ideology which, conveniently, already existed. The Argentinean economist Silvio Gesell had come up with 'Freiwirtschaft' earlier in the century, which called for the abolition of fractional reserve banking, the creation of new money which would be 'perishable' (i.e. it would lose its value over time, just like most of the goods it was used to buy), and, in the non-monetary sphere, free trade and a single Land Value Tax. It was a perfect compromise, and most of the Social Crediters managed to transfer their idolatrous affections from C. H. Douglas to Silvio Gesell without too much in the way of cognitive dissonance.

Rolland O'Regan, who came from a political dynasty, was elected Leader, but the electoral dividends of the merger were disappointing to the hyped-up members, and satisfaction with his leadership fell vertiginously outside of his inner circle. After the 1972 election, in which O'Regan lost his seat, he was successfully challenged by the firebrand Social Crediter John O'Brien, who briefly united a majority of the SLP behind him but watched it break further and further apart every time he opened his mouth. He resigned in 1975, when the Social Liberals lost all their seats in the Reform landslide, and was replaced by the affable O'Regan once more.

During the late 60s and 70s, a younger generation of radicals had joined up with the NLP and SLP, who were against the Vietnam War and nuclear power, and in favour of living according to liberal, Freiwirtschaft values in communes up and down the - well, up and down the Waitakere Ranges and the Coromandel. This tendency was much aided by Labour's legislation in the 1979s which made it easier to set up kibbutz-style communes called 'ohu'. Not that the SLP has expressed much gratitude.

The SLP bounced back in the late 1970s, encouraged by Bruce Beetham winning the Hamilton mayoralty and introducing a perishable local currency - the first time the SLP's local campaigning had been used to implement parts of Freiwirtschaft other than Land Value rating - and reformist Labour MPs such as Gerald O'Brien defecting when it became obvious that they would never sit on the Treasury benches. In the 80s, however, the new Labour Government launched a major attack on the SLP's core concept. By hook or by crook, local Councils would be encouraged to return to Capital Value rating, and the whole process was over by the time Rolland O'Regan finally gave up the leadership in 1988 - his life's work seemingly crushed. The only exception was in Dunedin, where SLP Mayor Cliff Skeggs took his own Council to court over matters related to the rating change. He was launched into the leadership, much to the chagrin of last decade's mayoral darling, Bruce Beetham.

The SLP caught another updraft in the 1990s, with both parties - Labour and Reform - doing their best to discredit themselves in Government. The SLP rode high in the polls, and Skeggs imagined that he might become Prime Minister, but First Past the Post (and the electorate's new-found fear of easy promises of tax cuts combined with increases in social spending) gave the lie to these dreams, and the Party merely re-entered Parliament and held the balance of power in 1996-9, their main achievement in this period being the reintroduction of a small Land Tax and an equivalent cut in Income Tax. Skeggs retired in 1998, both personally and energetically bankrupt from his long campaigns.

He was succeeded by Judy Keall, another Liberal dynast and New Zealand's first woman party leader. Her ascendancy was short-lived, however, as a disappointed electorate threw out the Reform-SLP coalition and most of their MPs. Hindsight has been kind to the coalition, though, as Kiwis have watched Sydney's housing bubble expand and expand in recent years with no equivalent to their Land Tax.

Keall faced concerted opposition from the male, mayoralty-focused wing of the party, and principally Selwyn MP John Wright, who seized the leadership from her in 2002. A counter-challenge from Tim Shadbolt of what is often misnamed the 'hippy' wing (even though Shadbolt as Mayor of Invercargill has introduced that district's local currency, the World's Fastest Depreciator (₩)), was seen off in short order. Nevertheless, the boorish Wright couldn't hold the different factions of the party together - the local power-seekers, the free-trade liberals, the monetary reformers, the hippies and the Land Tax leaseholders. Every single tendency seemed to be an embarrassment to all the others, and only the election of Rolland O'Regan's son as Leader smoothed over this divide.

Tipene O'Regan was the first Maori leader of a political party in New Zealand, and aided the SLP in gaining a couple of Maori electorates for the first time. This quickly revealed itself to be an electoral dead-end. The single tax depends on the idea that all land is the common heritage of mankind, and ought therefore to be vested in the state and leased out to those who wish to use it. Although Maori have a communalist idea of land ownership, they see the title as being vested in the tribe as opposed to the state, and have been conditioned through experience to be suspicious of a white-dominated state edging them out of their land. As the relevance of the SLP increased in Maori communities, the less they liked the party, and Tipene O'Regan received some staunch opposition from Maori aligned with the Labour Party.

As the new move into the Maori seats had been stymied, and as the Reformers were making new hay with their appeal to NZ's traditional fondness of freehold tenure, O'Regan became increasingly isolated and the monetary reform wing grew stronger, with Raf Manji winning a suburban Christchurch seat and being propelled into the leadership. However, the growth of a challenge around the personality of Gareth Morgan is growing day by day, and it seems that the SLP is not yet out of the woods. A century since the Liberals last exited Government, they look no closer to regaining their former primacy, and it is perhaps the adoption of the confusing ideology of Freiwirtschaft which has contributed more than any other factor to this continued ignominy.
 
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This list is absolutely gold.

Nice to see the frankly underrated ideology of Freiwirtschaft get some press here, and this confirms my belief that New Zealand is the natural home of all ideologies discarded by mainstream politics.
Just to be clear, there is no Freiwirtschaft movement here IOTL, I've just merged Social Credit (which was an Existent Belief for over twenty years before the party was founded, of course), with the equally existent belief of Georgism, which was a minority position in the Liberal Party in the 1890s and was promoted by a lobby group in the post-war period which managed to get 80% of Councils to switch to land value rating.
 
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